Sociology Research Methods
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Course Introduction
Sociology Research Methods introduces students to the fundamental techniques and strategies used to study social phenomena scientifically. The course covers both qualitative and quantitative approaches, including surveys, interviews, participant observation, and content analysis. Students learn how to formulate research questions, design studies, collect and analyze data, and interpret findings within an ethical framework. Emphasis is placed on developing critical thinking skills and understanding the strengths and limitations of different research methods, all while gaining hands-on experience in conducting sociological research.
Recommended Textbook Research Methods The Essential Knowledge Base 2nd Edition by Trochim
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Chapter 1: Introduction
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Q1) Top-down reasoning that works from the more general to the more specific is referred to as _______________ reasoning.
Answer: deductive
Q2) Reasoning that moves from specific observations to broader generalizations is referred to as ____.
A)inductive
B)fallacious
C)specious
D)deductive
Answer: A
Q3) What type of validity is most concerned with whether there is a causal relationship?
A)conclusion
B)construct
C)internal
D)external
Answer: C
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Chapter 2: Ethics Foundations of Ethics in Research
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Q1) The phrase "_______________" means that the risk of harm is not greater than that experienced in everyday life situations such as typical academic or medical examinations.
Answer: no more than minimal risk
Q2) The _______________ includes basic standards that should underlie the conduct of any biomedical and behavioral research involving human participants.
Answer: Belmont Report
Q3) The 10 principles that were developed as a frame of reference for judging the conduct of Nazi physicians accused of atrocities became the ____.
A)Nuremberg Code
B)Milgram Code
C)Belmont Report
D)Tuskegee Report
Answer: A
Q4) In research ethics,groups who may not be fully in control of their decision making are referred to as _______________.
Answer: vulnerable populations
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Chapter 3: Qualitative Approaches to Research
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Q1) Discuss the role of confirmability in assessing qualitative research.
Answer: Qualitative research tends to assume that each researcher brings a unique perspective to the study.Confirmability refers to the degree to which the results could be confirmed or corroborated by others.There are a number of strategies for enhancing confirmability.The researcher can actively search for and describe negative instances that contradict prior observations.After the study,a researcher can conduct a data audit that examines the data collection and analysis procedures and makes judgments about the potential for bias or distortion.Additionally,triangulation of data can be a useful tool to demonstrate confirmability.
Q2) Cal wants to better understand the attitudes towards children who murder other children.He collects media coverage of recent incidents and uses a computer program to scan through and identify the occurrence of certain words and phrases.Cal is using
A)exclusion
B)indexing
C)exception identification
D)significant change reporting
Answer: B
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Chapter 4: Sampling Foundations of Sampling
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Q1) In a sample that interviews only some of the individuals in a population,the mean or average income is properly termed a(n)____.
A)statistic
B)parameter
C)tendency
D)true value
Q2) What is systematic random sampling and how is it accomplished?
Q3) The degree to which the conclusions in your study would hold for other persons in other places and at other times is referred to as _______________.
Q4) In ____ sampling,the major subgroups of the population are represented in equal amounts.
A)proportional quota
B)snowball
C)heterogeneity
D)expert
Q5) The model for generalizing in which the population is identified,a fair sample is drawn,the research is conducted,and finally the results are generalized to other populations or groups is referred to as a(n)_______________.
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Chapter 5: Introduction to Measurement
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Q1) In the formula illustrated in the accompanying figure,sd stands for ____.
A)standard deviation
B)systematic deviation
C)standard dispersion
D)systematic dispersion
Q2) Checking on whether the new measure is different from measures from which it should,indeed,be different provides an assessment of ____ validity.
A)content
B)face
C)discriminant
D)concurrent
Q3) Ordinal scales have absolute zeroes.
A)True
B)False
Q4) What is true score theory and why is it important?
Q5) Nominal scales are the weakest form of measurement.
A)True
B)False
Q6) What are the four levels of measurement and what are the characteristics of each level?
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Chapter 6: Scales, Tests, and Indexes
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Q1) The _______________ of a test is very often studied by having experts review the items in a test to be sure they cover the domain comprehensively.
Q2) Likert Scaling is also called _______________ scaling.
Q3) A(n)_______________ is a scaling method in which an object is assessed by the respondent on a set of bipolar adjective pairs.
Q4) Brenda is developing a test to identify children who are likely to become "school refusers" (i.e. ,they refuse to attend school).She uses a multivariate statistical method that identifies the underlying constructs that describe the data.Brenda is using ____.
A)regression analysis
B)multivariate analysis of variance
C)factor analysis
D)correlation matrix analysis
Q5) The semantic differential includes the dimension of ____.
A)industry
B)activity
C)generativity
D)time
Q6) What is consequential validity and why does it matter?
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Chapter 7: Survey Research
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Q1) What are the advantages and drawbacks of electronic surveys?
Q2) When there is a need for a quick turn-around time,a(n)____ is preferable.
A)personal interview
B)drop-off survey
C)group questionnaire
D)phone interview
Q3) A "yes-no" question has a(n)_______________ response format.
Q4) The questionnaire item "Please add any other comments" is an example of an unstructured response format.
A)True
B)False
Q5) If there are concerns about response quality,a(n)____ is preferable.
A)e-mail questionnaire
B)personal interview
C)mail questionnaire
D)drop-off survey
Q6) If the survey instrument is quite long,a(n)_______________ interview is typically the best choice of all of the interview types.
Q7) Describe and discuss focus groups,identifying the advantages and drawbacks.
Q8) Explain what structured format are and provide three examples.
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Chapter 8: Introduction to Design
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Q1) The threat to validity that occurs as a result of a natural development that occurs between pre- and post- measurement is called a(n)____ threat.
A)history
B)maturation
C)instrumentation
D)testing
Q2) When an effect occurs when the proposed cause occurs,but the effect does not occur when the proposed cause has not occurred,____ has been demonstrated.
A)temporal precedence
B)covariation
C)plausibility
D)causality
Q3) In resentful demoralization,the comparison group knows what the program group is getting and develops a competitive attitude with the program group.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Experimental designs use _______________ assignment.
Q5) In research design notation,the letter X signifies a(n)_______________.
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Chapter 9: Experimental Design
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Q1) As early as 1901,____ recognized the need for a control group.
A)Ronald Fisher
B)E.L.Thorndike
C)Louis Thurstone
D)John B.Watson
Q2) A(n)____ is a situation in which treatments have no effect.
A)null case
B)main effect
C)interaction effect
D)crossover case
Q3) A(n)_______________ effect occurs when differences on one factor depend on the level of another factor.
Q4) What type of design is shown in the accompanying figure?
A)randomized block
B)covariance
C)switching-replications
D)factorial
Q5) Experimental design is particularly vulnerable to single group threats.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 10: Quasi-Experimental Design
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Q1) How does the switching-replications design enhance generalizability?
Q2) How does the double-pretest design address selection-maturation threats?
Q3) The branch of mathematics dealing with the collection,analysis,interpretation,and presentation of quantitative data is _______________.
Q4) The fundamental threat to internal validity in the regression-discontinuity design is selection.
A)True
B)False
Q5) A regression-discontinuity design is particularly attractive when ____.
A)the researcher is evaluating a program that has already begun
B)the unit of study is a community rather than an individual
C)it is important that those who most need the treatment receive it
D)there are concerns about selection-maturation effects
Q6) What design is sometimes referred to as a dry run quasi-experimental design because it simulates what would happen were there no effect of the treatment?
A)NEDV
B)regression-discontinuity
C)double pretest
D)NEGD
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Chapter 11: Introduction to Data Analysis
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Q1) The _______________ is the most commonly occurring value in a distribution.
Q2) The ______________ is equal to the highest value is a distribution minus the lowest value.
Q3) A low strength signal is associated with ____.
A)low reliability of the measure
B)low strength of the intervention
C)poor reliability of treatment implementation
D)random heterogeneity of respondents
Q4) List and describe the three steps typically involved in data analysis.
Q5) What is the range of this set of scores?
10,5,5,5,4,6,7,2,10,7,10,2,6,7,6
A)2
B)6
C)8
D)9
Q6) Statistical power is related to ____.
A)Type I error only
B)Type II error only
C)both Type I and Type II error
D)neither Type I nor Type II error
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Chapter 12: Inferential Analysis
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Q1) In the accompanying formula, 3 represents the____.
A)intercept coefficient
B)residual coefficient
C)interaction of factors 1 and 2
D)mean difference for factor 3
Q2) The intercept is the change in y for a change in x of one unit.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The t-value can be expressed as
A)noise / signal
B)signal / noise
C)noise - signal
D)signal - noise
Q4) The numerical variable used to represent subgroups of the sample is the ____.
A)residual
B)dummy variable
C)regression coefficient
D)intercept
Q5) Dummy variables are useful because they enable you to use a single regression equation to represent multiple _______________.
14
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Chapter 13: Communicating Research
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Q1) Research is only complete when the results are shared with the scientific community.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Many articles published by psychologists are formatted in accordance with the guidelines of the ____.
A)National Association of Psychologists
B)Association for Psychological Science
C)American Psychiatric Association
D)American Psychological Association
Q3) The statement of the problem is included in the ____.
A)introduction
B)method
C)results
D)discussion
Q4) The longest section of an APA-style paper is typically the ____.
A)introduction
B)method
C)results
D)discussion
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