Sociology of Crime Final Exam
Course Introduction
Sociology of Crime explores the social dimensions and causes of criminal behavior, examining how societal structures, cultural norms, and social inequalities influence the definition, incidence, and response to crime. Students analyze classical and contemporary sociological theories of crime, study patterns and trends in criminal activity, and investigate the impact of factors such as class, race, gender, and age on both offending and victimization. The course also critically examines the operation of the criminal justice system and its role in shaping social perceptions of crime, justice, and deviance.
Recommended Textbook
Criminology Today An Integrative Introduction 6th Edition by Frank J. Schmalleger
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Chapter 1: What Is Criminology
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Q1) The social responsibility perspective on crime reduction focuses on the ________.
A)individual
B)society
C)government
D)justice system as a whole
Answer: A
Q2) Every crime has a unique set of causes,consequences,and participants.Understanding the _____ context of the crime helps criminologists understand criminal events that took place.
Answer: social
Q3) A ________ studies crime,criminals,and criminal behavior.
Answer: criminologist
Q4) What are the similarities and differences between criminal behavior and deviant behavior? Please explain with examples of each.
Answer: Answers should include the definition of deviant behavior violating social norms and criminal behavior as violation of a criminal law set by a form of government.Examples should vary.
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Chapter 2: Where Do Theories Come From
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Q1) Evidence-based criminology is the contemporary form of criminology.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) _________ is a strategy in data gathering in which the researcher observes a group by participating to varying degrees with the group.
A)Hypothesis testing
B)Secondary research
C)Participant observation
D)Pure research
Answer: C
Q3) ________ are developed to help provide us patterns for interpreting data and linking studies together.
Answer: Theories
Q4) What sections are not typically included in a research report?
A)author's bio
B)abstract
C)statement of hypothesis
D)findings and results
Answer: A
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Chapter 3: Classical and Neoclassical Thought
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Q1) The Enlightenment inspired a reexamination of existing doctrines from the point of view of ____________ in the Classic School of criminology.
Answer: rationalism
Q2) What is considered the major source of modern criminal law in English-speaking countries?
A)the Magna Carta
B)the Twelve Tables
C)common law
D)Roman law
Answer: C
Q3) Bentham's approach to crime and punishment has been described as utilitarianism because of its emphasis on the worth any action holds for an individual undertaking it.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q4) In a small primitive society,_________ govern behavior. Answer: mores/folkways
Q5) A time-honored custom is called a _________.
Answer: folkway
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Chapter 4: Biological Roots in Criminal Behavior
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Q1) With some exceptions,the number of crimes committed by men far exceeds the number of crimes committed by women.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which theoretical perspective was developed by Edward Wilson?
A)sociobiology
B)positivism
C)biosocial criminology
D)constitutional theories
Q3) _________ established the sociobiological theory in criminology.
Q4) The study of the shape of the head to determine anatomical correlates of human behavior is called criminal anthropology.
A)True
B)False
Q5) The "Twinkie defense" is an example of ___________,explaining violent behavior. A)sociobiology
B)biology
C)constitutional theory
D)biocriminology
Q6) Explain Moffitt's two-path biosocial theory with examples.
Page 6
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Chapter 5: Psychology and Psychiatric Foundations of Criminal Behavior
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Q1) Legal definitions of ________ describe a person suffering from a severe mental disease or defect.
Q2) An individual who has a personality disorder is called ________.
A)deviant
B)a sociopath
C)a superego
D)paranoid
Q3) ___________ theory is important in understanding how we control our impulses and behavior.
Q4) Some attachment theorists believe that developing the feeling of ________ is the most important factor leading to conformity.
Q5) The concept of conditioning was first popularized by _________.
A)Ivan Pavlov
B)Darwin
C)Sigmund Freud
D)Thomas Paine
Q6) Explain Freud's theory of psychoanalysis.Be sure to touch upon what Freud believed makes up the human personality.
Q7) Criminal psychology is also known as ______ psychology.
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Chapter 6: Social Structure Theories
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Q1) Discuss some of the policy implications of social structure theories.
Q2) The culture conflict theory looks at ways individuals suffer from relative deprivation.
A)True
B)False
Q3) What are the three main social structure theories? How do these help explain individual criminal behavior in relation to society?
Q4) Which theory suggests that crime is caused by a clash in values?
A)culture conflict theory
B)human ecology
C)environmental theory
D)strain theory
Q5) Sociological theory focuses on the nature of the ______ of relationships that exist between social groups.
A)power
B)education
C)communication
D)criminality
Q6) Conduct norms are acquired early in life through childhood _________.
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Chapter 7: Theories of Social Process and Social Development
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Q1) Which theory states that criminal behavior is learned in interaction with others?
A)social process theory
B)social development perspective
C)labeling theory
D)primary deviance
Q2) The development of self-control is one way that social process theories aim to prevent criminal behavior.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Individuals who are not invested in conformity are more likely to be influenced by social processes.
A)True
B)False
Q4) _________ theory says that criminality is learned through a process of association with other criminals.
Q5) The Juvenile Mentoring Program is a social policy implication of ________ theories.
Q6) Differential association values _______ association.
Q7) Containment theory is a type of ______ theory.
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Chapter 8: Social Conflict Theories
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Q1) John Hagan,Freda Adler,Rita J.Simon,and Kathleen Daly are associated with which of the following social conflict theories?
A)convict criminology
B)peacemaking criminology
C)radical criminology
D)feminist criminology
Q2) Which of the following concepts refers to an informal type of criminal justice case evaluation that relies on community resources rather than traditional methods of official intervention?
A)left realism
B)restorative justice
C)radical criminology
D)participatory justice
Q3) What does the labeling theory tell us about the individual in relation to the justice system? Explain with examples.
Q4) What are the five strands of feminist thought that inform feminist criminology today? Outline the main ideas of each of these perspectives.
Q5) How do social process perspectives explain how criminals learn their behaviors?
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Chapter 9: Crimes Against Persons
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Q1) Discuss the primary changes in crime rates that have occurred in the U.S.since the 1930s.
Q2) The National Crime Victimization Survey is conducted by which of the following federal agencies?
A)the Department of State
B)the Bureau of Justice Statistics
C)the Federal Bureau of Investigation
D)the Central Intelligence Agency
Q3) Statutes known as ________________ seek to protect sexual assault victims by ensuring that defendants do not introduce irrelevant facts about victims' sexual history into evidence.
Q4) According to the research of Robert Nash Parker,what is the relationship between alcohol consumption and homicide?
Q5) Crimes of sexual abuse are more likely to be reported than other types of crime. A)True
B)False
Q6) Almost all pedophiles are male.
A)True
B)False
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Q7) The illegal killing of four or more victims at one event is ________________.
Chapter 10: Crimes Against Property
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Q1) When disposing of stolen goods,burglars avoid pawnshops due to strict regulations requiring identification of those selling items.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which of the following is the most common form of larceny?
A)purse snatching
B)shoplifting
C)theft from a motor vehicle
D)theft from an unlocked home
Q3) Describe the characteristics of the car thieves known as jockeys.
Q4) Which of the following is a property crime that does not involve theft?
A)burglary
B)arson
C)larceny
D)shoplifting
Q5) A thief who steals a car for _____ is more likely than not to know the owner of the stolen car.
Q6) Gang members tend to use a _____ -style of offending,which means they may participate in petty theft,assault,or a number of other crimes when opportunities arise.
Page 12
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Chapter 11: White-Collar and Organized Crime
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Q1) What was the event that gave the Mafia a secure foothold in many U.S.cities?
A)the Great Depression
B)the Civil War
C)Purge Day of 1931
D)Prohibition
Q2) Property flipping is a form of mortgage fraud where the lender is the victim.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Disguising illegal income as legal income is known as money_____.
Q4) Elected officials in large major cities such as Chicago and New York are seldom connected to organized crime.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Which of the following statements is true of white-collar crime in the United States?
A)White-collar crime emerged in the 1980s.
B)White-collar crime has cost American taxpayers very little money.
C)White-collar crime cost American taxpayers billions of dollars in the 1980s.
D)White-collar crime has decreased since the year 2000.
Q6) In the 1990s,low interest rates lead to sham _____ operations.
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Chapter 12: Public Order and Drug Crimes
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Q1) How many tons of cocaine is seized annually in the U.S.?
A)nearly 500 tons
B)about 140 tons
C)around 20 tons
D)over 280 tons
Q2) Which of the following statements is most accurate about different countries' regulation of prostitution?
A)Laws that govern prostitution vary greatly from country to country.
B)Laws against prostitution only exist in the United States.
C)Laws that govern prostitution do not exist in most of the world.
D)Laws against prostitution tend to favor the client in all countries.
Q3) Discuss what drugs most often enter the United States and from where.
Q4) Stealing cash to pay for drugs is an example of drug-_____ crime.
Q5) Inhalants are easily accessible because few are subject to _____control.
Q6) Which of the following is true of asset forfeiture?
A)Assets forfeited may be larger than the proceeds of the underlying crime.
B)Enforcement agents do not have to notify property owners before asset forfeiture.
C)Asset forfeiture has been abused by enforcement agencies.
D)The U.S.Supreme Court has ruled asset forfeiture unconstitutional.
Page 14
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Chapter 13: Technology and Crime
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Q1) Identify theft has indirect costs,such as costs related to prevention and mitigation.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The meeting place of computer technology and human psychology that exists only within electronic networks is called ________.
Q3) One method of protecting electronic communications is ________,a method for encoding information to make it unreadable to all but the intended recipient.
Q4) Web sites are immune to use for criminal activity.
A)True
B)False
Q5) An expert in cybercrimes believes that specialized sanctions,such as confiscating and limiting access to computer equipment,is necessary to deter cybercrimes.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Compare and contrast phone phreaking with phishing.
Q7) Why might cybercrime appeal to people who would not commit crimes like burglary or robbery?
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Chapter 14: Globalization and Terrorism
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Q1) The term cyberterrorism was coined by a senior researcher at RAND after a study completed in the 1990s on illegal use of the World Wide Web.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000 (TVPA)refers to adult male victims,as well as adult females and children.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which is the best characterization of the relationship between ethnocentrism and comparative criminology?
A)Ethnocentrism contributes to the success of comparative criminology on multiple levels.
B)Ethnocentrism interferes with comparative criminology in a number of ways.
C)Ethnocentrism and comparative criminology take fundamentally the same view.
D)Ethnocentrism is an outgrowth of investigations in comparative criminology.
Q4) Experts have said that the most significant transformation of the U.S.government since 1947 was the creation of the ________.
Q5) Opium growth in Afghanistan is largely controlled by the ________.
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