State and Society in Canada
Exam Answer Key
Course Introduction
This course explores the dynamic relationships between the Canadian state, its institutions, and society, examining how policy, governance, and social movements shape and reflect the country's evolving identity. Students analyze themes such as federalism, multiculturalism, Indigenous-state relations, social welfare, and public policy. Through a critical lens, the course investigates the role of the state in addressing issues of diversity, inequality, and citizenship, providing a nuanced understanding of the historical and contemporary challenges that define Canada's social and political landscape.
Recommended Textbook
Canadian Politics Critical Approaches 8th Edition by Christopher Cochrane
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Approaching the Study of Politics
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Q1) Which statement best describes the notion of the embedded state?
A)Elites cannot operate with total autonomy because of the fusion of state and society.
B)The state wields an enormous amount of power, unchecked by societal norms.
C)Individuals view the powers of the state to be entrenched within all aspects of society.
D)Politicians are unable to operate without the bureaucratic functions of the state.
Answer: A
Q2) The institutional approach is closely linked to the historical approach.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) The behaviour of individual politicians is an example of the political psychology approach.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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3
Chapter 2: Institutional Foundations and the Evolution of the State
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Q1) What did the Durham Report recommend?
A)the creation of Prince Edward Island
B)municipal governing policies
C)official bilingualism
D)responsible government
Answer: D
Q2) Compare and contrast the principles of representative government and responsible government.
Answer: Representative government describes a set of political institutions that include an elected legislative assembly. In early 19th-century Canada, the elected assembly represented and articulated the views of the people, but had no real power over the appointed councils. As a result, reformers campaigned for responsible government in which advisers to the governor would reflect the views of the elected assembly. That would mean that the members of the executive council came from the assembly and had its support.
Q3) The Act of Union united Ontario and Quebec.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Page 4
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Chapter 3: Regionalism
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Q1) Globalization is one of the reasons for a decline in the manufacturing industry in Ontario.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) Which province has profited from offshore petroleum revenues?
A)Nova Scotia
B)Newfoundland and Labrador
C)Prince Edward Island
D)New Brunswick
Answer: B
Q3) Which of the following best exemplifies a public-private partnership (P3)?
A)the creation of Trans-Canada Airlines
B)the Construction of the Confederation Bridge
C)the National Energy Program
D)the Creation of the Trans-Canada highway
Answer: B
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Aboriginal Peoples
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Q1) Which statement best defines comprehensive land claims?
A)They are Aboriginal land claims primarily originating in the West.
B)They are Aboriginal land claims arising from alleged non-fulfillment of Indian treaties.
C)They are Aboriginal land claims based on traditional occupancy and use.
D)They are land claims made after the Calder case decision.
Q2) According to the Indian Act, which term refers to those Aboriginal Canadians registered with the federal government?
A)status Indians
B)non-status Indians
C)enfranchised Indians
D)North American Indians
Q3) Aboriginal people now control over 80 percent of Aboriginal Affairs' departmental funding.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Indians living on reserves gained the right to vote in federal elections in 1960.
A)True
B)False
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Page 6
Chapter 5: French Canada and the Quebec Question
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Q1) The failure of the Meech Lake Accord sparked the creation of the Bloc Québécois.
A)True
B)False
Q2) What was Pierre Trudeau's intention in passing the Official Languages Act?
A)to create an environment where Quebec's demands could be heard
B)to undercut Quebec's demands for special status or independence
C)to strengthen the position of French in Quebec
D)to undermine English demands in French-speaking regions of the country
Q3) Quebec has had two referendums on sovereignty issues.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Outline French-English relations within two of the following provinces: New Brunswick, Ontario, and Manitoba.
Q5) How can one apply the pluralist and state-based approaches to the discussion of French-English relations in Canada?
Q6) Which statement best describes Quebec nationalism before 1960?
A)French nationalism was largely subconscious.
B)French nationalism was inward looking and defensive.
C)French nationalism was loosely connected with the Roman Catholic Church.
Page 7
D)French nationalism had strong ties to France.
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Chapter 6: Ethnocultural Minorities
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Q1) From 1885 onward, immigrants from which country were required to pay a head tax to enter Canada?
A)India
B)Japan
C)Israel
D)China
Q2) What amendment was made to the Immigration Act in the 1960s?
A)to give preference to Caucasian applicants
B)to give preference to Caribbean applicants
C)to remove previous discriminatory provisions
D)to give preference to extended families
Q3) Which province instituted a heritage languages policy in the school system?
A)Ontario
B)Quebec
C)New Brunswick
D)British Columbia
Q4) What are some of the key changes in immigration policy since the early 1900s? Is the current immigration policy assisting or hindering the wellbeing of current and future immigrants into Canada?
Q5) What were the basic objectives of Pierre Trudeau's multiculturalism policy?
Page 8
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Chapter 7: Gender
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Q1) What province was last to extend women's right to vote in provincial elections?
A)Alberta
B)Manitoba
C)Quebec
D)Saskatchewan
Q2) As a result of a 2003 Court of Appeal decision in Ontario, same-sex partners were allowed to marry.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which political parties have women historically supported?
A)the Liberals and the NDP
B)the Liberals and the Conservatives
C)the Green Party and the NDP
D)the Conservatives and the NDP
Q4) In which political venue were women unable to sit until 1929?
A)Senate
B)House of Commons
C)Alberta legislature
D)British Columbia legislature
Q5) What were the major concerns of second-wave feminists?
Page 9
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Chapter 8: Class
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Q1) Even though the House of Commons passed a resolution in 1989 to eliminate child poverty in Canada by 2000, the number of children living in poverty increased by 50 percent during the 1990s.
A)True
B)False
Q2) List five suggestions for how governments could improve the lot of the poor.
Q3) The Social Credit Party pioneered hospital and medical insurance at the provincial level in Saskatchewan.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The Liberal government introduced the Unemployment Act in 1940.
A)True
B)False
Q5) The Canadian social safety net reached its height in the 1960s.
A)True
B)False
Q6) What does it mean to be "class-conscious"? How does this sentiment affect the working and poor classes in Canada?
Q7) What is the significance of the social safety net?
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Chapter 9: Urbanrural Location, Religion, and Age
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Q1) What was the first main religious demand in Canada?
A)establishing the Roman Catholic religion as the main dominant religion in Canada
B)establishing separate school systems for Roman Catholics and Protestants
C)establishing the Protestant religion as the main dominant religion in Canada
D)establishing a Roman Catholic-based constitution
Q2) Which city is NOT one of the largest three cities in Canada?
A)Toronto
B)Vancouver
C)Calgary
D)Montreal
Q3) The current fertility rates in Canada average at 1.5 births per woman.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Historically, religious cleavages and identities within Canada coincided to a considerable extent with those of language and ethnicity. The interests of French-Catholics were often at odds with those of the Anglo-Protestants.
A)True
B)False
Q5) What is the future for Canada's population?
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Chapter 10: Canadas External Environment: The United
States and the World
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Q1) In 2003, which department were Canadian border personnel consolidated into?
A)Department of Public Works
B)Department of Public Security and Emergency Preparedness
C)Canada Border Service Agency
D)Department of National Security
Q2) U.S. branch plants first proliferated in Canada following the introduction of the Canada-U.S. Free Trade Agreement.
A)True
B)False
Q3) How have international terrorism events, such as 9/11, affected Canadian domestic and foreign policy?
Q4) The Canada-U.S. Free Trade Agreement was not supposed to affect existing cultural programs.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of globalization?
A)comprehensive free trade agreements
B)mega-mergers of large transnational corporations
C)removal of state controls on corporate behaviour
D)decreasing the mobility of capital
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Chapter 11: The Canadian Political Culture
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Q1) What ideology argues that each person should have maximum freedom or liberty?
A)individualism
B)collectivism
C)liberalism
D)Marxism
Q2) Which statement does NOT describe political freedom?
A)It is guaranteed in the Charter of Rights and Freedoms.
B)It is a component of the definition of democracy.
C)It includes freedom of speech, press, and assembly.
D)It is rarely infringed on by provincial governments.
Q3) Three of the most significant cases involving a serious infringement of political freedom occurred at the federal level.
A)True
B)False
Q4) According to Horowitz, which ideology dominates Canadian political culture?
A)conservatism
B)liberalism
C)socialism
D)communism
Q5) How can Canadians achieve a balance between individualism and collectivism?
Page 13
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Chapter 12: Political Socialization, The Mass Media, and Public Opinion Polls
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Q1) Which of the following increases a person's degree of political participation?
A)newspaper consumption
B)television viewership
C)radio listenership
D)Internet consumption
Q2) Who owns the Toronto Sun?
A)Quebecor/Sun Media
B)Black Press
C)Continental
D)Transcontinental
Q3) The National Post supports the Conservatives.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Which of the following replaces the War Measures Act?
A)Official Secrets Act
B)Emergencies Act
C)Security of Information Act
D)Access to Information Act
Page 14
Q5) Compare and contrast the different agents of political socialization.
Q6) How is public opinion in Canada measured?
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Page 15
Chapter 13: Elections and the Electoral System
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Q1) Jean Chrétien's new election finance reforms virtually eliminated corporate contributions.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Describe Canada's "first-past-the-post" electoral system. What are the advantages and disadvantages of this system?
Q3) Describe how election financing has evolved since pre-1974?
Q4) The first-past-the-post system has been criticized for promoting the overrepresentation of white males.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Manipulating constituency boundaries so as to ensure as far as possible the re-election of the members of the government party is known as glad-handing.
A)True
B)False
Q6) What remedies to Canada's electoral system have been proposed to better reflect the distribution of the popular vote?
Q7) What are the primary functions of an election in the Canadian political system?
Page 16
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Chapter 14: Political Parties and the Party System
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Q1) Liberals can be divided into two very distinct categories: welfare and business.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Discuss two of the following interpretations of party politics in Canada: the broker system, the concept of ideological or class-based parties, and one-party dominance.
Q3) Pre-Mulroney Conservatives used to exhibit a strong red Tory touch.
A)True
B)False
Q4) What party system categorized the decade between 1993 and 2003?
A)two-plus party system
B)two-plus-two party system
C)multiparty system
D)three party system
Q5) What is a variant of liberalism?
A)pluralist
B)welfare
C)religious
D)communist
Q6) How does party ideology in Canada apply to the major Canadian political parties?
Page 17
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Chapter 15: The Election Campaign, Voting, and Political Participation
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Q1) Regional factors have recently been the strongest sociodemographic influence in Canadian voting behaviour.
A)True
B)False
Q2) How do core values and beliefs influence how Canadians vote?
Q3) Which group, regardless of ethnic background, has a historic tendency to vote Liberal?
A)the unemployed
B)Albertans
C)farmers
D)Roman Catholics
Q4) Party advertising has recently become more synonymous with the concept of political marketing.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Which of the following does NOT describe the absent mandate?
A)Parties don't emphasize policy in election campaigns.
B)Voters don't vote on the basis of party policies.
C)The winning party rarely gets a majority of the votes.
D)Losing parties rarely criticize government policies.
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Chapter 16: Advocacy Groups, Social Movements, and Lobbying
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Q1) The Canadian Federation of Agriculture is more of a radical group than the National Farmer's Union.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Many MPs have close corporate connections and function regularly as lobbyists for big business.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Under the Federal Accountability Act, what reform was made to lobbying practices?
A)It allowed contingency fees.
B)It placed a prohibition on ministerial staffers, ministers, and senior public servants from registering as lobbyists for five years after leaving office.
C)It extended the period during which infractions could be investigated to five years.
D)It required lobbyists to record e-mails with senior public servants.
Q4) Discuss three explanations for why advocacy groups are sometimes successful and sometimes not.
Q5) What are the functions of advocacy groups?
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Chapter 17: The Canadian Constitution and Constitutional Change
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Q1) What makes up the formal, legal documents of the Canadian Constitution?
A)the Constitution Act, 1867; the Constitution Act, 1982; and certain British and Canadian Statutes
B)the Constitution Act, 1867; the Statute of Westminster; and the Constitution Act, 1982
C)the Constitution Act, 1867; the Constitution Act, 1982; and the Bill of Rights
D)the Constitution Act, 1867; the Constitution Act, 1982; and the Charter
Q2) What province was NOT part of the new Dominion of Canada formed through the Constitution Act of 1867?
A)Nova Scotia
B)Prince Edward Island
C)New Brunswick
D)Ontario
Q3) Which section of the Charter ensures that Aboriginal and treaty rights are not diminished by the Charter?
A)Section 20
B)Section 25
C)Section 30
D)Section 35
Q4) What concerns were raised regarding the Meech Lake Accord, 1982?
Page 20
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Chapter 18: The Federal System
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Q1) In the Constitution, the provincial taxation powers are restricted to sales taxes.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The Macdonald era from 1867 to 1896 can be labelled one of classical federalism.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Between 1867 and 1945, what type of federalism was classified as the first period of Canadian federalism?
A)quasi
B)classical
C)emergency
D)cooperative
Q4) The depression qualified as an emergency in terms of the emergency doctrine interpretation of the Peace, Order, and Good Government clause.
A)True
B)False
Q5) How do federal-provincial relations affect the environment and Aboriginals in Canada?
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Chapter 19: The Charter of Rights and Freedoms
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Q1) What rights are not enshrined in the Charter of Rights and Freedom, although they are recognized in law?
A)economic
B)equality
C)legal
D)language
Q2) Who was responsible for enacting the Canadian Bill of Rights?
A)Pierre Trudeau
B)Lester B. Pearson
C)McKenzie King
D)John Diefenbaker
Q3) How are language rights protected under the Charter of Rights and Freedom?
Q4) Which characteristic is NOT explicitly listed in section 15 of the Charter?
A)age
B)sexual orientation
C)race
D)physical disability
Q5) There are fetal rights in Canada.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 20: The Policy-Making Process and Policy
Instruments
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Q1) Air Canada used to be a Crown corporation that has since been privatized.
A)True
B)False
Q2) What are minimum wage laws, highway speed limits, building codes, rent controls, and bilingual labelling examples of?
A)exhortation
B)regulation
C)neoconservatism
D)public expenditures
Q3) What are stakeholders and what is their role in determining public policy?
Q4) Explain the advantages and disadvantages for citizens of governments' use of tax expenditures.
Q5) The federal and provincial governments have started to move beyond the neo-conservative era of the last 15-20 years.
A)True
B)False
Q6) The War Measures Act was invoked during a severe flooding in Manitoba.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter
21: The Executive: Crown, Prime Minister, and Cabinet
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Q1) Individual ministerial responsibility means that all ministers must publicly defend all Cabinet policies or else resign.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The Canadian head of state is the prime minister.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Who is regarded as the highest-ranking public servant?
A)governor of the Bank of Canada
B)Chief of Staff
C)clerk of the Privy Council and secretary to the Cabinet
D)auditor general
Q4) What are the advantages and disadvantages of the monarchy?
Q5) Institutionalized Cabinets were a characteristic of the Canadian Cabinet before 1960.
A)True
B)False
Q6) The Treasury Board is a section of the Department of Finance.
A)True
B)False Page 24
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Chapter 22: The Bureaucracy
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Q1) Who handles human resources and financial and expenditure management?
A)Public Service Commission
B)Prime Minister's Office
C)Department of Finance
D)Treasury Board Secretariat
Q2) VIA Rail, Canada Mortgage and Housing, and the Bank of Canada are examples of regulatory agencies.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The CRTC, the Canadian Transportation Authority, and the Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission are examples of royal commissions.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Who provides an annual report of government funds that have been unlawfully or unwisely spent?
A)Auditor General
B)Information Commissioner
C)Environmental Commissioner
D)Comptroller of the Treasury
Q5) How are responsibility and accountability managed in departments?
Page 26
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Chapter 23: Parliament
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Q1) A parliamentary session always begins with the speech from the throne prepared by the prime minister and read by the governor general.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The Cabinet consists of all the elected members of each political party.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Legislative committees usually have an investigative function, to examine an issue before the government has made up its mind on how to deal with it.
A)True
B)False
Q4) What does either side of the House request when they want a formal recorded vote?
A)a closure
B)a division
C)a count
D)a debate
Q5) Explain the concept of party discipline.
Q6) What are the functions and powers of the House of Commons?
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Chapter 24: The Judiciary
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Q1) Federal court of Canada judges have a mandatory retirement age of 75 years.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Until 1949, all decisions made by the Supreme Court of Canada could be appealed to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council.
A)True
B)False
Q3) What is handled by the Federal Court of Canada?
A)divorces
B)immigration and refugee appeals
C)criminal cases
D)charter cases
Q4) What term describes the principle that precedents are binding on successive decisions?
A)pro bono
B)caveat emptor
C)stare decisis
D)quo vadis
Q5) What are the powers of the Supreme Court of Canada?
Q6) What is the function of the judiciary?
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