Sociology of Deviance Test Preparation
Course
Introduction
Sociology of Deviance explores the social construction of deviant behavior and societal reactions to norm violations across various cultures and historical periods. The course examines major sociological theories explaining deviance, including structural functionalism, symbolic interactionism, conflict theory, and labeling theory. Students analyze how issues of power, inequality, and social control influence definitions of deviance, and consider case studies related to crime, mental health, substance abuse, and other forms of nonconformity. Emphasis is placed on understanding the processes through which individuals and groups are labeled as deviant, and how these labels affect identity, policy, and social change.
Recommended Textbook
Sociology 14th Edition by John J. Macionis
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24 Chapters
3010 Verified Questions
3010 Flashcards
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2
Chapter 1: The Sociological Perspective
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186 Verified Questions
186 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The major goal of sociology's pioneers, including Auguste Comte and Emile Durkheim, was
A)to serve the powerful.
B)to help build an "ideal society."
C)to discover how society actually operates.
D)to prevent disruptive social change.
Answer: C
Q2) Point out what the viewpoint of a sociologist who is influenced by the structural-functional approach
Answer: The viewpoint of a sociologist who is influenced by the structural-functional approach is that society is made up of interconnected parts that work together to maintain stability and order. This perspective emphasizes the importance of social institutions, such as family, education, and government, in maintaining the functioning of society. Sociologists influenced by this approach focus on how these institutions contribute to the overall functioning of society and how they help maintain social equilibrium. They also examine how different social structures and roles contribute to the overall stability of society. This perspective tends to emphasize the positive aspects of social structures and institutions and how they contribute to the overall well-being of society.
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Sociological Investigation
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Sample Questions
Q1) Replication is one way to assess the accuracy of existing research.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) Which of the concepts listed below refers to measuring exactly what one intends to measure?
A)congruence
B)validity
C)repeatability
D)reliability
Answer: B
Q3) In making judgments about how society should be improved, the ________ approach in sociology rejects Max Weber's goal that researchers should be value-free.
A)interpretive
B)critical
C)scientific
D)positivist
Answer: B
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Chapter 3: Culture
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Sample Questions
Q1) The spread of cultural traits from one society to another is called
A)immigration.
B)cultural transmission.
C)popular culture.
D)diffusion.
Answer: D
Q2) The same way of life is biologically "natural" to humans everywhere.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) About how many adults in the United States speak a language other than English at home?
A)7 million
B)17 million
C)27 million
D)57 million
Answer: D
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Society
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Sample Questions
Q1) The first type of society to generate a material surplus was
A)hunting and gathering.
B)horticultural and pastoral.
C)agrarian.
D)industrial.
Q2) According to Gerhard Lenski, which of the following has the greatest power to shape a society?
A)technology
B)social conflict
C)human ideas
D)human desire for change
Q3) Why do some analysts describe Max Weber's approach to explaining the rise of modern society as a "debate with the ghost of Karl Marx"?
Q4) Weber argued that the development of industrial capitalism had its roots in a set of religious ideas linked to Calvinism.
A)True
B)False
Q5) What did Durkheim mean by "anomie"? How does modern society cause anomie?
Q6) How does Durkheim's concept of anomie differ from
Page 6
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Chapter 5: Socialization
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following traits linked to a total institution is NOT correct?
A)Staff members supervise all the daily life of inmates.
B)Staff members encourage the individual growth and creativity of inmates.
C)Inmates have standardized food, clothing, and activities.
D)Formal rules direct people's daily routines.
Q2) Thinking about how patterns of child-rearing vary by class, lower-class parents generally stress _____, while well-to-do parents typically stress _____.
A)independence; protecting children
B)independence; dependence
C)obedience; creativity
D)creativity; obedience
Q3) Why is the definition of "growing up" more difficult than it used to be? What are the achievements that lead people to say that someone has become an adult? Why is adolescence longer than it was several generations ago? What difference does social class position make in the time frame for "growing up"?
Q4) According to Erving Goffman, what key traits define a total institution?
Q5) Explain how a family's social class position shapes the process of socialization.
Q6) Why is defining adulthood difficult for people living in the United States?
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Chapter 6: Social Interaction in Everyday Life
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Sample Questions
Q1) At any given time you occupy a number of statuses.These statuses make up your A)master status.
B)role set.
C)achieved statuses.
D)status set.
Q2) According to Erving Goffman, people usually make efforts to _____ their intentions.
A)idealize
B)reveal
C)hide
D)contradict
Q3) A status set refers to the roles people have over the course of their lifetimes.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Dramaturgical analysis treats embarrassment as "losing face."
A)True
B)False
Q5) What is the Thomas theorem? Provide an example of how it works.How is this theorem an example of the process we call the "social construction of reality"?
Q6) Read through the box titled "Managing Feelings: Women's Abortion Experiences" on
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Chapter 7: Groups and Organizations
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Sample Questions
Q1) Charles Cooley referred to a small social group whose members share personal and enduring relationships as
A)an instrumental group.
B)an expressive group.
C)a primary group.
D)a secondary group.
Q2) Read the list of traits below.Which of these traits is NOT a characteristic of secondary groups?
A)large size
B)weak emotional ties
C)personal orientation
D)often short-term duration
Q3) Assume you are a parent of a child in school.From your point of view, what type of organization is a school's parent-teacher association
A)a normative organization
B)a coercive organization
C)a utilitarian organization
D)All of these are correct.
Q4) Based on your understanding of this chapter, discuss
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Chapter 8: Sexuality and Society
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Sample Questions
Q1) While the sexual revolution increased sexual activity overall, it changed behavior among men more than among women.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Criticism of the social-conflict approach's view of sexuality would include the fact that
A)sexuality is not a power issue for everyone.
B)U.S.society has taken many steps to reduce gender inequality.
C)gay people have made significant strides towards greater opportunity and social acceptance.
D)All of these are correct.
Q3) Pornography is a moral issue for some people and a power issue for others.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Every state in the United States permits lawful marriage between a woman and a man who are first cousins.
A)True
B)False
Q5) What are several functions of the incest taboo for society as a whole?
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Chapter 9: Deviance
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Sample Questions
Q1) Every person charged with a crime in the United States is sentenced after receiving a trial by jury.
A)True
B)False
Q2) In the United States, men account for about _____ of all arrests for violent crime.
A)about 21 percent
B)about 41 percent
C)about 61 percent
D)about 81 percent
Q3) The U.S.government provides a great deal of data about crime in the United States.Drawing on FBI data, what can we say about the "typical street criminal" in terms of age, gender, social class, race, and ethnicity? In each case, what can you say to explain the pattern? Do these patterns contain bias? Explain several reasons why we must treat criminal statistics with caution.
Q4) Walter Reckless and Simon Dinitz developed containment theory, which claims that a strong superego helps boys stay out of trouble.
A)True
B)False
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11
Chapter 10: Social Stratification
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Sample Questions
Q1) Summarize the Davis-Moore thesis.Specifically, what are the functional consequences of inequality for society as a whole? Illustrate the thesis by pointing out various jobs and the relative rewards each job commands.Conclude by noting several criticisms of the Davis-Moore thesis.
Q2) In Japan, as in other societies with a long history of caste, today people may not always discuss _____ openly, but it is never far from the surface when people size up one another socially.
A)family background
B)personal talent
C)educational degree
D)the economy
Q3) Compared to the U.S.society, Japanese society exhibits more caste elements.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Max Weber said social stratification involved three distinct dimensions: economic class, social prestige, and political power.
A)True
B)False
Q5) What is meritocracy? What part does it play in class systems?
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Chapter 11: Social Class in the United States
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Sample Questions
Q1) In the United States, an increasing percentage of the poor are
A)single women and their children.
B)married couples with children.
C)single men.
D)people working two jobs.
Q2) Explain the debate over the causes of poverty in the United States.What evidence suggests that the poor are responsible for poverty? What evidence suggests that society as a whole is responsible for poverty? Which side of the debate do you find more convincing? Why?
Q3) The richest 5 percent of U.S.families own about what percentage of privately owned property?
A)2 percent
B)12 percent
C)32 percent
D)62 percent
Q4) Sociologist William Julius Wilson suggests the cause of poverty lies in A)a lower-class culture of poverty.
B)lack of government action.
C)too few available jobs.
D)bad public schools.
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Chapter 12: Global Stratification
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Sample Questions
Q1) The concept of "neocolonialism" refers to the process by which
A)countries gain new colonies to replace older ones.
B)countries rid themselves of former colonies.
C)multinational corporations dominate the economy of a poor country.
D)companies operate in many countries at one time.
Q2) Which theoretical approach claims that rich nations of the world are "overdeveloped" while poor nations are "underdeveloped"?
A)modernization theory
B)dependency theory
C)both modernization theory and dependency theory
D)neither modernization theory nor dependency theory
Q3) Modernization theory claims that what we need to explain in human history is not poverty but affluence.
A)True
B)False
Q4) In 2011, how many independent nations were there in the world?
A)57
B)195
C)341
D)2,190
Page 14
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Chapter 13: Gender Stratification
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120 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Sexual harassment is an important social issue because
A)it actually targets men more often than women.
B)half of working women report receiving unwanted sexual attention.
C)it almost always involves blatant threats.
D)All of these are correct.
Q2) Throughout the life course, gender shapes
A)human feelings.
B)human thoughts.
C)human actions.
D)All of these are correct.
Q3) Like race or social class, gender is a major dimension of social stratification.
A)True
B)False
Q4) As of 2007, women held about what percentage of seats in Congress?
A)17 percent
B)36 percent
C)56 percent
D)76 percent
Q5) The socialization process links gender to personal identity
Q6) What does Naomi Wolf mean by the term "beauty myth"?
Page 15
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Chapter 14: Race and Ethnicity
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130 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Scientific research shows that there are three biologically pure races.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which of the following statements about prejudice is true?
A)Prejudice involves prejudgments.
B)Prejudice treats everyone in some category the same way.
C)Prejudice can be positive or negative.
D)All of these correct.
Q3) WASPs have been the dominant category of the U.S.population through most of this nation's history.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Which of the following categories of the U.S.population is most likely to own and operate a small business?
A)Native Americans
B)African Americans
C)Korean Americans
D)Mexican Americans
Q5) Describe the social standing of several major categories of Hispanic Americans.
Page 16
Q6) What is the "trend toward mixture" in terms of race in the United States?
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Chapter 15: Aging and the Elderly
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Sample Questions
Q1) Disengagement theory is guided by the symbolic-interaction approach.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Biological changes that accompany growing old include
A)less keen senses.
B)loss of height and weight.
C)wrinkles in the skin and graying of the hair.
D)All of these are correct.
Q3) The economic downturn that began in 2007 has forced many older workers to postpone retirement and to continue working.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Bernice Neugarten states that the key to successful aging is maintaining personal dignity as a person accepts the inevitability of advancing age.
A)True
B)False
Q5) How is the increasing share of our population over the age of sixty-five likely to change our way of life?
Q6) How do modern societies separate death from life?
Page 17
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Chapter 16: The Economy and Work
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Sample Questions
Q1) Contrasted to socialist economic systems, capitalist economic systems typically
A)generate more economic inequality.
B)generate less economic inequality.
C)generate about the same level of inequality.
D)do not generate any social equality.
Q2) In the United States, union membership is higher today than ever before.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Over the course of the last century, the number of people involved in agricultural work
A)has remained about the same.
B)has declined steadily.
C)has increased dramatically.
D)has stayed the same, although a larger share of workers are immigrants.
Q4) Which social institution is widely considered to have the greatest effect on society as a whole?
A)the family
B)the economy
C)the political system
D)religion
Page 18
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Chapter 17: Politics and Government
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Sample Questions
Q1) Preindustrial societies, explained Max Weber, are characterized by having A)mostly traditional authority.
B)mostly rational-legal authority.
C)mostly charismatic authority.
D)no authority at all.
Q2) The military-industrial complex refers to
A)the fact that war often destroys a country's economic infrastructure.
B)the close link between the government, defense contractors, and the military.
C)the fact that the postindustrial economy is increasingly dominated by war production.
D)the fact that the military is the world's largest industrial corporation.
Q3) Define authoritarianism and totalitarianism.Provide an example of each system in the world today.
Q4) In the United States, African Americans are much more likely than Hispanic Americans to vote in national elections.
A)True
B)False
Q5) African Americans tend to be more politically liberal than whites.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 18: Families
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Sample Questions
Q1) In the United States, family violence is
A)considered a private, family matter.
B)a serious, often criminal problem.
C)no longer considered a serious issue the way it was in past decades.
D)mostly harmful to men.
Q2) Any family is really many families as it changes over time.Consider how families typically change as people move through the life course.What are the major traits of family life beginning with courtship, settling in to marriage, child rearing, and later life? What special opportunities and challenges can you see in each stage?
Q3) Almost all adults who abuse children typically have what in common?
A)They are middle class.
B)They are women.
C)They were abused themselves as children.
D)They were married at a very young age.
Q4) The dominant residential form in the United States is neolocality.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Identify at least four factors that are related to the high divorce rate in the United States.
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Chapter 19: Religion
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Sample Questions
Q1) In general, compared to Eastern religions, Western religions
A)are deity-based.
B)operate more ethical codes of conduct.
C)are less clear about what is sacred and what is profane.
D)All of these are correct.
Q2) Emile Durkheim claimed that, in religious life, people celebrate the awesome power of their society.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The United States is a less religious society than, say, Japan or Sweden.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The claim that the United States is a post-denomination society is based on a movement
A)away from religion.
B)supporting spiritualism, but away from formal denominations.
C)toward greater church attendance.
D)favoring rigid conformity to church doctrine.
Q5) What is secularization? Do you consider secularization to be a positive or negative development? Why?
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Chapter 20: Education
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Sample Questions
Q1) Schooling in the United States has always favored theoretical learning over practical learning.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Assume that you support the school choice movement.What are you likely to say is the reason that U.S.public schools perform poorly?
A)Schools have no competition.
B)Some schools lack adequate funding.
C)The nation has a high poverty rate.
D)Too many parents are not involved in the schools.
Q3) Describe the role of community colleges in U.S.higher education.When did community colleges become widespread? Compared to other types of colleges and universities, what benefits do they offer? What special importance do community colleges have for minority populations?
Q4) Dropping out of school greatly reduces a person's chance to earn a good income.
A)True
B)False
Q5) What are four societal functions of schooling?
Q6) Define "education" and "schooling."
Page 22
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Chapter 21: Health and Medicine
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Sample Questions
Q1) People with more money to spend are more likely to become obese.
A)True
B)False
Q2) If you were to visit a low-income nation to study its high death rates, what would you find to be the most common causes of death?
A)cancer and heart disease
B)infectious diseases
C)accidents
D)old age
Q3) In much of the world, illness and poverty form a vicious circle, with each increasing the other.
A)True
B)False
Q4) In Western Europe and North America, scientists began to understand the causes of infectious diseases at about what point in history?
A)1650
B)1750
C)1850
D)1950
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Chapter 22: Population, Urbanization, and Environment
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Sample Questions
Q1) Why is the crude birth rate "crude"?
Q2) Assume a country has a population of 400 million people and in a given year has 4 million births.What is this country's current crude birth rate?
A).1
B)1
C)10
D)4 million
Q3) With the Industrial Revolution, how did the physical design of cities change?
A)Cities took on a new focus on business.
B)Winding streets gave way to broad and straight boulevards.
C)Urban populations became much larger.
D)All of these are correct.
Q4) The demographic measure called the "sex ratio" refers to A)how easily couples conceive children.
B)the number of males for every 100 females in the population.
C)the number of females for every 100 males in the population.
D)the ratio of children to adults in a population.
Q5) The planet's population first reached 1 billion about the year 1500.
A)True
B)False
Page 24
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Chapter 23: Collective Behavior and Social Movements
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is a "disaster"? What are three types of disasters? Give an example of each.
Q2) Looking ahead, social movements are likely to A)make use of more computer technology, which makes them spread easily.
B)become global in scope.
C)involve minorities and other marginalized people, who will seek a greater political voice.
D)All of these are correct.
Q3) Some social movements continue, even after they achieve their original goal.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Neil Smelser, who created structural-strain theory, argues that an effective social movement need not have a clear statement of the problem nor a clear understanding of a solution.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Convergence theory suggests crowd behavior comes from the people who join the crowd.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 24: Social Change: Traditional
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Sample Questions
Q1) The class-society theory of modernity is based on the ideas of which of the following sociologists?
A)Emile Durkheim
B)Karl Marx
C)Max Weber
D)Ferdinand Tönnies
Q2) Individuals experience modern mass societies in terms of
A)pronounced moral relativism.
B)little personal choice.
C)too little privacy.
D)powerlessness.
Q3) The box on pages 580-581, Personal Freedom and Social Responsibility, describes the tension between personal freedom and social responsibility in modern societies. Explain this tension. How are modern societies different from traditional societies in terms of balancing these two factors? Do you think our society needs more of one or the other? Explain and defend your position.
Q4) Today's other-directed people have little interest in fashions and fads.
A)True
B)False
Q5) What did Max Weber say was the defining trait of modern society?
Page 26
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