Statistical Analysis in Sociology
Mock Exam
Course Introduction
This course introduces students to the principles and techniques of statistical analysis as applied to sociological research. Emphasizing both descriptive and inferential statistics, the course covers data collection, coding, and analysis using statistical software. Topics include hypothesis testing, correlation, regression, measures of association, and significance testing. Through practical exercises and real-world datasets, students develop skills for interpreting sociological patterns, drawing valid conclusions, and critically evaluating statistical evidence within the context of social phenomena.
Recommended Textbook
The Essentials of Statistics A Tool for Social Research 2nd Edition by Joseph F. Healey
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Chapter 1: Introduction
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Sample Questions
Q1) "Ninety percent of dorm residents approved a proposed ban on smoking." This statement is an example of the use of
A)inferential statistics.
B)univariate descriptive statistics.
C)multivariate descriptive statistics.
D)inductive statistics.
Answer: B
Q2) When using interval-ratio data,the distance between the scores is A)always two units.
B)unequal.
C)exactly defined.
D)not always clear.
Answer: C
Q3) According to the "Wheel of Science," research projects begin A)with theory.
B)with data.
C)with an hypothesis.
D)at any stage on the Wheel.
Answer: D
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Basic Descriptive Statistics: Percentages Ratios
and Rates Frequency Distributions
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Sample Questions
Q1) The class intervals below represent ages of respondents.Which set of intervals is both exhaustive and mutually exclusive?
A)18-19
19-20
20-21
B)18-19
C)18-20
D)18-19
Answer: B
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Chapter 3: Charts and Graphs
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Sample Questions
Q1) If a researcher wanted to display the distribution of the sex of a sample of respondents,the appropriate graph would be a
A)frequency distribution.
B)population pyramid.
C)line chart.
D)bar chart.
Answer: D
Q2) A line chart or frequency polygon is based on
A)the upper limits of each interval.
B)the lower limits of each interval.
C)the midpoint of each interval.
D)any limit which the researcher selects.
Answer: C
Q3) Population pyramids display which set of characteristics of a population?
A)age,sex,race
B)sex only
C)age and sex
D)growth rate and levels of education
Answer: C
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Measures of Central Tendency
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Sample Questions
Q1) If the scores of an even number of cases are arranged from high to low,the median is A)the middle score.
B)the average of the two middle scores.
C)the average of the highest and lowest scores.
D)the same as the mode.
Q2) You have come across some statistics regarding the average cost of new housing in your city and a nearby city over the past few years.Write a paragraph summarizing these statistics.
\(\begin{array}{|l|l|l|l|l|}
\hline & \text { City A } & \text { City B } & & \\
\hline & 1995 & 2005 & 1995 & 2005 \\
\hline \text { MeanCost } & 177,000 & 237,000 & 325,000 & 495,000 \\
\hline \text { MedianCost } & 170,000 & 224,000 & 280,000 & 321,000 \\
\hline & & & & \\
\end{array}\)
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Chapter 5: Measures of Dispersion
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which measure of dispersion is most important and most commonly used in social science research?
A)the range
B)the average deviation
C)the median
D)the standard deviation
Q2) The expression \(\Sigma \left( X _ { i } - \bar { X } \right) ^ { 2 }\) Instructs us to
A)square the sum of the scores.
B)sum the squared scores.
C)sum the squared deviations.
D)square the summed deviations.
Q3) If the standard deviation of a group of scores is 0,
A)the range would be at a maximum value.
B)there is maximum variation in the scores.
C)there is no variation in the scores.
D)the mean is larger than the median.
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Chapter 6: The Normal Curve
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Sample Questions
Q1) Assuming a normal distribution of 1000 cases,how many cases will be farther away from the mean than +3 standard deviations?
A)at least 500
B)about 3
C)327
D)It's impossible to estimate.
Q2) The average homicide rate for the cities and towns in a state is 10 per 100,000 population with a standard deviation of 2.If the variable is normally distributed,what is the probability that a randomly selected town will have a homicide rate greater than 14?
A)0.34
B)0.68
C)0.50
D)0.02
Q3) On all normal curves the area between the mean and \(\pm\)2 standard deviations will be
A)about 34% of the total area
B)about 95% of the total area
C)less than 50% of the total area
D)about 68% of the total area
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Page 8
Chapter 7: Introduction in Inferential Statistics, the
Sampling Distribution, and Estimation
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Sample Questions
Q1) Based on an EPSEM sample of 300 state university students,we estimate that the average number of hours of study time each week is 30 \(\pm\)2.In this example,the parameter is
A)300.
B)30.
C)\(\pm\)2.
D)unknown.
Q2) According to the theorems presented in Chapter 7,we can be sure that the sampling distribution is normal if
A)the population is small.
B)the population is normal.
C)the sample is stratified.
D)the sample is normal.
Q3) A random sample of 500 reports an average yearly income of $42,000 with a standard deviation of $1000.An estimate of the parameter at the 95% level is about $175 wide.In this research situation
A)we can be 95% confident that the population mean is 42,000 \(\pm\) 175.
B)the sample size is much too small to justify the use of estimation procedures.
C)the alpha level is 1000.
D)the sample mean is $175.
Page 9
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Chapter 8: Hypothesis Testing I: the One-Sample Case
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Sample Questions
Q1) In hypothesis testing,the ____ is the critical assumption,the assumption which is actually tested.
A)research hypothesis
B)null hypothesis
C)assumption of a normal sampling distribution
D)assumption that the sample was randomly selected
Q2) In a one-tailed test of hypothesis,the entire ____ should be placed in either the upper or lower tail of the ____.
A)critical area;sampling distribution
B)sample mean;population distribution
C)Z score;critical area
D)sampling distribution;sample distribution
Q3) Which of the following must be normally distributed in order to proceed with hypothesis testing of means and proportions?
A)the sample distribution
B)the sampling distribution
C)the population distribution
D)both the sample distribution and the population distribution
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Chapter 9: Hypothesis Testing II: the Two-Sample Case
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Sample Questions
Q1) The central problem in the case of two-sample hypothesis test is to determine
A)if the samples are random.
B)if sample statistics are the same as those of the sampling distribution.
C)if the parameters are representative of the populations.
D)if two populations differ significantly on the trait in question.
Q2) A sample of students attending a large university has been selected.Is there a statistically significant difference between Liberal Arts majors and other students on average number of books (other than those required by course work)read per year? Use the five step model and write a sentence or two interpreting your results.
\( \begin{array}{ll}
\text { Liberal Ants } & \text { Other} \\
\bar{X}_{1} =16.2 & \bar{X}_{2}=13.7 \\
S_{J}=2.3 & S_{2}=9.0 \\
N_{I}=236 & N_{2}=321
\end{array} \)
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Page 11
Chapter 10: Hypothesis Testing III: the Analysis of Variance
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Q1) In the ANOVA test,if the null hypothesis is true,then
A)SSB should be at least twice as much as dfb.
B)SSW should be much greater than SSB.
C)the combined dfb and dfw should be much greater than the SST.
D)the mean square between (MSB)and the mean square within (MSW)should be roughly equal in value.
Q2) A researcher is comparing random samples of white,black,and Hispanic Americans for differences in income,family size,and years of education.Which of the following tests of significance would be useful for all three dependent variables?
A)t test for small samples
B)t test for difference in means
C)ANOVA
D)the test for the significance of the difference between sample proportions
Q3) If we fail to reject the null hypothesis in a test using analysis of variance,we are concluding that
A)the populations from which our samples come are the same.
B)the samples are dependent.
C)the population variances are the different.
D)the sample means are different.
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Page 12
Chapter 11: Hypothesis Testing Iv: Chi Square
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Sample Questions
Q1) Chi square is one of a class of statistics called A)nonparametric.
B)parametric.
C)semi-parametriC.
D)parametrically symmetrical.
Q2) A bivariate table in which one variable had three categories and the other variable had four categories would have A)four cells.
B)six cells.
C)nine cells.
D)twelve cells.
Q3) The Chi square test is based on the assumption that A)the variables are dependent.
B)the expected frequencies are not produced by random chance.
C)samples are non-random.
D)the null hypothesis is true.
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Chapter 12: Introduction to Bivariate Association and
Measures of Association for Variables Measured at the
Nominal Level
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Q1) A researcher tested the relationship between gender and support for assisted suicide ("death with dignity")and found a Cramer's V of 0.45.This relationship is A)strong.
B)weak.
C)positive.
D)significant but not important.
Q2) A researcher finds that males are much more supportive of cohabitation than females.The phi is 0.25.This is a ____ relationship.
A)moderate
B)negative
C)positive
D)strong
Q3) In tables larger than 2x2,the upper limit of phi
A)can be greater than 1.00
B)can be less than zero
C)is no more than 0.05
D)is 100
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Chapter 13: Association Between Variables Measured at the
Ordinal Level
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Q1) In the case of gamma,a negative relationship means that
A)if case A ranks below case B on one variable,case A will rank below case B on the other variable.
B)if case A ranks above case B on one variable,it will rank below case B on the other variable.
C)if case A ranks above case B on one variable,it will rank above case B on the other variable.
D)the ranking of cases will be unrelateD.
Q2) For variables measured at the ordinal level,gamma measures
A)the statistical significance of the relationship.
B)the proportional reduction in error gained by predicting one variable while taking the other into account.
C)the relative importance of each variable to the association.
D)all of these
Q3) Like lambda and gamma,Spearman's rho can be interpreted by the logic of
A)proportional reduction in error.
B)hypothesis sorting.
C)critical ranking analysis.
D)semi-proportionate elliptical probing.
Page 15
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Chapter 14: Association Between Variables Measured at the
Interval-Ratio Level
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Q1) If the slope of a regression line is 1.5,then
A)for every unit of change in X there is a change of 1.5 units in Y.
B)for every unit of change in Y there is a change of 1.5 in X.
C)the score of each case is 1.5 times higher on Y than on X.
D)Y causes X.
Q2) When working with interval-ratio data,the optimal strategy for predicting Y while taking X into account would be to
A)use the regression line.
B)guess randomly.
C)ignore the slope (b).
D)always predict the Y intercept (a).
Q3) In regression analysis,the symbol a stands for A)the scores on the Y variable.
B)the slope.
C)the Y intercept.
D)the X intercept.
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Chapter 15: Partial Correlation and Multiple Regression and Correlation
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Q1) While unstandardized partial slopes permit predictions of Y in the original units of the variable,standardized partial slopes permit an assessment of
A)the combined effects of the independents.
B)the partial effects of the independents.
C)the independent effects of the partials.
D)the relative importance of the independents.
Q2) If a = 1,b<sub>1</sub> = 10,b<sub>2</sub> = 10,X<sub>1</sub>= 2,and X<sub>2</sub>
= 3,what would the predicted Y score be?
A)51
B)26
C)5
D)0
Q3) The partial correlation coefficient will reveal an interactive relationship between three variables when
A)the partial correlation coefficients drops to zero.
B)the partial is greater in value than the zero-order correlation coefficient.
C)the partial correlation coefficient is negative.
D)none of these.Partial correlation will not detect interaction.
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