Special Education Test
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Course Introduction
Special Education is a comprehensive course that explores the principles, policies, and practices involved in educating students with diverse learning needs and disabilities. The course examines legal foundations, individualized education programs (IEPs), inclusive classroom strategies, and the assessment and identification of exceptionalities. Students will develop an understanding of how to create supportive learning environments, adapt instructional methods, and collaborate with families and multidisciplinary teams to promote the academic and social success of individuals with special needs. Emphasis is placed on both theoretical frameworks and practical approaches to fostering equity and access within educational systems.
Recommended Textbook
Behavior Modification Principles and Procedures 6th Edition by Raymond G. Miltenberger
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50 Chapters
1609 Verified Questions
1609 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: Introduction to Behavior Modification
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is a characteristic of behavior modification?
A)focus on mental processes
B)procedures based on brain-behavior relationships
C)emphasis on past events
D)precise description of procedures
Answer: D
Q2) Behavior is defined as:
A)actions of a person
B)what a person says and does
C)a person's mental processes
D)a and b are both correct
Answer: D
Q3) Who is credited with laying the foundation of behavior modification?
A)Freud
B)Skinner
C)Watson
D)Pavlov
Answer: B
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3
Chapter 1: A: Introduction to Behavior Modification
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Sample Questions
Q1) Behavior is defined as what people do and say.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) Mary's parents are concerned about her screaming.If the loudness of Mary's screams is what they are interested in,this would be an example of:
A) latency
B) frequency
C) intensity
D) duration
Answer: C
Q3) Pavlov did experiments in operant behavior.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q4) A(n)_______________________ behavior can be observed and recorded by another individual.
Answer: overt
Q5) Another term for behavior modifications is _______________________________.
Answer: applied behavior analysis
Page 4
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Chapter 2: Observing and Recording Behavior
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Sample Questions
Q1) A good behavioral definition of a behavior involves:
A)a label for the behavior
B)a description of what the person says and does
C)reference to the person's motivation
D)a statement of the intention of the person engaging in the behavior
Answer: B
Q2) When the process of recording a behavior causes the behavior to change,even before any treatment is implemented,it is called:
A)observer bias
B)observational influence
C)reactivity
D)recording error
Answer: C
Q3) Continuous recording involves:
A)recording the behavior in consecutive intervals of time
B)recording each instance of the behavior
C)recording the product of the behavior
D)interval and time sample recording
Answer: B
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Chapter 2: A: Observing and Recording Behavior
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Sample Questions
Q1) Jerry wants to improve his studying.He observes and records the times when he studies.Observing and recording your own behavior is called:
A) private observation
B) self-monitoring
C) independent recording
D) direct recording
Q2) Identify two of the reasons why behavioral assessment is an important part of behavior modification.
Q3) A teacher records each instance of a student swearing in class.The teacher is recording which dimension of behavior?
A) latency
B) intensity
C) frequency
D) duration
Q4) Provide an example of frequency recording,duration recording,and latency recording.
Q5) Describe how you would conduct real-time recording.
Q6) Calculate interobserver agreement for the interval recording of observer A and B.___________
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Chapter 3: Graphing Behavior and Measuring Change
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Sample Questions
Q1) An A-B-A-B design:
A)is a research design
B)demonstrates a functional relationship
C)involves replication
D)all of these
Q2) A multiple-baseline design may be used:
A)when you are interested in the same target behavior exhibited by multiple subjects
B)when you are measuring a subject's behavior across two or more settings
C)when you have targeted more than one behavior of the same subject
D)all of these
Q3) In which research design is treatment staggered over time?
A)A-B-A-B
B)alternating treatments
C)changing criterion
D)multiple baseline
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Chapter 3: A: Graphing Behavior and Measuring Change
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Sample Questions
Q1) In a multiple baseline across behaviors design,there is a baseline and treatment phase for __________ behavior(s)of __________ subject(s).
Q2) Which of the following is a type of multiple-baseline design?
A) across-subjects
B) across- staff
C) across-time
D) all of these
Q3) A vertical line on a graph indicating a change in treatment is called a:
A) baseline
B) time line
C) phase line
D) treatment line
Q4) The horizontal axis in a graph is used to record:
A) behavior
B) time
C) change
D) duration
Q5) What does it mean to say that treatment is staggered in a multiple baseline design?
Q6) Does the A-B design demonstrate a functional relationship? Why or why not?
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Chapter 4: Reinforcement
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Sample Questions
Q1) In which schedule of reinforcement does a reinforcer get delivered when a response occurs after a period of time?
A)ratio schedule
B)continuous reinforcement schedule
C)interval schedule
D)discontinuous reinforcement schedule
Q2) In negative reinforcement,a stimulus is ____________ following the behavior and the behavior is strengthened.
A)provided
B)increased
C)added
D)removed
Q3) An abolishing operation (AO):
A)makes a reinforcer less potent
B)makes a behavior less likely
C)is a type of motivating operation
D)all of these
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Chapter 4: A: Reinforcement
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following influences the effectiveness of reinforcement?
A) immediacy
B) contingency
C) establishing operations
D) all of these
Q2) A telemarketer has to make a certain number of calls before a sale is made.However,the telemarketer does not know the exact number of calls that will be required in order to make a sale.This is an example of a _________ schedule of reinforcement:
A) fixed ratio
B) variable ratio
C) fixed interval
D) variable interval
Q3) Which of the following is NOT an example of an unconditioned reinforcer?
A) food
B) water
C) money
D) escape from extreme heat
Q4) The consequence that strengthens an operant behavior is a(n)__________.
Q5) How does escape behavior differ from avoidance behavior?
Page 10
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Chapter 5: Extinction
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Sample Questions
Q1) When extinction occurs for a negatively reinforced behavior:
A)the aversive stimulus is no longer removed following the behavior
B)the positive reinforcer is no longer delivered following the behavior
C)the aversive stimulus is removed following the behavior
D)the positive reinforcer is delivered following the behavior
Q2) In extinction,what occurs following the behavior?
A)the reinforcer is withheld
B)the reinforcer is delivered
C)negative reinforcement occurs
D)the person is told to stop the behavior
Q3) When a behavior is decreased with extinction but later occurs again,the phenomenon is called:
A)spontaneous recovery
B)reinstatement
C)spontaneous renewal
D)reinforcement
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11
Chapter 5: A: Extinction
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Sample Questions
Q1) In an extinction burst,the behavior temporarily increases before it decreases.
A)True
B)False
Q2) When extinction is used following continuous reinforcement,the behavior will decrease more quickly.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Extinction will be least effective when:
A) it follows continuous reinforcement
B) it follows intermittent reinforcement
C) reinforcement occurs after extinction
D) B and C
Q4) Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of an extinction burst?
A) unreinforced behavior may briefly increase
B) emotional responses may occur
C) behavior becomes resistant to reinforcement
D) novel behaviors may occur
Q5) A common misconception is that extinction simply means ____________________ the behavior.
Q6) What are the two factors that influence extinction?
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Chapter 6: Punishment
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Sample Questions
Q1) ________________ is a stimulus that became a punisher by being paired with an unconditioned punisher or conditioned punisher.
A)conditioned punisher
B)conditioned reinforcer
C)unconditioned reinforcer
D)unconditioned punisher
Q2) Ryan drove the family car when he went out with his high school friends on weekends.He started coming home late (after his curfew).The next time he came home late,his parents did not let him drive the car for a week.As a result,he quit coming home late.This is an example of"
A)positive reinforcement
B)positive punishment
C)negative punishment
D)extinction
Q3) An abolishing operation:
A)makes a reinforcer less potent
B)makes a punisher less potent
C)is a type of motivating operation
D)all of these
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Chapter 6: A: Punishment
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Sample Questions
Q1) Punishment does not involve an extinction burst.
A)True
B)False
Q2) When a punisher is delivered following a target behavior,the target behavior will __________ in the future.
Q3) An unconditioned punisher is .
Q4) Nikki interrupts her parents when they are talking and her parents scold her and explain why interrupting is rude.As a result,Nikki continues to interrupt her parents when they are talking.This is an example of:
A) positive punishment
B) negative reinforcement
C) positive reinforcement
D) none of these
Q5) Time out is an example of punishment.
Q6) Which of the following factors influences the effectiveness of punishment?
A) immediacy
B) contingency
C) motivating operations
D) all of these
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Q7) Punishment by application is another name for _______________ punishment.
Chapter 7: Stimulus Control: Discrimination and Generalization
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Q1) An S<sup>D</sup> ______________ a behavior.
A)evokes
B)reinforces
C)punishes
D)extinguishes
Q2) A behavior is more likely to occur when a specific antecedent stimulus is present.What principle does this describe?
A)stimulus control
B)situation control
C)situation awareness
D)all of these
Q3) An antecedent stimulus that is present when the behavior is reinforced is a(n):
A)S-delta
B)reinforcer
C)discriminative stimulus
D)conditioned stimulus
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Chapter 7: A: Stimulus Control: Discrimination and Generalization
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Sample Questions
Q1) Bill drives faster than the speed limit only when his friends are in the car with him because they tell him he is cool.He doesn't speed when his parents or girlfriend are in the car because they don't say it's cool.What is the S<sup>D</sup> in this example?
A) parents
B) girlfriend
C) friends
D) parents and girlfriend
Q2) In behavior modification,when a certain behavior occurs in the presence of stimuli that are similar to the discriminative stimulus during stimulus discrimination training,____________ has occurred.
A) expansion
B) refinement
C) discrimination
D) generalization
Q3) When a behavior is more likely to occur only when a specific antecedent stimulus is present,the behavior is under .
Q4) A three-term-contingency involves a relationship between , ,and .
Q5) A stimulus that precedes a behavior is referred to as a(n)________________.
Page 16
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Chapter 8: Respondent Conditioning
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Sample Questions
Q1) In higher order conditioning,the neutral stimulus is paired with a(n)______________.
A)US
B)CS
C)another neutral stimulus
D)2 USs at the same time
Q2) When food is in the mouth the person salivates.This is an example of:
A)a US and a UR
B)a US and a CR
C)a CS and a CR
D)a CS and a UR
Q3) An unconditioned stimulus elicits a(n):
A)discriminative stimulus
B)conditioned response
C)unconditioned response
D)operant behavior
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17
Chapter 8: A: Respondent Conditioning
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Sample Questions
Q1) In respondent extinction,the CS occurs without the US and eventually the CS no longer elicits a CR.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which of the following factors does NOT influence the strength of respondent conditioning?
A) temporal relationship between the NS and US
B) contingency between the NS and US
C) number of pairings of the NS and US
D) formal relationship between the NS and US
Q3) The behavior that is elicited by the presence of an unconditioned or conditioned stimulus is referred to as __________ behavior.
A) respondent
B) operant
C) automatic
D) learned
Q4) List 5 factors that influence respondent conditioning.
Q5) Respondent and operant behaviors cannot occur together in the same situation.
A)True
B)False
18
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Chapter 9: Shaping
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Sample Questions
Q1) A successive approximation is a ___________________________.
A)target behavior
B)a shaping step
C)starting behavior
D)conditioned response
Q2) When would shaping not be the most appropriate procedure to us?
A)if the person already engages in the target behavior
B)if more efficient behavioral acquisition strategies can be used
C)when you want to decrease a behavior
D)all of these
Q3) In the example in the book,which variation of shaping was used to get Mrs.S to wait more time between bathroom visits?
A)generating a novel behavior
B)reinstating a previously exhibited behavior
C)changing some dimension of an existing behavior
D)all of these
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19
Chapter 9: A: Shaping
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Sample Questions
Q1) Sara wants to teach her cat Fluffy to use his paw to turn on the television.Sara differentially reinforces Fluffy's behavior of being within one foot of the television,being within one foot and facing the television,when Fluffy touches the television with his paw,when he touches the on button with his paw,and finally when Fluffy hits the on button with his paw.This is an example of using shaping to:
A) change a dimension of an existing behavior
B) generate a novel behavior
C) increase an existing behavior
D) reinstate a previous behavior
Q2) When using shaping,timing is not very important.
A)True
B)False
Q3) In shaping language in a young child,what is typically the starting behavior?
A) words
B) nouns and verbs
C) babbling
D) sentences
Q4) Provide an example of how shaping could be used to change a dimension of an existing behavior.
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Chapter 10: Prompting and Transfer of Stimulus Control
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Q1) In which procedure do you present the S<sup>D</sup>,wait a certain number of seconds,and then present the prompt if the correct response is not made?
A)prompting
B)fading
C)prompt delay
D)all of these
Q2) In which procedure do you gradually remove the stimulus prompt as the correct behavior occurs in the presence of the S<sup>D</sup>?
A)prompting
B)stimulus fading
C)prompt delay
D)all of these
Q3) An instructor puts her hands over the student's hands to help the student mold the clay as the clay is spinning on the wheel during a pottery class.What type of prompt is the instructor using?
A)verbal
B)gestural
C)modeling
D)physical
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Chapter 10: A: Prompting and Transfer of Stimulus Control
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Sample Questions
Q1) Prompts are used to get the correct behavior to occur so it can be reinforced.
A)True
B)False
Q2) What is fading?
Q3) Brian is teaching his son to shoot a basketball.Initially,Brian lowers the backboard and uses a smaller ball in order to make it more likely that his son will correctly shoot the ball.This is an example of a(an)____________ prompt.
A) response
B) within-stimulus
C) extra-stimulus
D) B and C
Q4) When the correct behavior occurs at the right time without any assistance,___________ has occurred.
Q5) Verbal,gestural,modeling and physical prompts are all examples of what category of prompts? ___________
Q6) Describe how you would use flash cards to learn psychology terms using prompting and fading.
Q7) Identify four types of response prompts.
Q8) What is a stimulus prompt?
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Chapter 11: Chaining
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Sample Questions
Q1) You can conduct a task analysis by:
A)observing a competent person engaging in the task
B)asking an expert who performs the task well
C)performing the task yourself and recording each of the S<sup>D</sup>s and responses.
D)all of these
Q2) ________________ is a chaining procedure in which you use prompting and fading to teach the first behavior in the chain first.
A)forward chaining
B)backward chaining
C)total task presentation
D)all of these
Q3) Which procedure is used to teach a person to engage in the sequence of behaviors involved in a stimulus-response chain?
A)forward chaining
B)backward chaining
C)total task presentation
D)all of these
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23
Chapter 11: A: Chaining
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Sample Questions
Q1) List 3 different ways to conduct a task analysis.
Q2) Which of the following is true concerning the similarities between forward and backward chaining and total task presentation?
A) all are used to teach chains of behaviors
B) all require completion of a task analysis
C) all involve the use of prompting and fading
D) all of these
Q3) Doug's Mom is going to teach him how to make his bed.Doug's Mom conducts a task analysis to identify all the individual components involved in the task,and decides to teach the first behavior in the chain first,and then teach each subsequent behavior.Doug's Mom is using:
A) forward chaining
B) backward chaining
C) total task presentation
D) graduated guidance
Q4) To use forward chaining,you present the first ___________,___________ the correct response,and provide a(n)___________ following the correct behavior.
Q5) What is a task analysis?
Q6) Provide an example of the use of textual prompts and picture prompts.
Page 24
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Chapter 12: Behavioral Skills Training Procedures
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Sample Questions
Q1) Behavioral skills training consists of:
A)instructions,modeling,rehearsal,and feedback
B)instructions,prompting and fading
C)instructions,modeling,prompting,and feedback
D)instructions,modeling,prompting,and fading
Q2) What type of assessment should be used to evaluate the effectiveness of behavioral skills training??
A)self-report assessment
B)in situ assessment
C)self-monitoring
D)indirect assessment
Q3) Providing praise for correct behavior or further instruction for improving performance is called:
A)constructive criticism
B)feedback
C)a correction trial
D)corrective criticism
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Chapter 12: A: Behavioral Skills Training Procedures
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Sample Questions
Q1) BST in groups is most effective with large groups.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The components of the behavioral skills training procedure are generally used:
A) together in a training session
B) with individuals who have severely limited abilities
C) individually to teach different behaviors
D) A and B
Q3) A teacher wants to teach fire safety skills.What should the teacher do immediately after telling the students what to do when there is a fire and showing them what to do in a fire situation?
A) discuss the behaviors further
B) provide the opportunity to rehearse the skills in a simulated fire situation
C) ask them what they would do in a fire situation
D) ask them what they would do in a fire situation and provide feedback for their answers
Q4) What are 4 components of behavioral skills training procedures?
Q5) Describe how modeling,instructions,rehearsal and feedback are a part of a three-term-contingency.
Page 26
Q6) Provide 2 advantages and 2 disadvantages of group behavioral skills training.
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Chapter 13: Understanding Problem Behaviors Through
Functioning Assessments
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Q1) Joe flicks the light switch on and off and it produces reinforcing visual stimulation.As a result he is more likely to flick the light switch on and off.This is an example of:
A)social positive reinforcement
B)social negative reinforcement
C)automatic positive reinforcement
D)automatic negative reinforcement
Q2) The process of identifying the antecedents and consequences of a problem behavior is called:
A)functional assessment
B)behavior recording
C)functional relationship
D)experimental control
Q3) Missy engages in head banging when she has an earache and the pain of the earache is lessened.As a result,she is more likely to bang her head when she has an earache.This is an example of:
A)social positive reinforcement
B)social negative reinforcement
C)automatic positive reinforcement
D)automatic negative reinforcement
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Chapter 13: A: Understanding Problem Behaviors Through Functioning Assessments
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Q1) What are descriptive assessments?
Q2) If a problem behavior is reinforced by attention,it is an example of ___________________ positive reinforcement.
Q3) Which of the following questions could be asked in an indirect functional assessment method to obtain information about the antecedents of the behavior?
A) when does the behavior occur
B) what happens after the behavior
C) what events precede the behavior
D) A and C
Q4) A psychologist is trying to determine why Paul frequently hits his younger brother.The psychologist forms a hypothesis that teasing by his brother and attention from his Mom influence Paul's hitting behavior.The psychologist then arranges conditions in which these environmental variables are either present or absent to determine their effect on Paul's hitting behavior.Which functional assessment method is the psychologist using?
A) direct observation
B) functional analysis
C) ABC observation
D) indirect methods
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Chapter 14: Applying Extinction
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Q1) When the behavior is negatively reinforced,what happens after the behavior when you use extinction?
A)the person no longer gets the positive reinforcer following the behavior
B)the person no longer escapes from the aversive stimulus following the behavior
C)the person gets attention
D)the person gets escape
Q2) To implement extinction,you must eliminate the ________________ after each instance of the problem behavior
A)discriminative stimulus
B)reinforcer
C)establishing operation
D)all of these
Q3) An extinction procedure should always be used in conjunction with a(n)______________ procedure.
A)reinforcement
B)stimulus control
C)in situ training
D)in situ assessment
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29
Chapter 14: A: Applying Extinction
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Sample Questions
Q1) You identify the reinforcer to withhold in an extinction procedure by first conducting a:
A) task analysis
B) functional assessment
C) scatter plot assessment
D) B and C
Q2) When extinction is implemented,the target behavior may temporarily increase in frequency,duration,or intensity.This is known as a(n)______________________________.
Q3) In an extinction burst:
A) the behavior may increase in frequency,intensity,or duration
B) novel behaviors may occur
C) emotional behaviors may occur
D) all of these
Q4) The continued change in the problem behavior following the use of extinction is referred to as:
A) generalization
B) maintenance
C) spontaneous recovery
D) chaining
Page 30
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Chapter 15: Differential Reinforcement
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Q1) In the example of Mrs.Williams in the book,staff used differential reinforcement to get her to make more positive comments.Describe the reinforcement and extinction components of DRA in this case.
A)When Mrs.Williams made positive comments staff reacted with attention.When she complained,they did not provide attention.
B)When Mrs.Williams made positive comments staff reacted gave her a back rub.When she complained,they did not provide a back rub.
C)When Mrs.Williams made positive comments staff let her escape from a task she did not enjoy.When she complained,they required her to complete the task.
D)When Mrs.Williams made positive comments staff reacted with positive attention.When she complained,they reacted with negative attention.
Q2) In the DRL procedure you reinforce _____________________________.
A)an alternative behavior
B)the absence of the problem behavior
C)a lower rate of the behavior
D)a lesser magnitude of the behavior
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Chapter 15: A: Differential Reinforcement
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Q1) DRA involves using ____________ for desirable behaviors and ___________ for undesirable behaviors.
A) reinforcement;extinction
B) reinforcement;punishment
C) extinction;reinforcement
D) extinction;punishment
Q2) In order for differential reinforcement to be most effective,the desirable behavior should be reinforced:
A) immediately
B) intermittently
C) randomly
D) A and B
Q3) When using a DRA procedure,the alternative behavior must:
A) be functionally equivalent to the problem behavior
B) require more response effort than the problem behavior
C) be reinforced on an intermittent reinforcement schedule
D) A and C
Q4) The alternative behavior in a DRA procedure should require ___________ response effort than the problem behavior.
Q5) What is the difference between spaced responding DRL and DRO?
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Chapter 16: Antecedent Control Procedures
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Q1) Which antecedent control procedure is used to evoke a desired behavior?
A)remove the S<sup>D</sup>
B)present an AO
C)present the S<sup>D</sup>
D)increase response effort
Q2) Which antecedent control procedure is illustrated in this example? To make it more likely that she would eat healthy food,Melissa only went out to eat at health food restaurants.
A)present an AO
B)present an EO
C)remove the S<sup>D</sup>
D)present an S<sup>D</sup>
Q3) Which antecedent control procedure is illustrated in this example? To make it less likely he would eat holiday treats Nathan made sure there were no holiday treats at his home.
A)present an AO
B)present an EO
C)remove the S<sup>D</sup>
D)present an S<sup>D</sup>
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Chapter 16: A: Antecedent Control Procedures
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Q1) Removing the S<sup>D</sup>,arranging abolishing operations,and increasing response effort are ways to:
A) make a behavior less likely
B) make a behavior more likely
C) both of these
D) none of these
Q2) Nicole wants to increase the amount of exercise that she gets.Nicole purchases a treadmill so that she will not have to drive all the way across town to exercise at the health club.Having a treadmill in her home so that she exercises more often is an example of:
A) decreasing response effort
B) increasing response effort
C) arranging establishing operations
D) eliminating establishing operations
Q3) Presenting the S<sup>D</sup>,decreasing response effort,and presenting an establishing operation are ways to:
A) make a behavior less likely
B) make a behavior more likely
C) both of these
D) none of these
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Chapter 17: Using Punishment: Time-Out and Response
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Q1) ______________________ procedures are usually not the first choice of interventions for decreasing problem behaviors:
A)antecedent control
B)differential reinforcement
C)punishment
D)extinction
Q2) Time-out is appropriate for problem behaviors maintained by:
A)positive reinforcement
B)negative reinforcement
C)automatic reinforcement
D)all of these
Q3) Time-out is short for:
A)time-out from positive reinforcement
B)time-out for problem reduction
C)time-out punishment
D)time-out is not short for anything
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Chapter 17: A: Using Punishment: Time-Out and Response
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Q1) Nonexclusionary time-out is used when:
A) the individual's continued presence in the room is disruptive to others
B) access to positive reinforcers can be removed while the individual is in the room
C) it is important to maintain interactions with the individual during the time-out
D) A and C
Q2) When a behavior occurs and is followed by the removal of a stimulus that results in a decrease in the behavior in the future,it is referred to as:
A) negative punishment
B) positive punishment
C) negative reinforcement
D) extinction
Q3) How are response cost,time-out and extinction different?
Q4) Taking away a child's dessert is an appropriate loss of a reinforcer in a response cost procedure.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Describe nonexclusionary.
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Chapter 18: Positive Punishment Procedures and the Ethics of
Punishment
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Q1) Two major categories of aversive events used in positive punishment are:
A)application of aversive activities,application of aversive stimuli
B)time out and response cost
C)application of painful stimuli,reinforcer loss
D)application of painful stimuli,application of aversive stimuli
Q2) Identify a stimulus that has been used in punishment by the application of aversive stimuli.
A)ice
B)lemon juice
C)noise
D)all of these
Q3) In ________________,contingent on each instance of the problem behavior,the client must correct the environmental effects of the problem behavior and restore the environment to a condition better than that which existed before the problem behavior.
A)contingent exercise
B)positive practice
C)restitution
D)response cost
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Chapter 18: A: Positive Punishment Procedures and the
Ethics of Punishment
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Sample Questions
Q1) How is compliance negatively reinforced in a guided compliance procedure?
Q2) A 10 year old boy puts paint on the tile on the kitchen floor.His mom has him clean the two tiles he painted as well as clean the entire kitchen floor.What positive punishment procedure is she using? ___________
Q3) A 9 year old boy has a behavioral outburst while unloading the dishwasher at home.While putting away a plastic cup,he knocks over a stack of cups already in the cupboard.How could his mom implement a restitution procedure with her son?
Q4) In punishment by application of _________________________ the individual has to engage in aversive behaviors contingent on the occurrence of the problem behavior.
Q5) List 3 different aversive stimuli that have been used in positive punishment procedures.
Q6) Which of the following is NOT an ethical issue to be considered in the use of punishment?
A) problem severity
B) implementation guidelines
C) accountability
D) covert implementation
Page 38
Q7) In the positive practice procedure,the client has to engage in ___________.
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Chapter 19: Promoting Generalization
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Q1) In behavior modification,????????????????????_______________ is defined as the occurrence of the behavior in the presence of all relevant stimuli outside the training situation.
A)discrimination
B)reinforcement
C)generalization
D)discrimination training
Q2) After teaching parenting classes to parents with disabilities,Joel then asks the parents to remember a simple self-instruction they can use to guide their behavior in the home and make it more likely they will use the parenting skills.What strategy to promote generalization is illustrated in this example?
A)Incorporating common stimuli
B)Teaching a range of functionally equivalent responses
C)Providing cues in the natural environment
D)Incorporating self-generated mediators of generalization
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39
Chapter 19: A: Promoting Generalization
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Sample Questions
Q1) Improvement in functioning following treatment for a problem behavior is defined in what 3 ways?
Q2) If ___________ contingencies are discontinued prematurely,there is a risk that the problem behavior may begin to occur more frequently.
Q3) Joe attends a class in order to learn to use a computer.Joe takes notes during the class,and uses the notes to operate his own computer when he gets home.Using the notes from the computer class to use his computer at home is an example of which strategy for promoting generalization?
A) incorporating common stimuli
B) teaching a range of functionally equivalent responses
C) incorporating a variety of relevant stimulus situations in training
D) self-generated mediators of generalization
Q4) Which of the following is NOT a guideline for promoting a generalized reduction in problem behaviors?
A) focusing on functionally equivalent alternative behaviors
B) conducting a functional assessment for the problem behavior
C) planning for generalization once treatment has been successful
D) maintaining extinction or punishment contingencies
Q5) Describe general case programming.
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Chapter 20: Self-Management
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Sample Questions
Q1) Why might people fail to exercise even though it is good for them in the long run?
A)exercise might be punished with sore muscles
B)high response effort is involved in exercise
C)competing behaviors that are reinforced immediately interfere with exercise
D)all of these
Q2) What does it mean to short circuit the contingencies in a self-management plan?
A)providing a reinforcer even when a target behavior does not occur
B)failing to provide a punisher for a behavior when it should have been delivered
C)failing to implement contingencies as written in a self-management plan.
D)all of these
Q3) In self-management,a person engages in a ____________________ behavior to influence the future occurrence of a _______________ behavior.
A)controlled;controlling
B)controlling;controlled
C)independent;dependent
D)dependent;independent
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Chapter 20: A: Self-Management
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Sample Questions
Q1) A target behavior that is occurring too much that you would like to decrease is called a___________________.
Q2) An individual can change his own behavior by arranging antecedents and consequences to influence the occurrence of the behavior.
A)True
B)False
Q3) What does it mean to short circuit the contingencies in a self-management project?
Q4) In order to decrease a target behavior using consequence manipulations,you should __________ for the target behavior and __________ for the alternative behavior.
A) provide punishers;eliminate punishers
B) provide reinforcers;eliminate reinforcers
C) eliminate reinforcers;provide reinforcers
D) A and C
Q5) Which of the following is NOT a self-management strategy?
A) arranging punishing contingencies
B) self-instructions
C) goal setting
D) respondent conditioning
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Chapter 21: Habit Reversal Procedures
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Q1) _____________ are repetitive,jerking movements of particular muscle groups in the body.
A)nervous habits
B)motor tics
C)nervous tics
D)habit reversal
Q2) Nail biting,hair twirling or pulling,knuckle cracking,and thumb sucking are all examples of _____________.
A)nervous habits
B)motor tics
C)nervous tics
D)habit reversal
Q3) ______________ are repetitive vocal sounds or words that do not serve a social function.
A)vocal habits
B)motor tics
C)vocal tics
D)all of these
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Chapter 21: A: Habit Reversal Procedures
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Sample Questions
Q1) What type of habit behavior might also be called a body-focused repetitive behavior?
A) motor tics
B) vocal tics
C) nervous habits
D) stuttering
Q2) A therapist instructs a parent to prompt a child to make a fist whenever the child starts to suck his thumb,and to praise the child for doing so.In which habit reversal component are significant others involved?
A) motivational strategies
B) awareness training
C) competing response training
D) social support
Q3) Nervous habits typically serve a social function for the individual.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Habit reversal procedures are most often implemented by another person acting as a change agent.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 22: The Token Economy
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Sample Questions
Q1) _______________ is a reinforcement system in which conditioned reinforcers are delivered for desirable behaviors and later exchanged for back up reinforcers
A)behavioral contract
B)token economy
C)structured reinforcement plan
D)response cost
Q2) Which of the following is an advantage of a token economy?
A)it facilitates immediate reinforcement
B)a token economy is highly structured
C)tokens are easy to dispense and accumulate
D)all of these
Q3) In a token economy,a _______________ must be something tangible that can be delivered after each instance of the desirable behavior.
A)reinforcer
B)back-up reinforcer
C)token
D)contract
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45
Chapter 22: A: The Token Economy
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Sample Questions
Q1) A teacher wants to increase the academic performance of the students in her class.The children receive stickers each time they complete an academic task,and when they have accumulated a certain number of stickers they can exchange them for 15 minutes of playing computer games.This program that uses conditioned reinforcers to strengthen a desirable behavior is referred to as:
A) differential reinforcement
B) respondent conditioning
C) behavioral skills training
D) a token economy
Q2) A response cost component might be implemented in a token economy if:
A) undesirable behaviors do not compete with desirable behaviors
B) the problem behaviors are not socially significant
C) the change agent can get the tokens back
D) there are no competing behaviors
Q3) In a token economy tokens are exchanged for _________________________.
Q4) Token economies always use a response cost procedure.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Tokens are _______________ reinforcers.
Q6) What is the purpose of a token economy?
Page 46
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Chapter 23: Behavioral Contracts
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Sample Questions
Q1) An acceptable method for measuring the target behavior in a behavioral contract is:
A)permanent product
B)automated recording
C)direct observation by the contract manager or an agreed-upon third party.
D)all of these
Q2) What should the contract manager do if the contractee fails to engage in the target level of the behavior specified in the contract?
A)write another contract with more lenient goals
B)write another contract with harder goals
C)implement the contract contingencies as written
D)all of these
Q3) How do behavioral contracts work?
A)behavioral consequences
B)public commitment
C)rule-governed behavior
D)all of these
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Chapter 23: A: Behavioral Contracts
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Sample Questions
Q1) Define a one party contract.
Q2) In what type of behavioral contract does the behavior change of one party serve as the reinforcer for the behavior change of the other party and vice versa?
A) parallel contract
B) dual contract
C) status quo contract
D) quid pro quo contract
Q3) Mark writes a behavioral contract with his roommate stating that Mark will tear up one baseball card from his prized collection each week that his television viewing exceeds the level in the contract.Which contingency in a behavioral contract involves the loss of a reinforcer when an undesirable behavior occurs?
A) positive punishment
B) negative reinforcement
C) positive reinforcement
D) negative punishment
Q4) A contract necessarily involves two parties.
A)True
B)False
Q5) How is a behavioral contract a form of public commitment?
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Chapter 24: Fear and Anxiety Reduction Procedures
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Q1) What respondent behavior is involved in a fear?
A)autonomic nervous system arousal
B)escape and avoidance behavior
C)negative thinking
D)all of these
Q2) In __________________ the person systematically tenses and relaxes each of the major muscle groups in the body.Tensing and relaxing the muscles leave them more relaxed than in their initial state.
A)progressive muscle relaxation
B)diaphragmatic breathing
C)attention-focusing exercises
D)behavioral relaxation training
Q3) ________________ produces relaxation by directing attention to a neutral or pleasant stimulus to remove the person's attention from the anxiety-producing stimulus.
A)progressive muscle relaxation
B)diaphragmatic breathing
C)attention-focusing exercises
D)behavioral relaxation training
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Chapter 24: A: Fear and Anxiety Reduction Procedures
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Q1) Whenever Cindy sees a mouse,she experiences rapid heart rate,sweaty hands,and an upset stomach.The presence of the mouse is a(an)____________,and the unpleasant bodily response is a(an)____________.
A) conditioned stimulus;conditioned response
B) establishing operation;operant response
C) unconditioned stimulus;unconditioned response
D) conditioned stimulus;operant response
Q2) Which of the following is NOT true concerning fear?
A) respondent behavior is a component of fear
B) operant behavior is a component of fear
C) it is not always known how the fear developed
D) it must be known how the fear was conditioned to overcome the fear
Q3) How does focusing attention on the sensations of breathing help a person alleviate anxiety?
Q4) The respondent behavior involved in Ellen's fear is ________________.
Q5) Relaxation training procedures produce bodily responses that are opposite of autonomic arousal.What are the bodily responses involved in autonomic arousal?
Q6) What procedures for treating fears involve the use of a fear hierarchy?
Page 50
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Chapter 25: Cognitive Behavior Modifications
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Q1) _______________ procedures are designed to replace specific maladaptive cognitive behaviors with more adaptive ones.
A)cognitive behavior
B)cognitive coping skills training
C)cognitive restructuring
D)all of these
Q2) In__________________________,the therapist teaches clients specific self-statements that they can recite in a problem situation to improve their performance or influence their behavior in the situation.
A)cognitive behavior
B)cognitive coping skills training
C)cognitive restructuring
D)acceptance-based therapies
Q3) Which question below is used to challenge a client's distorted thinking in cognitive therapy for depression?
A)Where is the evidence?
B)Are there any alternative explanations?
C)What are the implications?
D)all of these
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Chapter 25: A: Cognitive Behavior Modifications
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Q1) In cognitive therapy,the therapists asks three questions to challenge the client's distorted thinking: Where is the evidence? Are there any alternative explanations? And
A) Why do you think that way?
B) What are the implications?
C) How can you prevent those thoughts from occurring?
D) What have you done to control those thoughts?
Q2) A behavior that is not observable by other individuals is referred to as
behavior.
A) operant
B) covert
C) overt
D) functional
Q3) When cognitive behavior is involved,who identifies and records the occurrence of the behavior?
A) the individual engaging in the behavior
B) independent observers
C) significant others
D) A and B
Q4) What are acceptance-based therapies?
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