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Sociology of Health and Illness explores the complex relationships between society, health, and disease, examining how social factors such as culture, class, race, gender, and public policy influence health outcomes and experiences of illness. The course investigates medical institutions, health professions, and patient-provider interactions, and considers issues like health disparities, mental health, and the impact of social change on healthcare systems. Through sociological theories and empirical research, students analyze the ways social forces shape definitions of health, illness behaviors, access to care, and the role of power and inequality in health systems globally and locally.
Recommended Textbook
Understanding the Australian Health Care System 3rd Edition by Eileen Willis
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282 Flashcards
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Q1) The health status of individuals and nations depends on the provision of services,but also on issues of equity linked to the social determinants of health (SDH)- for example:
A)the social gradient
B)access to housing,education,labour conditions,and gender equity
C)major morbidity and mortality patterns
D)the welfare state
Answer: B
Q2) According to Tuohy,there are three major players in health care: the professions,the State,and the private for-profit sector.A fourth player is:
A)the public hospital sector
B)non-governmental organisations
C)patients,consumers or clients
D)patients admitted within 28 days
Answer: C
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Q1) Which of the following is NOT a current challenge facing the Australian health care system?
A)Increasing costs of health care technologies
B)Increased consumer expectations
C)Insufficient number of private health insurance providers
D)Ageing of the population
Answer: C
Q2) The rebate provided by Medicare for eligible medical services is based on what?
A)Schedule fee
B)Bulk-billing
C)Co-payment
D)Medicare Safety Net
Answer: A
Q3) What percentage of Medicare services were bulk-billed in 2013-2014?
A)68.6%
B)77.2%
C)52.74%
D)81.2%
Answer: B
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Q1) Which state of Australia hosts the most private day hospital facilities?
A)Queensland
B)New South Wales
C)Victoria
D)South Australia
Answer: B
Q2) The Liberal-Coalition Government introduced Lifetime Health Cover in 1997.Lifetime Health Cover is:
A)a means-tested subsidy for Medicare
B)a tax penalty based on medical history
C)an age-based tax penalty for those with private health insurance
D)a means-tested tax penalty for those without private health insurance.
Answer: D
Q3) What was a 'Friendly Society'?
A)An association that,for an annual fee,assisted members during sickness or unemployment
B)An elite group that allowed access to Society doctors
C)An early form of Medicare
D)A group of doctors who would treat patients at no charge
Answer: A
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Q1) In Australia,health practitioners are funded:
A)on a contract basis
B)on a fee-for-service basis
C)on a mix of the above
D)none of the above
Q2) What are the main challenges facing health systems in the developed world?
A)Changing demographics
B)Chronic disease and complex health needs
C)The growth in new and expensive technology
D)All of the above
Q3) A recent study conducted by the Commonwealth Fund suggests that:
A)Australia has done well in all aspects
B)Australia has done well in terms of quality - but fared less well in relation to access and equity
C)Australia is performing poorly in all aspects
D)Australia performs less well than the USA
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Q1) What levels of government are responsible for handling public health issues?
A)Local,state and territory governments
B)Federal,state,territory and local governments
C)The federal government
D)Federal,state and territory governments
Q2) 'The rights of people to have equitable access to services on the basis of need,and the resources,capacities and power they need to act upon the circumstances of their lives that determine their health.' This statement reflects which of the following terms?
A)Population paradox
B)Public health
C)Population health
D)Health equity
Q3) A high-risk strategy is one that:
A)targets the right patient at high risk of developing a more serious condition
B)is concerned with studies and programs addressing high-risk health determinants
C)directs social conditions and settings in which people live their lives
D)takes account of the patterns of health determinants and the policies and interventions that link outcomes with determinants
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Q1) Which of the following statements best describes primary prevention?
A)Timely treatment to prevent the exacerbation or complication of disease or illness
B)The provision of housing,social support and safe environments
C)It includes screening and brief,opportunistic health education interventions
D)Rehabilitation to restore health to the optimum possible state for that person
Q2) Which of the following represents a selective primary health care approach?
A)The main aim is reduction or elimination of specific diseases
B)Strategies focus on curative,rehabilitative,preventive and health promotion aspects that seek to remove the root cause of ill-health
C)Complex,multiple methods provide forms of evidence and include epidemiology,qualitative and participatory methodology
D)Acknowledgement that primary health care is inevitably political and engages with local political structures such as consumer advocate groups
Q3) Australia is a relatively rich country,and therefore there is little need for comprehensive primary health care programs.
A)True
B)False
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Q1) Medicare items 10950 and 10970 provide the possibilities for payment for interprofessional care:
A)they are directed towards people with a chronic illness
B)they allow general practitioners to refer to an allied health professional for five visits
C)patients must have a GP management plan
D)the allied health professional must report back to the GP
Q2) The process of accreditation of health professions is handled by:
A)the AHPRA
B)universities and TAFE colleges in each state
C)the relevant professional association such as the ANMAC
D)the relevant professional association and the medical profession
Q3) The Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW)defines the health care workforce as:
A)all those who work in the health care industry,including volunteers
B)professionals who work in the public,private and complementary health systems
C)only those who are accredited health professionals
D)only those who are registered through the Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency
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Q1) In order to contain the cost of the PBS,the government can:
A)reduce drug prices,particularly those of generic medicines
B)reduce or alter the types of medicines prescribed by general practitioners
C)make consumers pay more for their medicines
D)all of the above
Q2) An important feature of the PBS is that:
A)it is free for all Australians irrespective of what welfare benefit they receive
B)all Australians contribute to the scheme through general taxation
C)the scheme remains uncapped as the government is not obliged to implement advice it receives from the PBAC
D)it remains in place because Australia has a world-class system for providing medicines to its citizens
Q3) Generic medicines become available when:
A)the production cost becomes more affordable to the manufacturer
B)the original patent has expired,allowing other drug manufacturers to produce it at a cheaper cost
C)it can be manufactured in plain packaging,therefore saving money
D)Consumers are no longer wanting to buy brand-name medicines
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Q1) Older persons are considered to be what age:
A)85+
B)70+
C)65+
D)50+
Q2) Informal care contributes significantly to the care provided for older Australians,particularly as people are living longer.In addition to this care,the government provides funded care in the form of:
A)home care packages
B)referral services
C)home maintenance
D)subsidised housing
Q3) Research suggests that user involvement and participation in decision-making promotes well-being and improves quality of life.The government has introduced a model of care promoting this,known as:
A)resident-centred care
B)home and community care
C)consumer-directed care
D)Best Care for all Australians

Page 11
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Q1) When access to health care relative to health need is examined,we find that:
A)improving access to GPs for geographical populations with high health needs results in greater improvements in health outcomes than for populations with low health needs
B)improving access to GPs for geographical populations with high health needs results in fewer improvements in health outcomes than for populations with low health needs
C)improving access to GPs for geographical populations with high health needs results in the same level of improvements in health outcomes as for populations with low health needs
D)improving access to GPs does not alter health outcomes for any population
Q2) The Australian health workforce distribution:
A)is equal across Australia
B)is predominantly located in major cities
C)reflects the population distribution across Australia
D)b and c
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Q1) Indigenous health services and systems first commenced:
A)in the 1970s at Redfern,Sydney
B)with the arrival of Western medicine
C)thousands of years ago with practices that are ongoing today
D)un Central Australia
Q2) Mainstream services could improve care to Indigenous Australians through:
A)cultural safety training for staff
B)increased employment of Indigenous staff
C)partnering with Indigenous services
D)all of the above
Q3) The poor health of many Indigenous Australians today can largely be linked to:
A)a rejection of Western health care
B)the use of traditional medicines
C)the intergenerational impact of colonisation
D)not being interested in health
Q4) Community-controlled services are characterised by:
A)having Aboriginal people in key roles
B)cultural awareness training for non-Indigenous staff
C)a majority workforce of Aboriginal health workers
D)all of the above

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Q1) Which of the following mental health policy initiatives are typical of new public management?
A)The use of private service providers
B)Competitive tendering for government funding for service delivery
C)Reliance on informal carers
D)All of the above
Q2) Which of the following explains why 'capacity' might be difficult to assess in the primary care (community/out-of-hospital)setting?
A)An understanding of capacity can assist in recognition of the early warning signs of mental illness.
B)The idea of capacity is relational and dependent on environment and circumstances.
C)Evaluating capacity assists in pre-planning and recognition of deterioration in an individual's condition.
D)Capacity is required for collaboration in care planning by the individual with health care providers
Q3) One in five people will experience mental health problems in any year.
A)True
B)False
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Q1) The interaction between the individual's right to freedom of choice and dignity of risk,and the disability and health professionals' duty of care is:
A)a storm in a teacup and we all make too much of it
B)biased towards duty of care - this should be the foremost priority for all professionals involved,and people living with disability need to respect this
C)irrelevant,as health care needs are more important than individual expressed goals and choices
D)an important element of interprofessional practice,sometimes requiring critical thinking and effective collaboration between all stakeholders
Q2) Disability only causes issues affecting the daily living,work and community engagement of people living with disability when those impairments are constant and clearly visible to others.
A)True
B)False
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Q1) Which of the following statements about workers' compensation benefits or payments is false?
A)Workers' compensation benefits or payments typically cover just the health care expenses
B)Workers' compensation benefits or payments typically include income replacement payments for the period of time an injured worker is away from work
C)Workers' compensation benefits or payments are provided to eligible workers with a work-related injury or illness,regardless of fault
D)Workers' compensation benefits or payments will only include health care expenses if the fault lies with the workplace
Q2) Return to work practices are,in general,detrimental towards recovery following a work-related injury or illness.
A)True B)False
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Q1) Who is responsible for regulating CAM practice?
A)The federal government
B)State governments
C)The CAM professions
D)The Therapeutic Goods Administration
Q2) Which of the following health practices,once regarded as CAM,does the Australian government now statutorily register?
A)Chiropractic medicine
B)Naturopathic medicine
C)Chinese medicine
D)a and c
Q3) According to research,which group of individuals uses CAM most?
A)Men over 70 years of age
B)Women aged between 25 and 34 years
C)Young men between the ages of 18 and 21 years
D)Children under 10 years of age
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Q1) Which of the following groups demonstrates high levels of dental disease and difficulty in accessing dental care?
A)People in rural areas
B)People from families with low socioeconomic status
C)Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people
D)All of the above
Q2) Oral diseases,including dental decay and periodontal disease,are among the most prevalent diseases in Australia.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which of the Commonwealth-funded dental programs was implemented for people with specific chronic disease impacting on or impacted on by their oral health?
A)Voluntary Dental Graduate Year Program
B)Medical Chronic Disease Dental Scheme
C)Private Health Insurance Rebate
D)Enhanced Primary Care Program
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Q1) Which of the following statements about enrolled nurses (ENs)is true?
A)ENs have completed a three-year Bachelor of Nursing program
B)ENs are responsible for patient assessments and decisions regarding the delegation of care and assessment
C)ENs can supervise aged-care workers or care assistants
D)ENs are usually educated to Australian Quality Framework level 6 or 7
Q2) In Australia,all courses leading to registration as an enrolled nurse,registered nurse or nurse practitioner are accredited through:
A)the Coalition of National Nursing and Midwifery Organisations
B)the Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia
C)the Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency
D)the Australian Nursing and Midwifery Accreditation Council
Q3) The Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency (AHPRA)regulates the qualifications that lead to all of the following nursing roles except:
A)enrolled nurse
B)registered nurse
C)nurse practitioner
D)advanced practice nurse
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Q1) The midwife works in partnership with women to provide support,care and advice.If you were a new midwife looking for these guidelines,you would find them in:
A)the ICM Scope of Practice
B)the NMBA National Competency Standards for the Midwife
C)the NMBA Code of Ethics
D)the ICM Competency Standards for the Midwife
Q2) The Australian College of Midwives developed national consultation and referral guidelines to ensure that midwives:
A)refer all women to be seen at least once by a doctor
B)have an evidence-based framework for collaboration with doctors
C)engage all women in making decisions about their care
D)have the names of doctors who will work collaboratively with them
Q3) Midwives have a responsibility to provide evidence of 20 hours of continuing professional development.
A)True
B)False
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Q1) If not transporting a person to hospital,an ambulance crew might choose which of the following options:
A)leave the patient at home for them to follow up with their GP
B)refer them to another specialist service such as acute mental health practitioners
C)refer them to HealthDirect (telephone advisory service)
D)all of the above
Q2) Ambulance services are funded by:
A)the Commonwealth government through Medicare
B)private health insurance companies
C)non-government organisations (NGOs)
D)state and territory governments,private health insurance and user payments
Q3) The practice and workplace of paramedics is increasingly becoming more hazardous due to:
A)falls,lifting and motor vehicle accidents
B)mental stress and fatigue
C)assaults from those affected by alcohol and other drugs
D)all of the above
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Q1) Which of the following dietetic roles usually involves working in primary health care sites such as community health centres and in publicly funded services such as domiciliary care?
A)Specialist dietetics
B)Community-based dietetics
C)Clinical dietetics
D)Private practice dietetics
Q2) Private practice is an area of growth within the dietetics profession.How much of the total Dietitians Association of Australia (DAA)membership does this sector represent?
A)Approximately 30%
B)Approximately 45%
C)Approximately 69%
D)Approximately 75%
Q3) In Australia,the accreditation of nutritionists:
A)is performed on a voluntary basis
B)occurs through the Dietetics Association of Australia
C)is only required if a nutritionist works in a community setting
D)enables them to direct the clinical management of patients
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Q1) An extended-scope physiotherapist (ESP)role is most definitively defined by which of the following?
A)Requires a formal training pathway
B)Requires a competency framework defined by the local health authority
C)Requires a change of legislation
D)Requires registration with the Australian Physiotherapy Association (APA)
Q2) Once a physiotherapist has graduated,he/she must maintain registration in order to continue to work as a physiotherapist.Which of the following is required to maintain registration status?
A)Undertaking and recording a minimum of 20 hours of continuing professional educational activities
B)Informing the Australian Physiotherapy Association of any convictions
C)Maintenance of professional indemnity insurance
D)a and c
Q3) The fees charged by physiotherapists working in private practice:
A)are set by the federal government
B)are set by the Australian Physiotherapy Association (APA)
C)are set by private health insurers
D)are largely driven by market forces

Page 23
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Q1) Which if the following is NOT correct with respect to occupational therapists in Australia?
A)Educational programs within Australia are typically at Bachelor's or Master's degree level
B)The number of occupational therapy positions is likely to decline over the next five years
C)Registration under the Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency is mandatory before working as an occupational therapist
D)Therapists work in a client-centred framework
Q2) The first formal occupational therapy educational programs emerged around:
A)1855
B)1893
C)1914
D)1942
Q3) Occupational therapists work mainly in hospitals.
A)True
B)False
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Q1) Accredited exercise physiologists (AEPs):
A)perform physiotherapy treatment on athletes and clinical populations
B)provide exercise interventions for individuals with chronic disease,disability or injury
C)diagnose musculoskeletal injury and then provide exercise rehabilitation
D)utilise manual therapy and electrostimulation in their practice
Q2) Which of the following can provide clinical exercise services compensable through Medicare?
A)Exercise scientists
B)Accredited exercise physiologists
C)Personal trainers
D)Sports scientists
Q3) The most common pathway for referral to an accredited exercise physiologist is from:
A)a physiotherapist
B)an insurer
C)a general practitioner
D)a diabetes educator
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Q1) What types of communication/swallowing difficulties might be the priority for speech pathology services for patients in the hospital system?
A)Fluency/stuttering
B)Dysphagia
C)Voice problems
D)All of the above
Q2) There are clear and consistent national guidelines available about which services will be provided for people with disabilities by mainstream services in health and education and which will be funded and provided through the National Disability Insurance Scheme.
A)True
B)False
Q3) You see a two-year-old child who is understanding instructions and conversation.His speech is clear but he is only using a few single words to express himself.What is the most likely type of communication impairment he is experiencing?
A)receptive language impairment
B)expressive language impairment
C)speech impairment
D)all of the above

26
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Q1) The term used for the ways in which individuals and groups within an organisation get and use power or influence is:
A)political impact
B)political management
C)managerial politics
D)organisational politics
Q2) The responsibility for health care in Australia is split between the national and the state/territory governments.This allows health care organisations to engage in activities aimed at making a service eligible for funding by a different level of government than is currently involved.This practice is known as:
A)cost-shifting
B)scapegoating.
C)financial transference
D)blame-shifting
Q3) In health care,you can be a good manager without being a leader as well.
A)True
B)False
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Q1) When dispensing a prescription,the pharmacist is duty-bound to make judgments about the appropriateness of the medicine.Which of the following is the pharmacist NOT required to make judgments about?
A)Whether the medicine is suitable for the condition prescribed
B)Whether the patient is likely to be capable of following the directions
C)Whether the dose is appropriate
D)Whether the diagnosis made by the prescriber is correct
Q2) Medicine problems are linked to the following proportion of hospital admissions in Australia:
A)less than 0.5%
B)between 1% and 2%
C)between 2% and 3%
D)between 3% and 8%
Q3) Pharmacists providing quality use of medicines (QUM)programs to residential care facilities would include which of the following services?
A)Home medicines reviews
B)Residential medication management reviews
C)MedsCheck
D)Education for nursing and support staff
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Q1) In Australia,a medical practitioner is defined as a person who has completed a Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which of the following is not a role of the Medical Board of Australia?
A)To develop standards,codes and guidelines for the medical profession
B)To investigate notifications and complaints
C)To assess international medical graduates who wish to practise in Australia
D)Accreditation of medical schools
Q3) Which of the following organisations is responsible for medical school accreditation in Australia?
A)Medical Deans of Australia
B)Australian Medical Association
C)Australian Medical Council
D)Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency
Q4) What is the ratio of physicians to population in Australia?
A)1 per 1 000
B)3 per 1 000
C)6 per 1 000
D)10 per 1 000
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