Sociology of Inequality Exam Review
Course Introduction
Sociology of Inequality explores the origins, structures, and consequences of social inequalities within and across societies. The course examines how factors such as class, race, gender, ethnicity, sexuality, and disability intersect to create and perpetuate disparities in power, resources, and opportunities. Students analyze key sociological theories and empirical research to understand the dynamics of social stratification and its impact on individuals and groups. Critical issues addressed include income and wealth gaps, access to education and healthcare, discrimination, and mobility, with a focus on both historical development and contemporary challenges.
Recommended Textbook
Introduction to Social Problems 10th Edition by Thomas J. Sullivan
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15 Chapters
600 Verified Questions
600 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Approaches to the Study of Social Problems
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40 Verified Questions
40 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The interactionist perspective is considered more of a supplement to the functionalist and conflict perspectives because it ________.
A)exemplifies the theories discussed in other perspectives
B)shows how societies can constitute of independent elements that are stable and remain in equilibrium
C)provides the assumptions that form the foundations of other perspectives
D)shows how the social processes described in other perspectives enter people's lives
Answer: D
Q2) ________ consist of elements that are taken from a group or population and that serve as a source of data.
A)Hypotheses
B)Anomie
C)Samples
D)Ghettos
Answer: C
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Chapter 2: Concentration of Power: Economic and Political Institutions
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40 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following measures will help regulate governments more closely and efficiently?
A)reducing the number of agencies that do the regulating to reduce inefficiency in monitoring
B)increasing protections and rewards for internal auditors in government agencies
C)firing bureaucrats in government agencies who are whistle-blowers
D)avoiding public disclosure of information that could be detrimental to those heading government agencies
Answer: B
Q2) What factors have contributed to the increasing hostility of the U.S.public toward unions?
Answer: Unions have been facing increased hostility from the U.S.public,especially when they demand sizable pay increases in times of high unemployment.This hostility reflects a growing concern that unions have concentrated so much power in their organizations that they can raise wages,and therefore prices,to levels having little relationship to actual worker productivity.
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4
Chapter 3: Family-Related Problems
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Sample Questions
Q1) Educational institutions in the country of Moldiva are distinguished on the basis of social class.Admission to schools and colleges is based on the social class of a student's family.Which of the following functions of a family best complements this form of society?
A)psychological support
B)regulating economic activity
C)providing affection and companionship
D)status conferral
Answer: D
Q2) A family is said to be an egalitarian family if ________.
A)the husband and wife share power and authority somewhat equally between them
B)there is greater importance for family values than individual goals
C)the members have equal power and authority irrespective of their age and income
D)there are an equal number of male and female members
Answer: A
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Chapter 4: Health and Illness
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Sample Questions
Q1) What are the problems resulting from the formation of a medical-industrial complex?
Q2) According to the conflict perspective,the health-care system in the U.S.is characterized by ________.
A)equal distribution of available medical services
B)competition between various interest groups for their fair share of resources
C)an ideal state in which each person receives exactly the services he or she needs
D)a state that is preferred and necessarily beneficial to all
Q3) Why is managed care considered to be a threat to the independence and autonomy of medical practitioners?
Q4) Which of the following is true of chronic diseases?
A)They were the leading cause of deaths in preindustrial societies.
B)They are often caused by an organism or parasite that infects or invades the body and disrupts its functioning.
C)They can be treated effectively by continuous health care and require changes in people's lifestyle.
D)They have a fairly quick,and sometimes dramatic and incapacitating,onset.
Q5) What is the significance of the revised definition of death?
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Chapter 5: Education, Science, and Technology
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40 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The ________ released a report indicating that schools in the U.S.are failing to prepare students adequately for work-related positions in an increasingly technological society.
A)Civil Rights Project
B)Educational Testing Service
C)Coleman Commission
D)National Center for Education Statistics
Q2) Saul,a genetic engineer,takes a portion of DNA from a bacterial family and combines it with the DNA of a virus to observe the characteristic of the bacteria in the virus.Which of the following genetic engineering processes is seen in the given scenario?
A)gene splicing
B)mechanization
C)cybernation
D)gene culturing
Q3) What is biotechnology? What is its basic principle?
Q4) What are the differences between charter schools and public schools?
Q5) Why have some schools in the United States discarded the concept of formalized ability grouping?
Q6) What is technology? What are the two types of technologies?
Page 7
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Chapter 6: Poverty
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Sample Questions
Q1) Ronald,a sociologist,claims that public assistance programs have lost support from the majority of the United States population.Which of the following is the reason behind Ronald's claim?
A)Many individuals have been dropped from public-assistance rolls in the past two decades.
B)Public assistance programs only support people who are defined as the deserving poor.
C)There is frustration over the continuing growth in welfare costs.
D)They are perceived as disproportionately supporting the majority white population.
Q2) The Head Start program is based on the belief that ________.
A)poor people are unambitious and lack initiative
B)people who live in poverty develop a cultural orientation that helps them adapt to their life circumstances
C)the intergenerational cycle of poverty is a myth
D)people fail in life because their access to conventional channels to success is blocked
Q3) Describe the use of the absolute definition of poverty.
Q4) Describe Herbert J.Gans's suggestions on how poverty can be functional.
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8
Chapter 7: Race and Ethnic Relations
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40 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The most desirable combination of prejudice and discrimination,from the point of view of political and social values in the United States,is the ________.
A)prejudiced discriminator
B)unprejudiced nondiscriminator
C)prejudiced nondiscriminator
D)unprejudiced discriminator
Q2) Which of the following views on the media is expressed by the interactionist perspective?
A)The media help to shape people's perceptions and expectations regarding particular groups.
B)The media is a contested territory that groups attempt to influence and control as a part of the struggle over resources in society.
C)The media are controlled mostly by the dominant racial and ethnic groups in any society.
D)The media are a biased source of information as their portrayals depend largely on stereotypes.
Q3) Why is a spilt labor market considered to be a key factor in much racial,ethnic,and sexual antagonism?
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9
Chapter 8: Gender,Sexual Orientation, and Social Inequality
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40 Verified Questions
40 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Sex is a(n)________.
A)ascribed status
B)earned status
C)chosen status
D)achieved status
Q2) ________ refers to sexual feelings,attractions,and actions directed toward members of the same sex.
A)Bisexuality
B)Homosexuality
C)Heterosexuality
D)Asexuality
Q3) Sociological theories of homosexuality suggest that ________.
A)sexual orientation does not involve biological predisposition
B)labeling people as homosexuals does not influence their sexual identity
C)all people engaging in homosexual acts consider themselves to be homosexuals
D)homosexuality can be the result of learning through interaction with others
Q4) Discuss the attitudes of people toward homosexuality in the United States.
Q5) Discuss the issues that arose due to increase in the number of women in the workplace.
Page 10
Q6) Summarize the patterns of female gender inequality across nations in the world.
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Chapter 9: Age and Social Inequality
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following examples shows the highest form economic exploitation?
A)Jane,who helps her uncle plant vegetables in his garden for a low price
B)Phil,who works in a factory that contains malfunctioning equipment
C)Richard,who hunts animals for his brother who runs a butcher shop
D)Andrew,who works in a factory where he is required to wear safety equipment
Q2) Which of the following is true of preindustrial societies?
A)People did not need to know how to read and write to make contributions to society.
B)People did not work as they grew old.
C)The transition from childhood to adulthood generally occurred between the ages of 18 to 21.
D)The transition from childhood to adulthood generally occurred between the ages of 16 to 18.
Q3) Why is training more extensive in industrial societies?
Q4) A vested pension is ________.
A)one that an employee receives only while working for a company
B)the property of companies
C)the property of employees
D)one that employees can claim at any time during their tenure at a company
Q5) What is the role of biology in the life course of humans?
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Chapter 10: Crime and Delinquency
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40 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to research studies,what law enforcement measures are effective in reducing crime?
Q2) What are the possible explanations for the higher involvement in crime by teens and young adults?
Q3) ________ is the single social factor that is most predictive of patterns of criminal behavior.
A)Age
B)Socioeconomic status
C)Gender
D)Race
Q4) Which of the following is an argument in favor of legalizing victimless crimes?
A)It would result in an increase in the price of drugs.
B)It would lead to an admission that the justice system is effective in controlling these crimes.
C)It would result in lesser secondary crime.
D)It would lead to a decrease in white-collar crimes.
Q5) Why is the office of prosecuting attorneys such a powerful position in the criminal justice system?
Q6) Differentiate between primary deviance and secondary deviance.
Q7) What are the arguments in favor of legalizing victimless crimes?
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Chapter 11: Alcohol and Other Drugs
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40 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) A similarity between cocaine and amphetamine is that both ________.
A)produce paranoid psychotic reactions at very low doses
B)stimulate the central nervous system
C)are synthetic stimulants
D)primarily act as analgesics and painkillers
Q2) John has been a drug addict for the past three years.He decides to come out of his addiction by joining a drug maintenance program.After he is administered methadone to help him overcome his addiction,he does not feel like continuing with drugs.In John's case,the loss of the urge to take drugs can be attributed to ________.
A)the sedative properties of methadone
B)an amotivational syndrome
C)a blocking dose of methadone
D)the cross-tolerance effects of methadone
Q3) Narcotics impact a person by _________.
A)stimulating the nervous system
B)increasing the levels of heart activity
C)being mildly addictive
D)producing drowsiness and mood changes
Q4) What are the symptoms associated with alcohol withdrawal?
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Chapter 12: Prostitution, Pornography, and the Sex Trade
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to the ________ model proposed by Helen Reynolds,prostitution should be permitted in particular areas of a community.Prostitution may be legal or illegal in these areas,but the police would arrest prostitutes operating outside these neighborhoods.
A)laissez-faire
B)regulation
C)zoning
D)control
Q2) ________ refers to engaging in sexual activity in exchange for money or goods.
A)Erotica
B)Deviance
C)Prostitution
D)Sexting
Q3) What are the findings of the research conducted by Edward Donnerstein and his colleagues about the relationship between pornography and sexual behavior?
Q4) What is cam modeling? How does it work?
Q5) What are the four models suggested by Helen Reynolds on how government could approach prostitution?
Q6) What are the factors that accounted for a change in women's sexual behavior?
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Chapter 13: Population Growth and Urbanization
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is true of the transitional stage of demographic transition?
A)It is characterized by high birthrates and high death rates,resulting in a population that grows slowly,if at all.
B)The falling death rates occur because of improvements in lifestyle resulting from industrial development.
C)The decline in the birthrate was a response to the impact of industrialization on cultural values regarding childbearing.
D)It is characterized by low birthrates and low death rates,resulting in a roughly stable population with little growth.
Q2) Paolo,an Italian American,lives in Hamford,a neighborhood dominated by Italian Americans.Four generations of Paolo's family have lived in Hamford.The neighborhood is isolated and has little contact with other communities.Hamford is an example of a
A)village
B)county
C)suburb
D)ghetto
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15
Chapter 14: Environmental Problems
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40 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The Montreal Protocol of 1987 was an agreement to limit ________.
A)the usage of fossil fuels as energy sources
B)the usage of radioactive materials
C)the use of ozone-depleting chemicals
D)the emission of sulfur dioxide
Q2) How do environmental partnerships help in attacking environmental problems?
Q3) Crenla Inc. ,a petroleum company,has exceeded its carbon emission limit.Crenla now has to purchase credits from Zanbril Inc. ,a low-polluting drug company,to pay for exceeding its emission limit.In the given scenario,Crenla Inc.is engaged in ________.
A)carbon ranching
B)carbon offset
C)carbon sequestration
D)carbon trading
Q4) What are the economic and social implications of the continuous use of coal as an energy source?
Q5) What does the conflict perspective state about environmental problems?
Q6) What was the outcome of the fervor generated by environmental groups in the United States during the 1960s and 1970s?
Q7) What are some of the consequences of global warming?
Page 16
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Chapter 15: Violence, War, and Terrorism
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Sample Questions
Q1) A mediating factor that leads to collective violence is the ________.
A)existence of some social strain or social deprivation
B)competition between people over money,jobs,territory,and other scarce but valued resources
C)tendency to view one's own group or culture as superior to other groups or cultures
D)portrayal of violence in the mass media in a positive way
Q2) A structural precondition necessary for collective violence to occur is the ________.
A)absence of ethnocentrism
B)involvement of the government in some fashion
C)acceptance of violence as a way of resolving disputes
D)existence of some social strain or social deprivation
Q3) What are the three ways in which television encourages people toward violence?
Q4) In the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks in the 1970s,the United States and the Soviet Union agreed to ________.
A)place limits on their defensive weapons systems
B)ban intermediate-range nuclear weapons
C)limit the export of weapons systems to other countries
D)destroy all nuclear stockpiles predating the 1970s
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