Course Introduction
Sociology of Culture Final
Test Solutions
Sociology of Culture explores how culture shapes, and is shaped by, social structures, practices, institutions, and power dynamics. The course examines key concepts such as values, norms, symbols, and cultural capital, and investigates how cultural forms including art, media, fashion, music, and everyday rituals reflect and reinforce societal inequalities related to class, race, gender, and sexuality. Through theoretical and empirical approaches, students analyze the processes of cultural production and consumption, the role of cultural industries, and the impact of globalization and technological change on cultural expression and identity.
Recommended Textbook
Sociology Ninth Canadian Edition by John J. Macionis
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Chapter 1: The Sociological Perspective
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Sample Questions
Q1) Racial discrimination in professional sports is evident today in
A) the positions typically played by White and Black players.
B) the exclusion of Black players from professional sports.
C) the fact that most managers and team owners are Black.
D) There is no racial discrimination in professional sports.
Answer: A
Q2) The pioneering sociologist who studied patterns of suicide in Europe was
A) Robert K. Merton.
B) Auguste Comte.
C) Emile Durkheim.
D) Karl Marx.
Answer: C
Q3) Canada falls within which category of the world's nations?
A) low-income nations
B) middle-income nations
C) high-income nations
D) various parts of Canada fall within different categories
Answer: C
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3
Chapter 2: Sociological Investigation
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Sample Questions
Q1) Qualitative research has special appeal to investigators who favour which theoretical approach?
A) the structural-functional approach
B) the symbolic-interaction approach
C) the social-conflict approach
D) the social-control approach
Answer: B
Q2) ___________ is a form of secondary analysis that entails the counting or coding of the content of written, aural, or visual materials.
A) Cultural analysis
B) Content analysis
C) Historical analysis
D) Census data
Answer: B
Q3) A positivist approach assumes that reality exists "out there."
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Chapter 3: Culture
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137 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) __________ are rules about everyday, casual living; __________ are rules with great moral significance.
A) Mores; folkways
B) Folkways; mores
C) Proscriptive norms; prescriptive norms
D) Proscriptive norms; prescriptive norms.
Answer: B
Q2) Subculture is more at odds with dominant culture than counterculture.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) Counterculture refers to
A) people who differ in some small way.
B) popular culture.
C) high culture.
D) cultural patterns that oppose those that are widely held.
Answer: D
Q4) An example of nonmaterial culture would be the types of vehicles people use to get around.
Answer: False
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Chapter 4: Society
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Sample Questions
Q1) Marx believed that proletarians could never overcome their false consciousness.
A)True
B)False
Q2) When Weber used the concept "rationality," he had in mind
A) a concern with what's good for the entire community.
B) a respect for tradition.
C) deliberate, matter-of-fact calculation of the most efficient way to accomplish any task.
D) limiting the extent of class conflict.
Q3) Marx viewed industrial capitalism as highly rational and Weber did not.
A)True
B)False
Q4) With regard to Global Map 4-1, High Technology in Global Perspective, describe the relationship between technology and type of society.
Q5) Today, hunting and gathering societies
A) are quickly spreading around the world.
B) represent about half the world's population.
C) are few in number but are found on every continent.
D) are close to disappearing from the world.
Q6) What is "mechanical solidarity"? How does it differ from "organic solidarity"?
Page 6
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Chapter 5: Socialization
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Sample Questions
Q1) Industrialization brings with it a rise in the social standing of old people.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which theory developed by the psychologist John B. Watson claims human behaviour is not instinctive but learned within a social environment?
A) behaviourism
B) biological psychology
C) evolutionary psychology
D) naturalism
Q3) By 2001, approximately _______% of Canadian households had colour televisions.
A) 22
B) 44
C) 66
D) 99
Q4) Describe the various stages of the human life course: childhood, adolescence, adulthood, and old age. What characteristics do most people in Canada associate with each? How do we know that these stages, although linked to biological changes, are mostly a social construction?
Q5) Summarize Jean Piaget's contribution to our understanding of socialization.
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Chapter 6: Social Interaction in Everyday Life
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Sample Questions
Q1) Global Map 6-1, housework in a Global Perspective, shows that, in general, the lower a nation's average income, the greater the share of housework that is done by women.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Explain how emotions are guided by both biology and culture.
Q3) People sometimes use jokes to "put down" others-a basic form of social conflict.
A)True
B)False
Q4) A father who wants to be both a friend and a role model to his son might experience role strain.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Akbar is an honours student. In sociological terms, being an honours student is an example of which of the following?
A) role conflict
B) master status
C) ascribed status
D) achieved status
Q6) What is it about Canada that nurtures comedic talent? Give two examples.
Page 8
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Chapter 7: Groups and Organizations
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Sample Questions
Q1) Max Weber believed that the spread of bureaucracy would greatly improve the quality of life for modern people.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Compared to Canadian organizations, many formal organizations in Japan have had more qualities of primary groups.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Imagine you are watching several dozen passengers sitting in an airport gate area waiting to board a plane. These people are an example of a A) crowd.
B) group.
C) category.
D) network.
Q4) The "McDonaldization of society" thesis echoes Weber's belief that rational systems are efficient but dehumanizing.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Using a specific example, discuss bureaucratic inertia.
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Chapter 8: Sexuality and Society
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Sample Questions
Q1) There was no distinct category of "homosexual" people until about a century ago.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Gender is an element of culture.
A)True
B)False
Q3) In Canada, rape is officially recorded as
A) a victimless crime.
B) sexual assault.
C) battery.
D) theft under $1000.00.
Q4) The Sociology and the Media Box called "The Boy Who was Raised as a Girl" describes traits that females and males, guided by their culture, incorporate into their personalities or
A) sex.
B) primary sex characteristics.
C) gender identity.
D) transsexuality.
Q5) What is the basic assertion of queer theory?
Q6) State two common myths about rape. Explain why these beliefs are wrong.
Page 10
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Chapter 9: Deviance
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Sample Questions
Q1) If a parent threatens a child with punishment in order to discourage wrongdoing, the parent is using punishment to accomplish which of the following?
A) deterrence
B) retribution
C) social protection
D) rehabilitation
Q2) Every society tries to regulate the behaviour of individuals; this general process is called ______.
A) neighbourhood watch
B) self-control
C) social control
D) the legal system
Q3) The Sociology and the Media box, Crime in High Places, notes a notorious example of corporate crime involving gold. Which of the following Alberta companies was the source of this hoax?
A) Enron
B) ImClone
C) Bre-X
D) WorldCom
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Page 11
Chapter 10: Social Stratification
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to the Davis-Moore thesis
A) equality is functional for society.
B) the more inequality a society has, the more productive it is.
C) more important jobs must provide enough rewards to attract the talent necessary to perform them.
D) meritocracy is less productive than a caste system.
Q2) In Canada, social inequality is a matter of only people's talents and abilities.
A)True
B)False
Q3) According to Karl Marx, social stratification in a capitalist society always involves A) class conflict.
B) negotiation and compromise leading to stability.
C) the abolition of work itself.
D) the acceptance of a subservient role to a dominant one.
Q4) Great Britain has eliminated all aspects of its historic aristocracy. A)True B)False
Q5) What is the Kuznets curve? What is its significance?
Q6) What is status consistency? Give an example.
Page 12
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Chapter 11: Social Class in Canada
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following factors tends to raise your social standing?
A) divorce
B) leave school to get a job
C) marry and stay married
D) have children at a young age
Q2) The concept "conspicuous consumption" refers to
A) buying things that are popular with the most people.
B) buying more than what you need for the moment.
C) the practice of buying things to make a statement about one's social position.
D) acting as if one had a lower social position than is really the case.
Q3) Education is an important determinant of labour force participation.
A)True
B)False
Q4) According to your textbook, which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the average middle-class person?
A) They work in less prestigious white-collar occupations.
B) They work in highly skilled blue-collar occupations.
C) Few of them own their own houses.
D) Their children often go to university close to home.
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Chapter 12: Global Stratification
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Sample Questions
Q1) Dependency theory claims that poverty results from natural processes, such as people having too many children.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The former Soviet Union and the nations of Eastern Europe are low-income countries.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Even people with income at our country's poverty line live better than a majority of the world's people.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Estimates are that at least ________________ children living in cities in poor countries beg, steal, sell sex, or work for drug gangs to provide income for their families.
A) 1 million
B) 10 million
C) 100 million
D) 1 billion
Q5) What are four types of slavery found in today's world? Describe each type.
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Chapter 13: Gender Stratification
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Sample Questions
Q1) Gender socialization begins in childhood and ends as we approach adulthood.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Most white women in Canada think of themselves as a minority.
A)True
B)False
Q3) What is the major insight of intersection theory?
Q4) On average, males are both taller and heavier than females.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Gender affects the opportunities and constraints each of us encounters throughout our lives.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Feminists argue that patriarchy distorts the relationships between men and women.
A)True
B)False
Q7) What six explanations are put forth to account for the income disparity between women and men?
Page 15
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Chapter 14: Race and Ethnicity
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following statements about Aboriginals is TRUE?
A) They have lower levels of educational attainment.
B) Because of federal transfers, they have higher incomes than Asian Canadians.
C) They have high levels of labour force participation.
D) They have half the unemployment rate of Black Canadians.
Q2) Segregation refers to the physical and social separation of categories of people.
A)True
B)False
Q3) With whom do we associate authoritarian personality theory?
A) Adorno
B) Bogardus
C) Marx
D) Durkheim
Q4) According to the text, what factors define a minority?
Q5) Conflict theory states that prejudice is
A) used by powerful people to justify oppressing others.
B) built into culture itself.
C) common among immigrants.
D) common among certain people with rigid personalities.
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Chapter 15: Aging and the Elderly
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Sample Questions
Q1) The share of the elderly population is increasing quickly in A) the world's poorest nations.
B) all the world's nations.
C) the world's high-income nations.
D) Canada, but not elsewhere.
Q2) Biological changes that accompany growing old include A) keener senses.
B) increase in weight.
C) wrinkles in the skin and greying of the hair.
D) sharpening mental faculties.
Q3) Daniel Callahan argues that we need to reconsider our view of death as an enemy to be conquered at all costs.
A)True
B)False
Q4) How is death handled in your family? Are life and death separate? Or is death a familiar part of life?
Q5) How can older people help younger people with their problems? Make reference to the specific case of Aboriginal elders here.
Q6) How are older Canadians changing today's society?
Page 17
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Chapter 16: The Economy and Work
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Sample Questions
Q1) Compared to agricultural work, industrial jobs involve less specialization.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Socialism is also called a "laissez-faire" economic system.
A)True
B)False
Q3) ______________ is economic activity involving income or the exchange of goods and services that is not reported to the government.
A) Socialism
B) Underground economy
C) State capitalism
D) Conglomerate
Q4) Less than 2 percent of today's Canadian labour force works in agriculture.
A)True
B)False
Q5) How has the nature of work in Canada changed over the last 100 years? Answer this question referring to the three sectors of the economy. Include in your answer the changing share of self-employed people as well as the changing importance of labour unions.
Q6) What are the three defining traits of socialism?
Page 18
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Chapter 17: Politics and Government
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Sample Questions
Q1) Rational-legal authority is also called "bureaucratic authority" because it usually is rooted in formal offices.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Politics is a social institution that is defined in terms of a society's
A) distribution of power, goals, and decision making.
B) system of elections.
C) income distribution.
D) types of authority.
Q3) In Max Weber's view, monarchy claims legitimacy based on A) traditional authority.
B) charismatic authority.
C) rational-legal authority.
D) sheer force.
Q4) What are the three types of authority identified by Weber?
Q5) Outline the four most recent approaches to peace. Which holds the most promise of reducing the dangers of war and why?
Q6) According to Max Weber, authority is just another word for power.
A)True
B)False
Page 19
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Chapter 18: Family
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Sample Questions
Q1) What does Jessie Bernard mean when she says that every marriage is two different relationships?
Q2) A system of marriage that unites two partners is called
A) polygyny.
B) polygamy.
C) polyandry.
D) monogamy.
Q3) A social-exchange analysis of family life is likely to consider A) how families keep society as a whole operating.
B) how families perpetuate social inequality.
C) how individuals select partners who offer about as much as they do.
D) how families regulate sexual activity.
Q4) Native residential schools are largely responsible for Aboriginal elders losing their authority in families.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Around the world, most marriages have been polygamous.
A)True
B)False
Q6) What are three social functions of the family?
Page 20
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Chapter 19: Religion
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Sample Questions
Q1) Often a religion stands out in specific countries or geographic regions. Which of the following does not follow this pattern?
A) Islam
B) Confucianism
C) Hinduism
D) Judaism
Q2) A charismatic leader is most likely to be found in which of the following?
A) church
B) cult
C) denomination
D) state church
Q3) Which of the following statements is NOT a trait of religious fundamentalism?
A) endorsing conservative political goals
B) seeking the personal experience of God's presence
C) interpreting religious texts literally
D) accepting religious pluralism
Q4) How strong is religiosity in Canada? Obviously, the answer to this question depends on precisely how one measures "religiosity." Discuss various ways to do this and how they yield somewhat different pictures of religiosity.
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Chapter 20: Education
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Sample Questions
Q1) The perspective that asserts that schooling acts as a means of social control is A) structural-functional theory.
B) social-conflict theory.
C) symbolic interaction theory.
D) ethnomethodology.
Q2) The subtle presentation of political or cultural ideas in the classroom is termed
A) the hidden curriculum.
B) the undiscovered curriculum.
C) the missing curriculum.
D) the ideal curriculum.
Q3) If you were to enter a school in ancient Greece or China, the students you would find there would be mainly A) women.
B) soldiers.
C) the rich.
D) foreigners.
Q4) What are four societal functions of schooling?
Q5) Define "education" and "schooling."
Q6) In low-income nations, why do girls receive less schooling than boys?
Page 22
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Chapter 21: Health and Medicine
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Sample Questions
Q1) Parsons claimed that, to qualify for the sick role, a person must want to become healthy and act in ways to restore health.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The U.S. health care system is one example of the model called socialized medicine.
A)True
B)False
Q3) In North America, an important medical issue is
A) a surplus of nurses.
B) a shortage of nurses.
C) the fact that many hospitals are going bankrupt.
D) doctors making less and less money.
Q4) Today's advanced medical technology has made the definition of death much clearer.
A)True B)False
Q5) Eating disorders have much to do with how our society defines femininity. A)True
B)False
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Chapter 22: Population, Urbanization, and Environment
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Sample Questions
Q1) Describe the state of the natural environment in Canada. Consider solid waste, water supply, water pollution, and air pollution. Do you think the environment is getting better or worse? Why?
Q2) The demographic measure called the "sex ratio" refers to
A) how easily couples conceive children.
B) the number of males for every 100 females in the population.
C) the number of females for every 100 males in the population.
D) the ratio of children to adults in a population.
Q3) With the Industrial Revolution, how did the physical design of cities change?
A) Cities took on a new focus on religion.
B) Straight boulevards gave way to winding streets.
C) Urban populations became much smaller.
D) Cities took on a new focus on business.
Q4) What three urban revolutions have reshaped human societies?
Q5) In global perspective, the crude birth rate of high-income nations such as Canada is A) much higher than average.
B) slightly higher than average.
C) about equal to the average.
D) below average.
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Chapter 23: Collective Behaviour and Social Movements
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Q1) Political-economy theory links social movements to opposition to the capitalist economy.
A)True
B)False
Q2) What is political-economy theory as an explanation of social movements?
Q3) People sitting on a beach are one example of a casual crowd.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Which of the following is an example of mass behaviour?
A) a riot
B) a rumour
C) a mob
D) a crowd
Q5) The War of the Worlds broadcast in 1938 created an example of which phenomena?
A) mass hysteria
B) collective effervescence
C) propaganda
D) gossip
Q6) Define "fashion" and "fad" so that their differences are clear.
Q7) What is structural strain theory?
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Chapter 24: Social Change: Traditional, Modern, and
Postmodern Societies
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Q1) Karl Marx understood modernity in terms of which of the following?
A) the rise of rationality
B) increasing productive specialization
C) the rise of the capitalist economic system
D) the loss of traditional community
Q2) A number of sociologists contributed to a mass-society theory of modernity. Which of the following sociologists is NOT one of them?
A) Emile Durkheim
B) Karl Marx
C) Ferdinand Tönnies
D) Max Weber
Q3) Durkheim's greatest concern about modern societies focused on A) a rise of anomie.
B) increasing personal choice.
C) increasing productive specialization.
D) increasing personal privacy.
Q4) Is modernization the same around the world? Why or why not?
Q5) Karl Marx considered the defining trait of modern society to be capitalism. A)True B)False
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