Sociology of Deviant Behavior
Exam Answer Key
Course Introduction
Sociology of Deviant Behavior explores the various forms, causes, and consequences of deviance within society. The course examines how definitions of deviance are socially constructed and vary across cultures and historical periods. Students analyze theories that explain why individuals and groups engage in behaviors considered outside societal norms, including crime, substance abuse, and unconventional lifestyles. The course also addresses the roles of social institutions, such as the criminal justice system, media, and education in labeling and reacting to deviant behavior. Through case studies and contemporary issues, students gain insights into how power, inequality, and social control shape perceptions and responses to deviance.
Recommended Textbook Drugs Society and Human Behavior 16th Edition by Hart
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Chapter 1: Drug Use: An Overview
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Q1) Drugs have played a significant role in human society
A)for about the past 100 years.
B)only since the 1960s.
C)for thousands of years.
D)only in Europe and North America.
Answer: C
Q2) In the past 100 years,the introduction of vaccines to prevent diseases and antibiotics to cure some types of infections laid the foundation for A)illicit drug markets.
B)our acceptance of medicines as the cornerstone of our health care system.
C)many dangerous drug interactions.
D)the "war on drugs."
Answer: B
Q3) It appears that the highest rates of use of alcohol,marijuana,and other illicit drugs in the United States occurred from about 1979-1980.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Chapter 2: Drug Use As a Social Problem
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Q1) In determining whether using a drug causes people to become criminals,it is important to remember that
A)there is no relationship between crime and illicit drug use.
B)most illicit drugs cause damage to the areas of the brain responsible for understanding right from wrong.
C)longitudinal studies find that indicators of criminal or antisocial behavior usually occur before the first use of any illicit drug.
D)consistent personality changes are likely with even a few exposures to heroin or cocaine.
Answer: C
Q2) Recent brain imaging data indicates that drug dependence is caused by an underlying biological abnormality.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Chapter 3: Drug Policy
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Sample Questions
Q1) The Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970
A)established schedules of controlled substances and moved enforcement to the Justice Department.
B)was the first to distinguish prescription from over-the-counter drugs.
C)established harsh penalties for first-offense possession of an illicit drug.
D)included control over alcohol and tobacco products.
Answer: A
Q2) From the 1920s to the 1970s,about 1 out of 1,000 Americans was in prison at any point in time.By 2008,due largely to changes in drug laws and drug enforcement,that rate
A)decreased to about 0.5 per 1,000.
B)increased to about 1.5 per 1,000.
C)doubled to about 2 per 1,000.
D)increased to about 5 per 1,000.
Answer: D
Q3) A drug that does have an approved medical use but has a high potential for abuse would be listed on Schedule II.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Chapter 4: The Nervous System
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which chemical pathway appears to be important both in some types of psychotic behavior and in the reinforcing properties of various drugs?
A)acetylcholine pathway from the nucleus basalis
B)serotonin pathway from the raphe nuclei
C)mesolimbic dopamine pathway
D)glutamate pathway
Q2) Neural centers controlling vomiting and respiration are found in the A)brainstem.
B)frontal lobe.
C)cerebellum.
D)pituitary gland.
Q3) Describe the differing effects of the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of the autonomic nervous system.
Q4) Unlike neurons,glial cells in the brain are purely for support and are incapable of communicating with each other.
A)True
B)False
Q5) The actions of drugs on neurotransmitter systems can be divided into two main types.What are they?
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Chapter 5: The Actions of Drugs
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Q1) The safety margin for a particular drug is based on the idea that A)toxic doses will typically be larger than therapeutic doses.
B)most drugs cause toxicity problems only when combined with other drugs.
C)we need to determine an LD50 using human volunteers.
D)we should only prescribe drugs that are not toxic even at high doses.
Q2) Most of our drugs originally came either directly or indirectly from A)South America.
B)plants.
C)petroleum.
D)German chemists.
Q3) There are many different routes by which drugs can be administered.Describe the pros and cons of the oral route versus the intravenous route.
Q4) Explain why an experienced heroin user would most likely choose to smoke or inject the drug rather then taking it orally.Then explain why inexperienced users should initially be discouraged from these routes of administration.
Q5) A drug's generic name can only be used by one company.
A)True B)False
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Chapter 6: Stimulants
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Q1) The earliest medical use for amphetamine was as a substitute for ephedrine in treating asthma.
A)True B)False
Q2) Studies show that blacks are just as likely as whites to be arrested for violating crack cocaine laws.
A)True B)False
Q3) One "non-stimulant" medication that has been approved for ADHD does not appear to have abuse potential.Atomoxetine is sold under the brand name A)Ritalin.
B)Strattera.
C)Memantine.
D)Attends.
Q4) ,which is
A)also called "rock" or "crack."
B)a form of ecstasy (MDMA).
C)too stable to be smoked.
D)usually contaminated with strychnine.
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Chapter 7: Depressants and Inhalants
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Q1) is a popular benzodiazepine used to treat anxiety.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which of the following drugs could theoretically be used to treat barbiturate withdrawal?
A)methamphetamine
B)fluoxetine
C)alcohol
D)modafinil
Q3) Inhalant use has traditionally been more common among A)poor Hispanic and Native American youth.
B)middle-class white children.
C)middle-class black children.
D)construction workers.
Q4) .What types of drugs are used,and what are some of the concerns associated with the use of sleeping pills? Are there any alternatives to drug use?
Q5) Explain how a drug's rate of onset and duration of action affect psychological dependence and withdrawal.Give examples from this chapter.
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Chapter 8: Medication for Mental Disorders
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Sample Questions
Q1) A major disturbance of intellectual and social functioning in which there is a loss of contact with reality is called A)anxiety disorder.
B)phobia.
C)depression.
D)psychosis.
Q2) What is the average lag period for antidepressants to begin to be effective?
A)1 day
B)2 weeks
C)4 weeks
D)6 weeks
Q3) Each year,more mentally ill persons are _______ than are admitted to state mental hospitals.
A)killed
B)jailed
C)sued
D)treated for agranulocytosis
Q4) Explain the danger associated with monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors.
Q5) Discuss the three factors that slowed the acceptance of lithium in the U.S.
Q6) Explain the arguments for and against prescriptive licensing for psychologists.
Page 10
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Chapter 9: Alcohol
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Sample Questions
Q1) Although national prohibition of alcohol did reduce alcohol-related deaths and hospitalizations,it was repealed partly because of the growth of organized crime and partly because
A)of a widespread movement toward individual freedoms.
B)of a desire to reduce the income tax.
C)so many drinkers were elected to Congress.
D)of major advertising efforts by the liquor industry.
Q2) Alcoholic beverages form when yeasts act upon sugars in the process of A)malting.
B)fermentation.
C)distillation.
D)catabolism.
Q3) About what percentage of college students reports drinking alcohol at least once within the past month?
A)92 percent
B)86 percent
C)60 percent
D)41 percent
Q4) Describe the alcohol withdrawal syndrome.
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Chapter 10: Tobacco
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Q1) There is no evidence indicating that cigarette smoking has skin-aging effects.
A)True
B)False
Q2) In 2000,the U.S.Supreme Court ruled that the FDA
A)could regulate all tobacco products as drugs.
B)could regulate tobacco products in many specific ways.
C)could regulate cigarettes,but not smokeless tobacco.
D)had no authority to regulate tobacco products.
Q3) Recent research on the dependence produced by nicotine has focused on genetic differences related to:
A)opioid receptors.
B)serotonin receptors.
C)norepinephrine neurons.
D)acetylcholine receptors.
Q4) The most popular form of tobacco use in America before 1900 was cigar smoking. A)True
B)False
Q5) The major commercial species of tobacco is Nicotiana tobacum.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 11: Caffeine
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Sample Questions
Q1) A single species of tea bush is the basis for traditional green,black,and oolong tea.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Often people who drink too much alcohol attempt to "sober up" by drinking coffee.Several studies support the idea that caffeine
A)blocks alcohol's effect at GABA receptors.
B)lowers BAC by increasing urine output.
C)improves coordination and speed of reaction after drinking alcohol.
D)is likely to lead to increased arousal,but the drinker is still impaired.
Q3) Caffeine works in the brain by
A)stimulating dopamine release.
B)interfering with glutamate release.
C)blocking serotonin receptors.
D)blocking adenosine receptors.
Q4) Caffeine dependence is not in the DSM-V because the evidence indicates that there is no withdrawal syndrome.
A)True
B)False
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Q1) Dextromethorphan is an antihistamine used to dry up a runny nose.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Why would you want dextromethorphan in a cold remedy?
A)It acts as a cough suppressant.
B)It acts as a nasal decongestant.
C)It provides relief of body ache.
D)It provides relief of runny nose.
Q3) .Which of these ingredients in this OTC product is unnecessary?
A)dextromethorphan
B)acetaminophen
C)chlorpheniramine maleate
D)phenylephrine
Q4) OTC stimulants typically include pseudoephedrine.
A)True
B)False
Q5) The generic ingredient in Advil is acetylsalicylic acid.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Describe the recent history and current status of OTC weight control products. Page 14
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Chapter 13: Opioids
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Q1) Heroin was originally a brand name for diacetylmorphine,manufactured by Bayer laboratories.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Naloxone and nalorphine are endogenous chemicals that have effects similar to morphine.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Possession of opium,morphine,or heroin without a prescription was made a crime by
A)the 1906 Pure Food and Drugs Act.
B)a 1915 Supreme Court decision.
C)the 1970 Controlled Substances Act.
D)the 1986 Anti-Drug Abuse amendments.
Q4) Withdrawal from opioid drugs is often fatal.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Describe how both positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement contribute to the development of addiction on opioid drugs.
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Chapter 14: Hallucinogens
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Sample Questions
Q1) In rare cases,people who have used LSD experience similar symptoms weeks or months later.The common term for this has been A)synesthesia. B)flashbacks.
C)automatism. D)semantic memory.
Q2) PCP was patented as Sernyl and first tested as A)a treatment for alcohol dependence.
B)a calming agent for nervous pets.
C)a dissociative anesthetic.
D)an antidepressant.
Q3) Unlike other hallucinogens,Salvinorin A acts as a kappa opioid receptor agonist. A)True B)False
Q4) The anticholinergic plant with a forked root that is mentioned in the Bible is A)aeyote. B)ayahuasca.
C)mandrake. D)bufotenin.
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Chapter 15: Marijuana
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Q1) The 1999 report from the Institute of Medicine suggested that marijuana cigarettes should
A)never be made available for medical uses.
B)be available for long-term use for a variety of purposes.
C)only be used to treat glaucoma.
D)be allowed for no more than six months for patients with intractable pain or vomiting.
Q2) oral THC?
Q3) The abuse potential of THC
A)seems to be very low.
B)is higher for smoked than for oral THC.
C)is higher for oral than for smoked THC.
D)is very high regardless of how it is consumed.
Q4) As of mid-2014,at least _____ states and Washington, A)48
B)6
C)25 20
D)C.have passed ballot initiatives allowing the use of medical marijuana.
Q5) Discuss three of the five effects that marijuana smoking has on cognitive performance in infrequent users directly after administration.
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Chapter 16: Performance-Enhancing Drugs
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Q1) Which of the following stimulant drugs have been used as performance enhancers in athletic competitions?
A)strychnine
B)cocaine
C)caffeine
D)all of the above
Q2) Stimulants are sometimes used as performance enhancers in academic settings as well as athletic competitions.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Mariani's Coca Wine,which was sold as "wine for athletes," was an early version of a cola drink containing large amounts of caffeine.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Extensive testing of the effects of amphetamines has concluded that they
A)do not really improve athletic performances.
B)can improve performances by a few percentage points.
C)actually make people perform more poorly.
D)enhance total work output by 30 percent or more.
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Chapter 17: Preventing Substance Abuse
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Q1) Using either the public health model or the Institute of Medicine classification,describe in general terms three different kinds of prevention programs.These are differentiated mainly by the people at whom they are targeted.
Q2) In the public health model,programs designed to reach people who have started using some substances and to prevent them from abusing these substances or moving to more dangerous substances,would be classified as
A)motivational.
B)educational.
C)secondary prevention.
D)triage.
Q3) According to the textbook,a 2005 law concerning methamphetamine further restricted
A)television depictions of methamphetamine synthesis.
B)the sale of pseudoephedrine.
C)prescriptions of amphetamines for medical use.
D)anti-drug ad campaigns that exaggerated the harms of the drug.
Q4) Discuss some of the early school-based attempts to prevent substance abuse and why they were abandoned.
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Chapter 18: Treating Substance Use Disorders
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Q1) The most effective potential medical treatment for cocaine use disorder appears to be the antidepressant drug citalopram.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Although many medications have been tested for treating cocaine use disorder,most have shown little promise and none has yet been approved.The most promising results have been found with A)modafinil.
B)naltrexone.
C)buprenorphine.
D)acamprosate.
Q3) Giving the user rewards for drug-free urine samples
A)doesn't work very well.
B)is a form of contingency management.
C)is a common technique in 12-step programs.
D)is based on the "stages of change" model.
Q4) The most common form of treatment for opioid dependence is rapid opioid detoxification.
A)True
B)False
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