Statistical Methods for Behavioral Research Exam Bank
Course Introduction
This course explores the fundamental statistical techniques used in behavioral research, emphasizing applications in psychology, education, and related fields. Students learn to formulate hypotheses, analyze data, and interpret results using descriptive and inferential statistics, including t-tests, ANOVA, correlation, and regression analyses. The course provides hands-on experience with statistical software, enhancing students' ability to conduct quantitative research and critically evaluate scientific studies within the behavioral sciences.
Recommended Textbook Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences 3rd Edition by Gregory J. Privitera
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18 Chapters
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1400 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: Introduction to Statistics
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Sample Questions
Q1) You are interested in measuring the construct,work expertise.Which of the following measures for this construct is quantitative and discrete?
A) the total time in hours spent working at a company
B) the job title a person holds in a company
C) the percent of correct responses on a work expertise survey
D) the number of employees who work under an employer
Answer: D
Q2) Most scientists have limited access to the behavioral phenomena they study.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) Researcher A measures academic preparedness as the percent correct responses on an entrance exam; Researcher B measures academic preparedness as the current class rank of students.Which researcher measured academic preparedness as discrete data?
A) Researcher A
B) Researcher B
C) both researchers
D) no researchers
Answer: B
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Chapter 2: Summarizing Data: Frequency Distributions in
Tables and Graphs
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Sample Questions
Q1) A frequency polygon is a dot-and-line graph where the dot is the upper class boundary of each interval and the line connects each dot.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) The three steps for constructing a simple frequency distribution are
A) find the observed range, find the interval width, and construct the frequency distribution.
B) find the real range, count the scores, and construct the frequency distribution.
C) find the real range, find the interval width, and construct the frequency distribution.
D) all of these
Answer: C
Q3) Ungrouped data are always distributed in intervals.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Chapter 3: Summarizing Data: Central Tendency
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Sample Questions
Q1) The size of a population is symbolized as ______,whereas the size of a sample is symbolized as ______.
A) \(\mu\); M
B) M; \(\mu\)
C) n; N
D) N; n
Answer: D
Q2) A researcher records the following data for the number of different food items chosen by seven participants in a buffet-style setting: 1,6,2,5,4,3,and 7.Is the mean equal to the median in this example?
A) Yes.
B) No; the median is larger than the mean.
C) No; the mean is larger than the median.
D) There is not enough information to answer this question.
Answer: A
Q3) The median is the balance point for a distribution.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Summarizing Data: Variability
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Q1) A researcher selects a sample of 24 participants and has them complete a survey on dating preferences.In this example,what are the degrees of freedom for sample variance and what does this represent?
A) df = 24; it represents the number of scores that are free to vary in a sample.
B) df = 23; it represents the number of scores that are free to vary in a sample.
C) df = 23; dividing SS by df makes the sample variance a biased estimator of the population variance.
D) df = 24; dividing SS by df makes the sample variance an unbiased estimator of the population variance.
Q2) A(n)________ is a sample statistic that equals a population parameter on average.
A) biased estimator
B) degrees of freedom
C) unbiased estimator
D) sum of squares
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Chapter 5: Probability
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Sample Questions
Q1) The following are six random outcomes for a sample space: -1,-3,-3,-2,-5,and -6.What is the probability of selecting a -3 in this example?
A) 1/6
B) 2/6
C) -2/6
D) -3/6
Q2) The sample space is equal to the total number of random outcomes possible for a random variable.
A)True
B)False
Q3) If there are 13 heart cards in a deck of 52 cards,then what is the probability of selecting one heart card on a single draw from the deck of cards?
A) 13/52
B) 1/52
C) 26/52
D) 1/13
Q4) The relative frequency of an outcome is the probability of its occurrence.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 6: Probability, normal Distributions, and Z Scores
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Sample Questions
Q1) A researcher determines that students study an average of 80 ± 20 (M ± SD)min/week.Assuming these data are normally distributed,what is the z score for students studying 60 min/week?
A) 1.0
B) -1.0
C) .3413
D) .1587
Q2) The ______ converts any normal distribution with any mean and any variance to a standard normal distribution with a mean of 0 and variance of 1.
A) normal distribution
B) standard normal distribution
C) standard normal transformation
D) unit normal table
Q3) In a normal distribution with 2.2 ± 4.1 (M ± SD),a researcher can appropriately conclude that most scores occurred above the mean.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 7: Probability and Sampling Distributions
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Sample Questions
Q1) The following samples were selected by two researchers.Which is associated with a smaller standard error of the mean?
Researcher A: n = 25,\(\mu\) = 5, \(\sigma\)= 7.
Researcher B: n = 25,\(\mu\)= 32, \(\sigma\) = 7.
A) Researcher A.
B) Researcher B.
C) They both have the same standard error.
Q2) A sampling distribution is a distribution of scores in a population.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The mean of the sampling distribution of sample means is
A) equal to the population mean.
B) equal to the population variance.
C) equal to the population mean and equal to the population variance.
D) none of these.
Q4) The sample mean is an unbiased estimator,follows the central limit theorem,and has minimum variance.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 8: Hypothesis Testing: Significance,effect Size,and
Power
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Q1) A Type III error is only possible for hypothesis tests where the rejection region is located in one tail.
A)True B)False
Q2) The value of power is influenced by the alpha level,sample size,and effect size. A)True B)False
Q3) What are the two decisions that researchers can make in hypothesis testing?
A) accept or reject the null hypothesis
B) retain or reject the null hypothesis
C) accept or reject the null hypothesis and retain or reject the null hypothesis
Q4) Given the following values: \(\mu\)= 10,M = 8, \(\sigma\)<sub>M</sub> =
0.5,conduct a one-sample z test at a .05 level of significance.What is the decision for a two-tailed test?
A) to reject the null hypothesis
B) to retain the null hypothesis
C) There is not enough information since the sample size is not given.
Q5) One step to hypothesis testing is to set the criteria for a decision. A)True B)False
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Chapter 9: Testing Means: One-Sample
and
Two-Independent-Sample T Tests
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Sample Questions
Q1) A researcher measures mean health scores of children at a local school and compares these scores to the mean health score known in the general population.Assuming that the population variance is unknown,what type of t test is appropriate for this study?
A) one-sample t test
B) two-independent-sample t test
C) There is not enough information to answer this question.
Q2) A researcher records the crying time (in minutes)of infants given oral administration of sucrose (n = 12)or tap water (n = 16)prior to a heel prick.The mean crying time in the sucrose group was 3.3 ± 2.4 (M ± SD)min; in the tap water group,it was 7.3 ± 1.6 (M ± SD)min.If the null hypothesis is that there is no difference in crying time,then what is the decision for this test?
A) Crying time was significantly reduced among infants given the water solution prior to a heel prick.
B) Crying time was not reduced among infants given the sucrose solution prior to a heel prick.
C) Crying time was significantly reduced among infants given the sucrose solution prior to a heel prick.
D) Crying time was the same in both groups.
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Chapter 10: Testing Means: Truehe Related-Samples T Test
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Q1) All other things being equal,increasing the sample size will ______ the value of the test statistic for a related-samples t test.
A) increase
B) decrease
C) have no effect on
Q2) A researcher asks a sample of brothers and sisters to rate how positive their family environment was during childhood.In this study,the differences in ratings between each brother and sister pair were compared.The type of design described here is called a A) repeated-measures design.
B) matched-samples design.
C) repeated-measures design and matched-samples design.
Q3) The type of t test that was used is typically reported in a data analysis section that precedes the results section in an APA-style paper.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The related-samples t test is associated with no degrees of freedom.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 11: Estimation and Confidence Intervals
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Q1) In a sample of 18 participants,a researcher estimates the 80% CI for a sample with a mean of M<sub>1</sub> - M<sub>2</sub> = 8.8 and an estimated standard error for the difference (S<sub>M1 </sub><sub>-</sub><sub> </sub><sub>M2</sub>)of 1.8.What is the lower confidence limit for this interval?
A) 6.4
B) 7.0
C) 10.6
D) 11.2
Q2) In a sample of 18 participants,a researcher estimates the 80% CI for a sample with a mean of M<sub>1</sub> - M<sub>2</sub> = 8.8 and an estimated standard error for the difference (S<sub>M1 </sub><sub>-</sub><sub> </sub><sub>M2</sub>)of 1.8.What is the upper confidence limit for this interval?
A) 6.4
B) 7.0
C) 10.6
D) 11.2
Q3) The least certain,but most precise,estimate is a point estimate.
A)True
B)False
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Page 13
Chapter 12: Analysis of Variance: One-Way
Between-Subjects Design
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Sample Questions
Q1) A researcher divides participants into groups that will engage in low,moderate,or intense levels of exercise.The total calories consumed by participants following the exercise are then recorded.What type of statistical design is appropriate for this study?
A) a related-samples t test
B) a two-independent-sample t test
C) a one-way between-subjects ANOVA
D) a two-independent-sample t test and a one-way between-subjects ANOVA
Q2) A researcher conducts a study in which k = 4 and n = 22 in each group.What are the degrees of freedom for the one-way between-subjects ANOVA?
A) (3, 84)
B) (4, 88)
C) (4, 22)
D) (3, 18)
Q3) A researcher randomly assigns 24 participants to one of four groups.At a .05 level of significance,the critical value for a one-way between-subjects ANOVA is 3.49.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 13: Analysis of Variance: One-Way Within-Subjects
Repeated-Measuresdesign
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Q1) "Within subjects" is also called ______.
A) between subjects
B) within groups
C) repeated measures
D) random sampling
Q2) The formula for partial \(\eta\)<sup>2</sup> and partial \(\omega\)<sup>2</sup> removes the sum of squares within groups from the total sum of squares.
A)True
B)False
Q3) To compute a one-way within-subjects ANOVA,we must assume both homogeneity of variance and homogeneity of covariance.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The mean square for each source of variation is a measure of the mean distance that scores deviate from their mean.
A)True
B)False
Page 15
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Chapter 14: Analysis of Variance: Two-Way
Between-Subjects Factorial Design
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Q1) Using a two-way between-subjects ANOVA with Factor A (gender: male,female)and Factor B (type of employment: blue collar,white collar),a researcher found that scores for men and women significantly varied across the levels of the second factor (type of employment).In this study,the researcher found a significant ______.
A) main effect of Factor A
B) main effect of Factor B
C) A * B interaction
D) post hoc test
Q2) A two-way between-subjects ANOVA is appropriate for analyzing differences in the combination of levels for two or more factors.
A)True
B)False
Q3) If a study has 12 groups,then it is possible that the degrees of freedom for each factor are 2 and 3 degrees of freedom for a two-way between-subjects ANOVA.
A)True
B)False
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16
Chapter 15: Correlation
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Sample Questions
Q1) Outliers can change both the direction and strength of a correlation coefficient.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Outliers can change the ______ of a correlation.
A) direction
B) strength
C) sign (+, -)
D) all of these
Q3) The correlation coefficient can be converted to a t statistic.
A)True
B)False
Q4) A researcher measures the correlation of the time it take participants to complete two tasks purported to measure the same cognitive skill.Participant times are converted to ranks from fastest to slowest.If = 165 and n = 20,then what is the decision for this correlation test?
A) retain the null hypothesis
B) reject the null hypothesis
C) there is not enough information to answer this question
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Chapter 16: Linear Regression and Multiple Regression
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Q1) The standardized beta coefficient,\(\beta\),reflects the distinctive contribution of each criterion variable,including any overlap with other criterion variables.
A)True
B)False
Q2) If the mean square residual equals 0.93,then the standard error of estimate equals 0.39.
A)True
B)False
Q3) A researcher measures the extent to which the speed at which people eat (in minutes)predicts calorie intake (in kilocalories).Which factor is the predictor variable in this example?
A) the speed at which people eat
B) calorie intake
C) minutes and kilocalories
D) all of these
Q4) For linear regression with one predictor variable,\(\beta\) will equal r. A)True
B)False
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Chapter 17: Nonparametric Tests: Chi-Square Tests
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Q1) A researcher computes a 4 * 6 chi-square test for independence with a sample of 120 participants,with \(\chi\)<sup>2</sup> = 14.79.What is the effect size for this result?
A) .04
B) .20
C) .12
D) .35
Q2) The larger the value of the chi-square test statistic,the more likely the discrepancy between observed and expected frequencies was due to chance or error.
A)True
B)False
Q3) A researcher reports the following results for a chi-square test: \(\chi\)<sup>2</sup> ()= 5.39,p < .05 (V = 0.22).What is the maximum number of levels that an independent variable could have had?
A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4
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Chapter 18: Nonparametric Tests: Tests for Ordinal Data
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Q1) When the null hypothesis is true and n is greater than or equal to 5 per group,the test statistic for the Friedman test is associated with ______ degrees of freedom.
A) no
B) n - 1
C) k - 1
D) .05
Q2) To compute the test statistic for the Mann-Whitney U test,we sum the ranks in two groups.The test statistic is ______.
A) the larger total
B) the smaller total
C) the average of the two totals
D) the product of the two totals
Q3) The Kruskal-Wallis H test is used as a nonparametric alternative to which parametric test?
A) related-samples t test
B) two-independent-sample t test
C) one-way between-subjects ANOVA
D) one-way within-subjects ANOVA
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