Sociology of Crime Final Exam Questions
Course Introduction
Sociology of Crime explores the social causes, patterns, and consequences of criminal behavior within societies. The course examines various sociological theories and perspectives used to understand crime, including classical, positivist, and critical approaches. Students will study topics such as the construction of laws and deviance, the role of social institutions in shaping criminal behavior, patterns of criminalization and victimization, and the impacts of race, class, gender, and inequality on crime. By analyzing contemporary issues and case studies, learners gain a deeper understanding of how crime is defined, addressed, and prevented in different cultural and social contexts.
Recommended Textbook
Criminology Today An Integrative Introduction 8th Edition by Frank J. Schmalleger
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Chapter 1: What is Criminology?
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Sample Questions
Q1) The legalistic perspective defines crime as a violation of the criminal law.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) Which one of the following is not one of the definitional perspectives found in contemporary criminology?
A) political
B) sociological
C) environmental
D) legalistic
Answer: C
Q3) The field of ___________ has contributed the most to criminology
Answer: sociology
Q4) The consequences of crime include both outputs and interpretations.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q5) A situation in which someone starts a fight but ends up being severely beaten is an example of victim ___________.
Answer: precipitation
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Chapter 2: Where Do Theories Come From
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Q1) The statement "Providing more educational opportunities to lower-income individuals will reduce crime" is a hypothesis.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) journals use peer reviewers to determine the quality of manuscripts submitted to them
Answer: Refereed
Q3) Evidence-based criminology is founded upon which research method?
A) Randomized, controlled experiments
B) Case studies
C) Participant observation
D) Secondary analysis of data
Answer: A
Q4) A one-group pretest-posttest research design eliminates all other possible explanations of behavioral change.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Chapter 3: Classical and Neoclassical Thought
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Sample Questions
Q1) The death penalty is imposed disproportionately on racial minorities
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) Positivism is based on an acceptance of A) free will.
B) soft determinism.
C) hard determinism.
D) individual choice.
Answer: C
Q3) Punishment imposed for the purpose of retribution would be an example of Cesare Beccaria's views on crime and punishment.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q4) Jack Katz argues that crime may be sensually compelling to an offender.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Chapter 4: Early Biological Perspectives on Criminal Behavior
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Sample Questions
Q1) One concern with early biological theories is their dismissal of the concept of A) free will.
B) heredity.
C) positivism.
D) genetic determinism.
Q2) The _________ hypothesis explained female criminality.
Q3) Santa Claus is typical of which of William Sheldon's body types?
A) Ectomorphs
B) Mesomorphs
C) Endomorphs
D) Balanced type
Q4) Which of the following social policies was developed during the eugenics movement?
A) Selective human breeding
B) Situational crime control
C) Territoriality
D) Chromosomal defenses
Q5) Gall located the roots of the personality in the brain.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 5: Biosocial and Other Contemporary Perspectives
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Sample Questions
Q1) __________ is the study of the chemical reactions occurring within a genome.
Q2) ___________ argues that the propensity for crime commission evolved as part of the male reproductive strategy and a particular neurochemistry characteristic of males increases the probability of male criminality.
A) Neuroplasticity theory
B) Evolutionary neuroandrogenic theory
C) The gender ratio problem
D) Epigenetics
Q3) What are some of the various attempts to explain the gender ratio problem? How do biosocial criminologists address this issue? What factors need to be addressed when studying crime and gender?
Q4) Genes cause human action
A)True
B)False
Q5) There is conclusive evidence linking sugar consumption to behavioral changes.
A)True
B)False
Q6) The _________ defense used by Dan White argued that his consumption of junk food was evidence of depression.
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Chapter 6: Psychological and Psychiatric Foundations of Criminal Behavior
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Sample Questions
Q1) All psychotic people commit crimes at some point in their lives.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Choosing crime as a form of empowerment is an example of _______ adaptation.
Q3) A ________ psychopath is born with a normal personality but develops psychopathic characteristics as a result of personal experiences early in life.
A) primary
B) secondary
C) charismatic
D) distempered
Q4) The psychoanalytical concept of _______ holds that a person may seek to reject his or her own desires or impulses towards pleasurable instincts by excluding them from his or her own consciousness.
A) Thanatos
B) morality
C) repression
D) transference
Q5) Hervey Cleckley described the __________ as a "moral idiot."
Q6) Many criminals have a secret need to be __________.
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Chapter 7: Social Structure Theories
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Sample Questions
Q1) Consider the city in which your university is located. Which areas in the city tend to have higher levels of crime and which have lower levels? How can these variations be explained by the theories discussed in this chapter?
Q2) According to the research on crime patterns in concentric zones, as the composition of the population in the zone of transition changes (e.g., because of various waves of immigration), the crime rate will
A) increase.
B) decrease.
C) stay about the same.
D) We do not know what will happen
Q3) A shoplifter who claims she is not really a criminal because "no one really got hurt" and "the shop can afford it" is employing the __________ technique of neutralization.
A) denying injury
B) denying responsibility
C) denying the victim
D) condemning the condemners
Q4) The Chicago Area Project focused on reducing social ______________ in slum neighborhoods.
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Chapter 8: Theories of Social Process and Social Development
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Sample Questions
Q1) Someone with a control ______ is controlled by others and is more likely to commit violent crimes.
A) extreme
B) ratio
C) surplus
D) deficit
Q2) Positive turning points can reform chronic offenders.
A)True
B)False
Q3) According to labeling theory, no act is intrinsically deviant.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Social development theories have been criticized for _______ issues.
A) structural
B) definitional
C) academic
D) theoretical
Q5) _________are marked by specific life events that evolve over shorter time spans.
Page 10
Q6) Social process theories suggest that crime prevention programs should work to build __________ bonds.
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Chapter 9: Social Conflict Theories
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Sample Questions
Q1) Explain the differences between retributive and restorative justice. Identify some problems that may arise as the result of a shift to a restorative justice model.
Q2) Which is not a component of the Balanced and Restorative Justice Model?
A) Community protection
B) Deconstructionism
C) Competency development
D) Accountability
Q3) Instrumental Marxism sees the criminal law and the criminal justice system as tools used to keep the poor disenfranchised.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Extreme radical-Marxist criminologists feel that the only effective way to reduce conflict is to replace the existing capitalist system with a socialist economic structure.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Contemporary radical theory attributes much of the existing propensity toward criminality to differences in __________.
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Chapter 10: Criminal Victimization
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Sample Questions
Q1) Victimization appears to be a significant risk factor for future involvement in crime for A) men.
B) women.
C) both men and women.
D) neither men nor women.
Q2) The UCR/NIBRS program collects information on unreported crime.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Stigmatized neighborhoods increase the risk of victimization but not criminality. A)True B)False
Q4) VOCA provides federal funding for victim compensation programs. A)True B)False
Q5) The main goal of __________ is to permanently change the way victims of crime are treated.
Q6) _________ describe the statistical qualities of a given population.
Q7) ____________ refers to the origin or cause of victimization.
Page 13
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Chapter 11: Crimes Against Persons
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Sample Questions
Q1) The primary theoretical perspective used to explain the fact that victims and offenders who are intimately known to each other are disproportionately represented in homicide statistics is the
A) general theory of crime.
B) subculture of violence thesis.
C) selective disinhibition.
D) critical criminological perspective
Q2) _________refers to how robbers who target drug dealers devote a significant amount of resources to minimize the likelihood of coming into contact with their victims after the crime.
A) Anonymity
B) Intimidation
C) Hypervigilance
D) Selective disinhibition
Q3) Explain the difference between primary and nonprimary homicides.
Q4) __________ assault involves a violent response by the male partner after the woman has tried to leave a violent relationship.
Q5) Exploiting a minor for purposes of sexual gratification is an example of
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Chapter 12: Crimes Against Property
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is identity theft? What are the two main categories of identity theft?
Q2) Malcolm Kline used the term __________ to refer to the heterogeneous and unplanned nature of offending found among gang members.
A) professional criminal activity
B) offense specialization
C) cafeteria-style offending
D) persistent offending
Q3) Low-income households are at a very low risk of burglary victimization.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Fully covered fences do not deal in stolen goods that are outside the inventory of their legitimate business.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Which of the following would be included in the FBI's arson statistics?
A) Fires classified as arson by the proper investigative authorities
B) Fires of suspicious origin
C) Fires of unknown origin
D) All of the above are included
Q6) List and define the four major property crimes, according to the FBI.
Page 15
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Chapter 13: White-Collar and Organized Crime
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Q1) Legalizing or decriminalizing illegal drugs falls into which of Howard Abadinsky's approaches to controlling organized crime?
A) Increasing the risk of involvement in organized crime
B) Increasing law enforcement authority
C) Reducing the economic lure of involvement
D) Decreasing opportunity for organized criminal activity
Q2) What were the two acts created by federal legislators in reaction to the Stock Market Crash of 1929, and what were they designed to do?
Q3) The replacement of Jewish and Irish gangs by Italian immigrants is an example of
Q4) Welfare fraud includes the use of deceit to obtain worker's compensation or unemployment payments.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Blue-collar crime involves crimes committed by members of less prestigious occupational groups.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Explain Gary S. Green's typology of organized crime.
Page 16
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Chapter 14: Drug and Sex Crimes
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Sample Questions
Q1) The most commonly used illicit drug is
A) cocaine.
B) heroin.
C) inhalants.
D) marijuana.
Q2) Outside the U.S., legalized prostitution is rare.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which of the following was not a provision of the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994?
A) The Act allocated drug treatment money to create state and federal programs to treat drug addicted prisoners
B) The Act provided money for drug court programs for nonviolent offenders with substance abuse problems
C) The Act authorized the forfeiture and seizure of chemicals used in the manufacture of methamphetamine
D) The Act expanded the federal death penalty to include large-scale drug trafficking
Q4) __________involves escort services that advertise via the Internet.
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Chapter 15: Technology and Crime
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Sample Questions
Q1) Illegal hacking is an example of a computer manipulation crime.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Hackers who intend no overt harm but just have a sense of fun are known as __________.
Q3) DNA profiling is
A) infallible.
B) highly reliable.
C) somewhat reliable.
D) not very reliable.
Q4) According to President Barak Obama, _________ is one of the most serious economic and national-security challenges facing the U.S.
Q5) The U.S. Constitution states that electronic documents and communications qualify for protection under the First and Fourth Amendments.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Describe the characteristics of hackers and explain the categories of the basic typology that is based on psychological characteristics.
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Chapter 16: Globalization and Terrorism
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is not a characteristic of terrorism?
A) It is premeditated or planned
B) It is aimed at civilians
C) It is perpetrated by the army of a country
D) It is politically motivated
Q2) ____________involves illegal immigration in which an agent receives payment to help someone cross a border clandestinely.
A) Transnational organized crime
B) Trafficking in persons
C) Human smuggling
D) Globalization
Q3) The increase in understanding resulting from a sharing of information between cultures is known as __________.
Q4) Which Act established the Human Smuggling and Trafficking Center within the U.S. State Department?
A) The Homeland Security Act
B) The Trafficking Victims Protection Act
C) The Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act
D) The Immigration and Nationality Act
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