Sports Science
Final Test Solutions
Course Introduction
Sports Science is an interdisciplinary field that explores the scientific foundations of human movement, exercise, and athletic performance. The course examines the principles of anatomy, physiology, biomechanics, psychology, and nutrition as they relate to sport and physical activity. Students will learn how the body responds and adapts to various forms of physical training and how to optimize performance while minimizing the risk of injury. Topics also include methods for assessing fitness, the role of coaching and motivation, and contemporary issues in sports such as ethics, technology, and health promotion. This course provides a comprehensive understanding of the scientific factors influencing sports performance and overall physical well-being.
Recommended Textbook
Kinesiology Scientific Basis of Human Motion 12th Edition by Nancy Hamilton
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22 Chapters
456 Verified Questions
456 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: Introduction to the Study of Kinesiology
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51 Verified Questions
51 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) On occasion, which of the following special presidential powers has/have been successfully challenged by the judiciary, such as in Watergate-era case United States v. Richard M. Nixon?
A) emergency powers
B) statutory powers
C) inherent powers
D) executive privilege
E) executive orders
Answer: D
Q2) Throw-like motions are classified as being ______ in nature.
A) sequential
B) simultaneous
C) combination
D) concurrent
Answer: A
Q3) Name and explain the three primary components of a kinesiological analysis.
Answer: description, evaluation, prescription
Q4) Describe the movement phases which might be used in an analysis of an overhand throw.
Answer: preparation, power, propulsion
Page 3
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Chapter 2: The Musculoskeletal System: The Skeletal
Framework and Its Movements
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Sample Questions
Q1) Adduction refers to:
A) movement away from the midline of the body
B) movement toward the midline of the body
C) movement in two planes
D) reduction of joint angle
Answer: B
Q2) Which of the following movements occurs in a horizontal plane around a vertical axis?
A) arm action in golf drive resulting in no spin ball
B) arm action in tennis forehand resulting in no spin
C) leg action in football, no spin
D) leg action in walking
Answer: B
Q3) What is movement away from the midline of the body?
A) flexion
B) extension
C) adduction
D) abduction
Answer: D
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Chapter 3: The Musculoskeletal System: The Musculature
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Sample Questions
Q1) Why is it difficult for some people to sit on the floor with straight legs and erect body?
A) antagonistic muscle action
B) restrictive internal structure of knee and hip joints
C) shortness and inelasticity of knee extensors
D) tension of two joint muscles
Answer: D
Q2) The rectus femoris is an example of a ____ muscle.
A) fusiform
B) fan shaped
C) bipenniform
D) quadrate
Answer: C
Q3) Given your knowledge of biarticular muscles, what would be an effective stretch for the hamstring muscles?
Provide a rationale for your answer.
Answer: knee extended, hip flexed
Q4) Why is there a greater range of motion in hip flexion with the knees bent than with them straight?
Answer: (decreased tension in biarticular muscles)
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Chapter 4: The Neuromuscular Basis of Human Motion
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Sample Questions
Q1) When landing from a jump, which of the following proprioceptors facilitate the return to the standing position?
1) Pacinian corpuscles
2) joint receptors in feet
3) labyrinthine system
4) muscle spindles
A) 1, 2, 3
B) 1, 2, 4
C) 1, 3, 4
D) 2, 3, 4
Q2) Which of the following illustrates the use of the tonic stretch reflex to facilitate a motor act?
A) continuous movement of arm back and then forward in bowling
B) long, fast backswing in a golf drive
C) rapid backswing preceding a hard overhand throw
D) short, relatively slow backswing in a golf putt
Q3) Provide a neuromuscular explanation for why is it easier to do a handstand if the head and neck are hyperextended than if they are not.
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Chapter 5: The Upper Extremity: The Shoulder Region
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Sample Questions
Q1) How is the glenoid fossa reoriented to increase range of motion?
A) through action of the scapula
B) through action of the humerus
C) through action of the clavicle
D) through action of the trunk
Q2) Trapezius I produces _____ of the scapula.
A) elevation
B) depression
C) abduction
D) downward rotation
Q3) What will be the prime mover(s) at the shoulder in the propulsion phase of a wheelchair stroke?
1) pectoralis minor
2) pectoralis major
3) anterior deltoid
4) latissimus dorsi
A) pectoralis minor, latissimus dorsi
B) pectoralis major, anterior deltoid
C) pectoralis minor, pectoralis major, anterior deltoid
D) pectoralis minor, pectoralis major, anterior deltoid, latissimus dorsi
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Chapter 6: The Upper Extremity: The Elbow, Forearm, Wrist, and Hand
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Sample Questions
Q1) What type of joint is the articulation between the carpals and the radius (the radiocarpal joint)?
A) gliding
B) condyloid
C) pivot
D) hinge
Q2) What are the possible negative consequences of repeated ulnar or radial deviation motions?
Q3) Which of the following is the prime mover in elbow extension during the up phase of the pushup?
A) biceps brachii
B) pectoralis major
C) triceps brachii
D) brachialis
Q4) The ligament that forms a ring within which the radial head rotates is called the ____ ligament.
A) volar
B) annular
C) ulnar
D) collateral
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Chapter 7: The Lower Extremity: The Hip Region
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following hip actions is produced by the iliopsoas muscle?
A) flexion
B) extension
C) abduction
D) adduction
Q2) Analyze the muscular involvement in the motion of the hip joint in the jumping jack exercise. Be sure to include both the "apart" phase and the "together" phase (non-support part only).
Q3) Why is the range of motion in hip hyperextension much less than the range of motion in hip flexion?
Q4) Which of the following are the prime movers in inward rotation of the hips?
A) gluteus maximus & gluteus medius
B) gluteus medius & gluteus minimis
C) gluteus minimis & rectus femoris
D) gluteus maximus & rectus femoris
Q5) Analyze the muscular involvement in the motion of the hip joint in stair climbing. Be sure to include both the preparation phase and the propulsion phase.
Q6) Why is it easier to keep the low back flat on the floor in a supine lying position if the knees and hips are flexed?
Page 9
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Chapter 8: The Lower Extremity: The Knee, Ankle, and Foot
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following muscles contracts in pronation to counteract the supination action of the tibialis anterior and the extensor hallicus longus?
A) tibialis posterior
B) flexor hallicus longus
C) extensor digitorum longus
D) flexor digitorum longus
Short Answer Questions
Q2) Which of the following produces pronation of the foot?
A) tibialis anterior
B) extensor digitorum longus
C) extensor hallicus longus
D) soleus
Q3) Analyze the muscular involvement in the motion of the knee joint in a kicking motion. Be sure to include both the preparation phase and the propulsion phase.
Q4) Which of the following motions are produced by the tibialis anterior?
A) ankle plantar flexion, inversion of foot
B) ankle dorsiflexion, inversion of foot
C) ankle plantar flexion, eversion of foot
D) ankle dorsiflexion, eversion of foot
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Chapter 9: The Spinal Column and Thorax
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is not a primary muscle of respiration?
A) diaphragm
B) abdominals
C) intercostales
D) levatores costorum
Short Answer Questions
Q2) Which of the following conditions is produced by an exaggerated lumbar curve?
A) kyphosis
B) scoliosis
C) lordosis
D) forward head
Q3) In the exercise of slow leg raising and lowering in a supine lying position, what is the function of the abdominal muscles during the lowering phase and what type of contraction is involved?
A) controlling extension of legs--eccentric contraction
B) stabilizing the pelvis--static contraction
C) tilting the pelvis backward--concentric contraction
D) tilting the pelvis forward--concentric contraction
Q4) Describe the structure of the intervertebral disc and discuss its function as part of the vertebral column.
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Chapter 10: Terminology and Measurement in Biomechanics
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is the primary element in a kinetic analysis?
A) acceleration
B) cause of motion
C) displacement
D) velocity
Q2) You walk north across campus for 200 meters, then turn and walk west for 150 meters. What is your resultant displacement?
Q3) Two muscles are attached to bone at the same point. Muscle A is pulling with 90 N of force at an angle of 25<sup>\(\circ\)</sup>. Muscle B pulls with 110 N of force at an angle of 10<sup>\(\circ\)</sup>. What is the combined effect of these two muscles in terms of resultant force and angle of pull?
Q4) Which of the following represents a vector quantity?
A) a distance of 30 meters
B) a speed of 25 m/s
C) a velocity of 15 m/s
D) a mass of 100 kilograms
Q5) Name at least three vector quantities that are important in each of the following activities: soccer getting a box out of a cupboard walking
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Chapter 11: The Description of Human Motion
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Sample Questions
Q1) What determines the type of motion of a freely moveable object?
A) amount of force applied
B) location of center of gravity
C) point at which force is applied
D) shape of object
Q2) Why will a foul ball hit straight up and a home run which reaches the same height land at the same time (if they are hit at the same time)?
Q3) The time required for an object to reach the highest point of the parabolic path will be ____ the time it takes it to fall back to the same height.
A) less than
B) equal to
C) greater than
D) not related to
Q4) Which best describes the horizontal velocity of a projectile that is moving in the second half of a parabola?
A) decreasing B) increasing
C) not changing
D) zero
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Chapter 12: The Conditions of Linear Motion
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Sample Questions
Q1) Why do one's feet drop if the head is lifted in a face floating position in swimming?
Q2) Which of the following statements is correct concerning momentum?
A) given equal linear velocity just after impact, a tennis ball will have greater momentum than a tennis racquet
B) at the same velocity, a badminton racquet will have greater momentum than a tennis racquet
C) a 14 lb. bowling ball with a linear velocity of 35 ft/sec will have greater momentum than a 8 lb. ball at 50 ft/sec
D) a softball bat weighing one-third that of a second bat but swung at twice the velocity will have greater momentum
Q3) The _____ the time it takes to move a given distance, the greater is the power. A) greater
B) larger
C) shorter
D) same
Q4) Why will a steel ball bounce when dropped on a trampoline but not when dropped on a wooden floor?
Q5) Why does one tend to shorten one's stride when walking on the ice?
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Chapter 13: The Conditions of Rotary Motion
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Sample Questions
Q1) Why can one loosen a bolt with a long handled wrench when the same bolt is impossible to move with a short handled wrench?
Q2) Based on the principles of levers, which of the following levers is most efficient in overcoming a resistance of 20 lbs?
A) EA = 2", RA = 4"
B) EA = 4", RA = 6"
C) EA = 10", RA = 5"
D) EA = 10", RA = 10"
Q3) In which of the following will the least amount of force be necessary to overcome a 20 lb. resistance?
A) angle of pull = 30<sup>\(\circ\)</sup>, effort arm = 3"
B) angle of pull = 45<sup>\(\circ\)</sup>, effort arm = 2"
C) angle of pull = 60<sup>\(\circ\)</sup>, effort arm = 4"
D) angle of pull = 120<sup>\(\circ\)</sup>, effort arm = 1"
Q4) A machine that magnifies force does so at the expense of:
A) velocity and speed
B) velocity and acceleration
C) displacement and torque
D) speed and range of motion
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Chapter 14: The Center of Gravity and Stability
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Sample Questions
Q1) Name three things a basketball player might do in order to go from a stationary position to a fast run very quickly.
Q2) What does the center of gravity of an object represent?
A) exact center anatomically
B) geometric center
C) center of mass of body
D) center of the base of support
Q3) Explain the limitations that exist on how far the base of support can be widened in a standing position.
Q4) An individual is expecting to be pushed from the left side. What would be the best standing position to assume in order to absorb the force without losing one's balance?
A) forward-backward stride stance, line of gravity toward left edge of base of support
B) forward-backward stride, line of gravity in center of base of support
C) side stride stance, line of gravity towards left edge of base of support
D) side stride stance, line of gravity toward right edge of base of support
Q5) Why is it difficult (impossible) to bend over and touch one's toes with the heels and the buttocks against a wall?
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Page 16
Chapter 15: Kinesiology of Fitness and Exercise
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is the action of the gluteus medius and minimus on the side of the free leg in standing on one foot?
A) supporting the thigh in the flexed position
B) producing inward rotation for balance
C) maintaining the position of the weighted leg
D) supporting the pelvis on the free side
Q2) What is one of the possible consequences of marked postural deviations in alignment?
A) decreased circulation
B) stretching of the ligaments
C) imbalance of muscles
D) a decrease in tension
Short Answer Questions
Q3) Which of the following is true of the joints in the erect standing posture?
A) all joints are in extension
B) all joints of the lower extremity are in extension
C) all weight bearing joints except the ankle are in extension
D) none of the above
Q4) Discuss two reflexes which may play a role in the erect standing posture.
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Chapter 16: Moving Objects: Pushing and Pulling
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Sample Questions
Q1) Why is it more difficult to perform a sit-up when the hands are clasped behind the head than when the arms are kept at the side?
A) the resistance arm is greater
B) the resistance arm is smaller
C) the torque of the resistance is reduced
D) the torque produced by the abdominals is reduced
Q2) How do plyometric jumping exercises act to increase one's vertical jump height?
Q3) List and discuss four factors that must be considered in any evaluation of a particular exercise.
Q4) Which of the following exercises strengthens all of the abdominal muscles most effectively.
A) crunch sit-up with a twist
B) double leg raises
C) curl up
D) straight back sit-up
Q5) Why should a person not "bounce" during stretching exercises?
Q6) What differences would exist between an exercise program whose goal is endurance and one for which strength is the program goal?
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Chapter 17: Moving Objects: Throwing, Striking, and Kicking
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following motions should be avoided in working with long handled implements?
A) lifting
B) pulling
C) pushing
D) twisting
Short Answer Questions
Q2) What should one do to apply maximum pushing force?
1) use the largest possible number of segments
2) use the smallest segments
3) move through a large range of motion
4) move the segments in an ordered sequence, one after the other
A) 1, 2, 3
B) 1, 3, 4
C) 1, 3
D) 2, 4
Q3) Discuss the way in which simultaneous movement patterns are coordinated in order to produce a rectilinear path at the distal end point.
Q4) Why is it more difficult to shoot a free throw from a seated position than from a stand?
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Chapter 18: Locomotion: Solid Surface
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following muscles will contract to produce the trunk rotation to the left that is necessary for a right hand throw?
1) right external oblique
2) left external oblique
3) right internal oblique
4) left internal oblique
A) 1, 3
B) 1, 4
C) 2, 3
D) 2, 4
Q2) Why is it better to contact the ball with the elbow fully extended rather than flexed in executing a hard tennis serve?
Q3) What is the movement in the shoulder (glenohumeral) joint in the delivery and beginning of the follow through of an overarm throw?
A) abduction, flexion, medial rotation
B) horizontal adduction, abduction
C) medial rotation, horizontal adduction
D) lateral rotation, flexion
Q4) Why is it difficult to throw a ball while treading water (as in water polo)?
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Chapter 19: Locomotion: The Aquatic Environment
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which is the point of rotation in rotary locomotion of the body?
A) the center of gravity
B) the center of torque
C) the part of the body in contact with the surface
D) the point of force application
Short Answer Questions
Q2) What is the function of the quadriceps muscles when the heel contacts the ground in walking?
A) extend the lower leg at the knee joint
B) flex the lower leg at the knee joint
C) flex the thigh at the femoral joint
D) stabilize the knee against the reaction force from the floor
Q3) Which muscles produce the first part of the forward swing of the lower extremity in walking?
A) iliopsoas, tensor fascia latae, gracilis, rectus femoris
B) rectus femoris, hamstrings, iliopsoas, adductor longus
C) tensor fascia latae, gluteus maximus, adductors longus and brevis
D) tensor fascia latae, sartorius, pectineus, iliopsoas
Q4) What are the six major components of walking?
Q5) Why do sprinters use starting blocks instead of just pushing off the ground?
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Chapter 20: Locomotion: When Suspended and Free of Support
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which lever class is demonstrated by the thighs in the flutter kick (down phase) during the front crawl?
A) 1<sup>st</sup> class
B) 2<sup>nd</sup> class
C) 3<sup>rd</sup> class
D) a force couple
Q2) Which factor contributes to form drag in swimming and objects moving through the air?
A) displacement
B) total surface area
C) size of object
D) cross sectional area
Q3) In which direction will the body move if hands press down and back against the water in a sculling motion?
A) down and back
B) down and forward
C) up and back
D) up and forward
Q4) Explain the effects of pulling too wide in the breast stroke in kinesiological terms.
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Chapter 21: Impact
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Sample Questions
Q1) What determines the path of the center of gravity of the body in a nonsupport activity?
A) the force of projection
B) the angle of the hip joint
C) the height of projection
D) the angle of projection
Q2) Although an object in motion has no weight in a weightless environment, which of the following does it still possess?
A) mass
B) momentum
C) both a & b
D) none of the above
Q3) How might a diver or gymnast initiate a twist about the vertical axis once airborne and rotating forward about the horizontal axis?
A) turn the head away from the rotating direction
B) tilt the body by raising the arm in the direction of the twist
C) tilt the body by raising the arm opposite the twisting side
D) the twist must be started before take off
Q4) How can a diver slow down the speed of rotation?
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Chapter 22: Instrumentation for Motion Analysis
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Sample Questions
Q1) How might one decrease the force acting on any given part of the body when falling?
A) put the hands out to break the fall
B) decrease the area that contacts the ground
C) increase the area that contacts the ground
D) decrease both area of contact and time of contact
Q2) Where should the line of gravity be located when receiving impact from an object with a large horizontal velocity?
A) centered over the base of support
B) near the front edge of the base of support
C) near the back edge of the base of support
D) in any comfortable position
Q3) Why do you land harder the farther you fall?
Q4) How would you dissipate energy when catching a fast-pitched hard ball?
Explain the rationale for your answer.
Q5) Pole vaulters used to land in a sand pit. They now land in a deep foam pad. Explain in kinesiological terms the effect this change has had on the safety of pole vaulting.
Q6) List the primary considerations in considering the effects of impact on the body.
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