Sociology of Everyday Life Midterm Exam
Course Introduction
Sociology of Everyday Life explores the social patterns, interactions, and meanings that shape our daily experiences. This course delves into how individuals navigate social norms, roles, and expectations within various settings such as families, workplaces, and public spaces. By examining concepts like socialization, identity, and the construction of reality, students gain a deeper understanding of how ordinary moments are influenced by broader societal forces. Through analysis of case studies, personal narratives, and observational research, the course encourages students to critically reflect on the taken-for-granted aspects of everyday life and their significance within the wider social structure.
Recommended Textbook
You May Ask Yourself An Introduction to Thinking Like a Sociologist Core 4th Edition by Dalton Conley
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Chapter 1: The Sociological Imagination: An Introduction
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Q1) How would a conflict theorist explain the educational system in the United States? How would this differ from how a functionalist might see it?
Answer: A conflict theorist would see the educational system in the United States as unequal.People from lower classes don't receive the same education as those from higher social classes.This is due to the fact that even public schools are not equal.Schools in upper-status neighborhoods have more resources for learning,and therefore their students are more likely to be accepted into college.Families from upper-class neighborhoods are also more likely to be able to afford tutors and computers,and they may be alumni of good colleges and thus assist their children in admission.
A functionalist,however,might argue that the public school system in the United States is functional in allowing all students access to the same education.The organization of this system is beneficial for all who want to take advantage of it.The people who get into colleges are those who have studied harder in school and are smarter than those youths who aren't accepted into these institutions.
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Chapter 2: Methods
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Q1) Based on the results of a representative sample of students at his high school,Jack claims that "the majority of high school students today believe premarital sex is wrong." Jack may be "speaking beyond his data" because the results he obtained may not easily translate to the attitudes of other high school students across the United States.This concern addresses the study's:
A) validity.
B) generalizability.
C) reliability.
D) reflexivity.
Answer: B
Q2) If a sociologist studies one high school in a study of the effectiveness of its Parent-Teacher Association,he or she is using which of the following research methods?
A) an experiment
B) a case study
C) a panel study
D) content analysis
Answer: B
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Chapter 3: Culture and Media
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Q1) Stanley Lieberson's research on first names in the United States found that:
A) it is more common for names to cross from men to women over time than vice versa.
B) it is more common for names to cross from women to men over time than vice versa.
C) with the exception of a few androgynous names, names don't cross between boys and girls over time.
D) children's names do not follow any noticeable patterns over time.
Answer: A
Q2) Many Americans fear school shootings and terrorist attacks.This is due to the:
A) actual increase of both of these in the recent past.
B) exaggerated frequency of the reports of these rarely occurring events.
C) decrease of media attention when these events take place.
D) inability to see and hear up-to-date news when these events take place.
Answer: B
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Chapter 4: Socialization and the Construction of Reality
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Q1) All of the statuses that an individual occupies at any given time constitute his or her:
A) ascribed status.
B) achieved status.
C) status set.
D) master status.
Q2) According to dramaturgical theory,the primary goal of every social interaction is to:
A) be front (and center) stage.
B) make a good impression.
C) assume the correct role.
D) conform to the script.
Q3) Expected conformity,especially among teenage friends,is known as:
A) peer pressure.
B) adolescent angst.
C) teenage wasteland.
D) role conflict.
Q4) Define gender roles and give one example of a female gender role and one example of a male gender role in the United States.
Q5) List and give an example of each of the four main agents of socialization.
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Chapter 5: Groups and Networks
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Q1) According to data presented in Chapter 5,which of the following is true regarding social capital in the United States today?
A) Social capital is increasing.
B) Social capital is decreasing.
C) Social capital is relatively the same as it was 30 years ago.
D) Social capital data are not available to sociologists.
Q2) Marina is a ten-year-old girl who idolizes singers like Mariah Carey and Christina Aguilera.She compares herself to them and imitates them while singing in front of her bedroom mirror.These singers are known as Marina's:
A) in-group.
B) out-group.
C) reference group.
D) primary group.
Q3) A process by which organizations face the same conditions,and ultimately tend to end up like each other,is known as:
A) embeddedness.
B) the power elite.
C) reference groups.
D) isomorphism.
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Chapter 6: Social Control and Deviance
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Q1) Tax evasion is an example of which of the following types of crimes,as defined by sociologists?
A) white-collar crimes
B) street crimes
C) violent crimes
D) folkways
Q2) A person who desires a big mansion and the perfect "American Dream" lifestyle,but sells illegal drugs to achieve this,is known by Merton as a(n):
A) ritualist.
B) conformist.
C) rebel.
D) innovator.
Q3) Which of the following is a negative social label that alters a person's self-concept and identity,as well as how others treat the person?
A) primary deviance
B) strain
C) stigma
D) anomie
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Chapter 7: Stratification
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Q1) The government's definition of poverty for a family of four (as of 2011)is a total yearly salary of just under:
A) $15,000.
B) $23,000.
C) $32,000.
D) $45,000.
Q2) Under what system is your societal position related to your position in the economic market?
A) hierarchy
B) class
C) caste
D) estate
Q3) Professionals,small business owners,and craftsmen are referred to as:
A) petit bourgeoisie.
B) proletariats.
C) lumpen proletariats.
D) middlemen.
Q4) Explain social mobility,horizontal social mobility,vertical social mobility,and structural mobility.Use examples in your answers.
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Chapter 8: Gender
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Q1) Which theoretical perspective assumed that every society had certain structures that existed to fulfill some set of necessary functions?
A) structural functionalism
B) social conflict
C) symbolic interaction
D) functional hierarchy
Q2) Race,birth order,generational cohort,sex,and parental wealth are key sociological variables that are said to resist fixed effects because they:
A) can't be changed.
B) are relatively stable characteristics of an individual.
C) are constantly changing.
D) are impervious to inspection.
Q3) What is the woman question? Explain the woman question from a functional perspective and a feminist perspective.What are some problems with each of these perspectives?
Q4) Explain why John Gray's book Men Are from Mars,Women Are from Venus can be considered essentialist.How might a sociologist view the same phenomenon?
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Chapter 9: Race
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Q1) Explain the difference between prejudice and discrimination.Describe Merton's diagram for explaining the intersections of prejudice and discrimination.Give examples of each cell.
Q2) Describe the definitions of race in ancient Egypt,Greece,Rome,and early Christendom.How do they compare to modern racial thinking among the European colonizers up to the present day?
Q3) Reverend Samuel Stanhope Smith's proposal that skin color should be viewed as a product of climate and therefore not correlated to inner virtues (e.g.,intelligence,character,personality)suggests that he felt:
A) people were are all the same beneath their skin.
B) skin color correlates with moral virtues.
C) skin color was immutable and innate.
D) skin color was a legitimate organizing principle.
Q4) A society is pluralistic if no distinct ethnic group is statistically:
A) in the minority.
B) equal to another.
C) the dominant group in government.
D) in the majority.
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Chapter 10: Poverty
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Q1) Gautreaux v.Chicago Housing Authority was a class action suit that alleged public housing was:
A) keeping the underclass poor.
B) de facto government segregation.
C) keeping the poor on public assistance.
D) not up to sanitary code.
Q2) Explain the official poverty line of the United States,which was created by Mollie Orshansky.Is this a good way to measure poverty? Why or why not?
Q3) Why is the official formula for calculating the poverty line outdated?
A) The dollar amount has not been increased in a decade.
B) The minimum wage has increased.
C) The poor have many unrecorded sources of income.
D) Housing now makes up a larger proportion of household budgets than in the past.
Q4) Discuss the no effect paradigm and suggest how Marlin and his brother could have had a better life using this theory.
Q5) What do Murray and Herrnstein suggest is the cause of poverty? If this argument were supported by policy makers,what would happen to the poor? How would the self-fulfilling prophecy fit into this?
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Chapter 11: Health and Society
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Q1) Inequality creates ____________,which affects our height through stress reactions.
A) biological stress
B) psychological stress
C) contiguous stress
D) environmental equity
Q2) What is a social benefit of adopting the sick role?
A) It makes a person eligible for paid leave from work.
B) People who do so are not looked down on or morally judged if they do not work.
C) People who do so can, for example, eat fried foods after a heart attack or smoke after a cancer diagnosis.
D) It makes it easier for doctors to cure patients.
Q3) When Susie takes up smoking,the cost of her insurance coverage goes up.This is a result of:
A) risk insurance.
B) risk adjustment.
C) a clerical error.
D) risk adversity.
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Chapter 12: Family (in Core edition)
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Q1) Approximately what percentage of Americans marries at some point in their lives?
A) 30 percent
B) 50 percent
C) 70 percent
D) 90 percent
Q2) The ____________ theory of the family argues that nuclear families are necessary for child rearing and fulfilling society's need for productive workers.
A) functionalist
B) necessity
C) requisite
D) traditional
Q3) Which of the following is true regarding single-parent families in the United States and worldwide?
A) They are on the rise in the United States only.
B) They are on the rise in the United States and worldwide.
C) They are on the decline in the United States only.
D) They are on the decline in the United States and worldwide.
Q4) Define what Hochschild and others call the supermom strategy,and discuss one possible negative consequence.
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Chapter 13: Education
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Q1) One of the problems with credentialism is that more and more students (with their parents' help)are attempting to attend private schools or to be placed in the best tracks in their public school.This may be one of the reasons that:
A) increasingly more employers are not asking for educational accomplishments at job interviews.
B) parents are attempting to have their children accepted at the "right" day care, sometimes even before they are born.
C) increasingly fewer boys are graduating from college.
D) fewer people are able to perform their actual jobs.
Q2) Discuss at least three criticisms of the SAT as a criterion for college admission.
Q3) What are the pros and cons of the sorting/tracking function served by schools?
Q4) Which of the following is NOT an element of socioeconomic status?
A) educational attainment
B) racial background
C) occupational prestige
D) income
Q5) Explain how race and social class intersect to affect education outcomes.
Q6) What factors inside classrooms can affect students' learning experiences?
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Chapter 14: Capitalism and the Economy
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Q1) The "typical" American family today is:
A) dual-income.
B) one where the father is the main provider.
C) single-father.
D) matriarchal.
Q2) Describe the evolution to capitalism starting with feudalism through the Industrial Revolution.Which changes in social and economic arrangements (i.e.,the enclosure movement,monetization,and development of the corporation)were important,and why did they matter?
Q3) Jenny lives in a society in which there is a strong norm against mixing business with pleasure.Work and leisure activities are physically separate,occurring at different times,on different days,at different places,and often with different people.Jenny lives in a ____________ society.
A) feudal
B) modern capitalist
C) premodern agricultural
D) communal
Q4) One of the most important changes in the American economy is the creation of the service sector.What does this mean and how does it affect a worker's ability to survive?
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Chapter 15: Authority and the State
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Q1) Describe and explain the Milgram experiment.What were the researchers trying to measure? What did this experiment help to explain?
Q2) In a legal-rational society,personality and tradition are less important than:
A) multiple leaders.
B) a supreme ruler.
C) formal rules.
D) justification for legal decisions.
Q3) Define the three theories-logic of industrialism,neo-Marxist theory,and state-centered approaches-that explain how and why the welfare state developed.
Q4) A system in which the state provides a number of key necessities such as food,health care,and housing outside the economic marketplace is referred to as:
A) social policies.
B) non-assistance.
C) a welfare state.
D) a mutual aid society.
Q5) Steven Lukes uses a three-dimensional model to elaborate on Weber's definition of power.Describe and explain Lukes's three dimensions.
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Chapter 16: Religion
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Q1) Explain how,according to Max Weber,Protestantism was central to the development of modern capitalism.
Q2) The sacred realm is:
A) special, reserved, set apart from everyday use, unknowable, and mystical.
B) make believe.
C) special and reserved, but incorporated into everyday life.
D) mundane.
Q3) Which of the following reflects the growing trend of "buy and return" activity,or "religious shopping," in reference to faith?
A) the fast-growing market for Christian-themed products
B) a tendency among teens to participate in multiple congregations in order to explore the market
C) an unwillingness of most Christians to change religious affiliations
D) the decline in annual income for megachurches
Q4) Explain the concept supernatural compensators and provide a modern-day example of the phenomenon.
Q5) Give an example of how the sacred is separated from the profane.What social functions are served by this separation?
Q6) Religion in the United States has been found to be more broad than deep.Explain.
Page 18
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Chapter 17: Science, the Environment, and Society
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Q1) Because sociologists study people,they tend to study data out in the field using real-world settings,while natural scientists tend to:
A) prefer working with animals.
B) extract data from the natural world and bring it into the laboratory for study.
C) prefer natural settings, leaving social scientists to deal with the laboratory.
D) enjoy the sterile and easily manipulated environment of human social life.
Q2) Discuss the effects of global warming from a sociological perspective.
Q3) What are the agricultural trends of the green revolution? What have been the positive chain reactions and risks associated with it?
Q4) Normal science:
A) exists only in laboratories.
B) is conducted within an existing paradigm.
C) attempts to create nonexistent paradigms.
D) means that scientists operate outside the laboratory.
Q5) Describe the intersection between science and politics.How do they influence each other?
Q6) What are the sociological effects of genetic information related to race?
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Chapter 18: Collective Action, Social Movements, and Social Change
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Q1) You are a hunter and like to serve venison during deer season.Even though you enjoy your guns and the sport of hunting,you have rejected joining the National Rifle Association (NRA)because the association is known for its conservative voice.This is an example of:
A) static identity.
B) multiple identities.
C) dynamic identity.
D) multiple personalities.
Q2) Convergence theory says that the role of planning in collective action:
A) isn't necessary; collective action can emerge from social circumstances.
B) is vital; collective action requires the definition of a problem and the planned strategies to solve it.
C) is important, but it can happen before or during the action.
D) can't happen; collective action by definition can't be planned.
Q3) The aftermath of war demonstrates how ____________ can be a major force in social change.
A) conflict
B) technology
C) social identities
D) politics
Page 20
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