Sociology of Crime Exam Solutions
Course Introduction
Sociology of Crime examines the social factors and theories that contribute to criminal behavior, the development of laws, and the functioning of criminal justice systems. The course explores how crime is defined and measured, the influence of social structures such as class, race, and gender on criminal activity, and the societal impact of crime and punishment. Students will analyze the relationship between individuals, groups, and institutions in shaping deviant and criminal behavior, and will critically evaluate various sociological perspectives on crime, including functionalist, conflict, symbolic interactionist, and feminist approaches. Through case studies and current events, the course encourages a deeper understanding of the complexity of crime and the ongoing challenges in addressing criminality in modern society.
Recommended Textbook
Criminology The Essentials 3rd Edition by Anthony Walsh
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Chapter 1: An Overview of Crime and Criminology
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Q1) During the Progressive Era (from about 1890 to 1920), ______ became the primary disciplinary home of criminology.
A)biology
B)psychology
C)sociology
D)theology
Answer: C
Q2) The first step in detecting causes of crime is
A)deriving a theory
B)testing a hypothesis
C)discovering correlates
D)determining the level of analysis
Answer: C
Q3) Define theory.
Answer: A set of logically interconnected propositions explaining how phenomena are related and from which a number of hypotheses can be derived and tested.Theories help us make sense of seemingly unrelated facts and propositions.
Q4) Provide two examples of acts that would be considered mala prohibita.
Answer: prostitution, drug dealing
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Chapter 2: Measuring Crime and Criminal Behavior
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Q1) The UCR is the primary source of official crime statistics in the United States.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) Index crimes can only be cleared by arrest.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) What is the dark figure of crime?
Answer: The portion of total crimes committed each year that never come to light.
Q4) A strength of NIBRS is that it provides
A)a good source of information on rates of drug use
B)access to information on crimes that have not been reported to the police
C)data from a large number of police agencies nationwide
D)detailed information on each criminal incident
Answer: D
Q5) Identify one advantage that NIBRS has over the UCR as a source of crime data.
Answer: It does not use the hierarchy rule; it provides more detailed information regarding the circumstances of each offense.
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Chapter 3: Victimology: Exploring the Experience of Victimization
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Q1) ______ are at a low risk of victimization for violent crime.
A)African Americans
B)the elderly
C)the poor
D)violent offenders
Answer: B
Q2) Most victimization is random and unpredictable.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) Which of the following is the safest job category?
A)correctional officers
B)police officers
C)taxi drivers
D)university professors
Answer: D
Q4) Identify the three variables associated with routine activities theory.
Answer: presence of motivated offenders, availability of suitable targets, and the absence of capable guardians
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Chapter 4: The Early Schools of Criminology
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Q1) Jeremy Bentham maintained that estimations of the values of pleasures and pains were to be considered with reference to which of the following circumstances?
A)intensity
B)duration
C)certainty
D)all of these
Q2) ______ specifically refers to the weighing of anticipated benefits of a given course of action against its possible costs.
A)human agency
B)hedonistic calculus
C)rationality
D)positivism
Q3) ______ are known for the emphasis that they place on the scientific method.
A)classicalists
B)hedonists
C)structuralists
D)positivists
Q4) Identify the three types of criminaloids.
Q5) Define professional criminals.
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Chapter 5: Crime As Choice: Rationality, Emotion, and Criminal Behavior
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Q1) Victimization is more prevalent in affluent areas as compared with poor disorganized communities.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Crime rates can go up or down depending on how ______ change without any changes in offender motivation or in the prevalence of motivated offenders.
A)situations
B)neighborhoods
C)economics
D)politics
Q3) Hume believes that after humans perceive a situation, experience emotions, and pass judgment on the event based on the emotion it evokes, humans then ______ that judgment.
A)second guess or rethink
B)analyze their perceptions of
C)plan a different reaction related to D)provide reasons for
Q4) What are the central beliefs of the classical school of thought?
Q5) Give two examples of <i>wertrationalitat.</i>
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Chapter 6: Social Structural Theories
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Q1) Agnew and his colleagues found that individuals with low levels of negative emotionality and high levels of constraint were most likely to respond to strain with criminal behavior.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Define illegitimacy adjustment.
Q3) Shaw and McKay are known for identifying six focal concerns as the source of crime in lower class communities.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Briefly explain the difference between gang member violence and gang violence.
Q5) Which of the following is the most common mode of adaptation?
A)ritualism
B)innovation
C)retreatism
D)conformity
Q6) Define rebellion in regards to Merton's modes of adaptation.
Q7) Explain institutional anomie theory.Do you think that this theory provides a viable explanation of crime? Support your answer with what you have learned in this class.
Page 8
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Chapter 7: Social Process Theories
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Q1) A major criticism of ______ theory is that it is a general theory meant to explain all crime.
A)social control
B)self-control
C)social bonding
D)differential association
Q2) A criticism of social learning theory is that it negates individual differences.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Describe Gottfredson and Hirschi's self-control theory.What is self-control? It is stable? What is the role of opportunity in regard to self-control theory?
Q4) How do discriminative stimuli differ from reinforcements and punishments?
Q5) Define involvement as an element of the social bond.
Q6) This technique involves the assertion that the behaviors of parents, police, and others, are just as bad if not worse than the offender's.
A)appeal to higher loyalties
B)condemnation of condemners
C)denial of injury
D)denial of responsibility
Page 9
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Chapter 8: Critical and Feminist Theories
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Q1) Briefly describe the emancipation hypothesis.
Q2) Freda Adler suggested that as females increasingly adopt male roles in society, they will become as crime-prone as men, in what is known as the ______ hypothesis.
A)emancipation
B)gender equality
C)masculinization
D)staying alive
Q3) Identify one critique of Marxist criminology.
Q4) A pattern of justice, which emphasizes treating women offenders as though they were men in the name of equal justice, is sometimes referred to as:
A)vengeful equity
B)revenge justice
C)equal justice
D)proper equity
Q5) Briefly explain the masculinization (or emancipation) hypothesis of women's crime.
Q6) Briefly explain the power-control theory.
Q7) What is the gender-ratio problem in criminology?
Q8) Briefly explain Freda Adler's masculinization hypothesis.
Page 10
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Chapter 9: Psychosocial Theories: Individual Traits and Criminal Behavior
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Q1) The concept of poor avoidance learning in psychopaths is best aligned with which of the following theories?
A)low-arousal theory
B)neurobiological theory
C)social learning theory
D)developmental pathway theory
Q2) Prefrontal cortex dysfunction is the underlying neural structure responsible for the development of psychopathic tendencies.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Psychologists refer to the different components of one's personality as ______.
A)consciousness
B)their performance quotient
C)their verbal quotient
D)traits
Q4) Individuals with a highly sensitive reticular activating system are known as
A)activators
B)reactors
C)augmenters
D)reducers
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Chapter 10: Biosocial Approaches
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Q1) Evolutionary psychologists have identified crime with behaviors that tend to promote the
A)affection effort
B)mating effort
C)parenting effort
D)presentation effort Learning Objectives: 10.4 Understand the basic ideas behind an evolutionary view of criminality; 10.5 Differentiate between mating and parenting effort and understand how each is related to the probability of criminal behavior
Q2) Define and discuss the prefrontal dysfunction theory.How is the prefrontal cortex associated with criminal activity?
Q3) On the scale used by behavior geneticists to quantify the relative impact of genes versus environment, the closer the score to 1.0, the less variance there is for that trait in the population.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Briefly define parenting effort.
Q5) According to reward dominance theory, what causes crime?
Q6) What are neurons?
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Chapter 11: Developmental Theories: From Delinquency to
Crime to Desistance
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Q1) Identify Robert Agnew's five life domains.
Q2) List two risk factors of early-onset delinquency.
Q3) Describe integrated cognitive antisocial potential theory.What policy implications might result from this theory? Support your answer with what you have learned in this text.
Q4) Define and discuss risk factors and protective factors of antisocial behavior.What is ADHD? What is conduct disorder? How are they related?
Q5) Which of the following is not a life domain as identified by Robert Agnew?
A)family
B)personality
C)school
D)social capital
Q6) A person gets married, and it changes the person's life trajectory in a prosocial direction; Sampson and Laub would refer to this as a ______.
A)high point
B)direction change
C)risk factor
D)turning point
Q7) Briefly explain desistance by default.
Page 13
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Chapter 12: Crimes of Violence
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Q1) Briefly explain the feminist theory of rape.
Q2) Why are subcultures of violence and honor subcultures considered the same thing? Discuss possible distinctions between the two.
Q3) Even though some carjackers resort to physical violence to begin their task, almost all avoid ______.
Q4) What advantages do robbers claim robbery has over other crimes like burglary and dealing drugs?
Q5) When is a typology of an offender developed?
Q6) The vast majority of forcible rapes are committed by a stranger to the victim. A)True
B)False
Q7) Compare and contrast rape and aggravated assault.What are the differences in perpetrators and victims?
Q8) The majority of robbers are over 25 years of age. A)True B)False
Q9) Murder is the most common felony violent crime. A)True B)False
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Chapter 13: Terrorism
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Q1) Most terrorist groups no longer engage in other criminal enterprises for money, as they have been able to secure adequate funding from private sympathizers.
A)True
B)False
Q2) In terrorist groups, those categorized as ______ see their involvement in terrorism as posing an opportunity to use force and violence to further their personal goals as well as the goals of the group.
A)antisocial personalities
B)charismatic leaders
C)followers
D)hedonists
Q3) Scholars have identified the charismatic leader, antisocial personality, and follower as three typologies of individuals who engage in which crime?
A)assault
B)rape
C)serial murder
D)terrorism
Q4) What are some reasons that terrorism is easier to accomplish today?
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Chapter 14: Property Crime
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Q1) Identify the various ways that motor vehicle theft is distinct from other forms of property crime.
Q2) A person cannot commit forgery without uttering.
A)True
B)False
Q3) An individual who takes the money of others by pretending to be a faith healer is committing
A)embezzlement
B)forgery
C)fraud
D)larceny
Q4) ______ is the most common property crime in the United States.
A)arson
B)burglary
C)larceny/theft
D)motor vehicle theft
Q5) Burglary has a lower clearance rate than robbery.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Define embezzlement.
Page 16
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Chapter 15: Public Order Crime
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Q1) Most drug use by adolescents will eventually develop into addiction.
A)True
B)False
Q2) What has been found regarding the relationship between alcohol/substance abuse and criminality?
Q3) Police spend more than half of their time on alcohol-related offenses.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Public order crimes are those that
A)have been determined not to cause social harm
B)cause some social harm, though there is debate surrounding whether it is sufficient to justify regulation by the criminal justice system
C)cause a great deal of harm and physical injury in comparison to other categories of criminality
D)are clearly "victimless"
Q5) What general criteria are used by the DEA in determining how to classify chemical substances?
Q6) What were considered the benefits of taxing and legalizing prostitution in ancient Athens?
Page 17
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Chapter 16: White-Collar Crime
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Q1) What is corporate crime?
Q2) Most white-collar crime is committed by persons of particularly high status.
A)True
B)False
Q3) An individual steals pens and paperclips from work.This is most clearly identified as ______ crime.
A)corporate
B)occupational
C)organized
D)professional occupational
Q4) Most cybercrime targets are ______ in nature.
A)physical
B)emotional
C)informational
D)informal
Q5) Compare and contrast occupational crime and corporate crime.Provide examples of each to support your answer.
Q6) What are some of the factors that lead to the savings and loan scandals of the 1980s?
Q7) Discuss Walters and Geyer's (2004) findings and the limitations of their study.
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Chapter 17: Organized Crime
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Q1) The Kefauver Committee formed in 1980 to investigate organized crime's involvement in interstate commerce.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The national ruling body of the La Cosa Nostra consists of five ________ families and four bosses from other important families located in other cities.
A)Los Angeles
B)New York
C)Chicago
D)Philadelphia
Q3) Briefly describe the structure of organized crime groups according to the feudal model.
Q4) ______ was a corrupt political machine associated with the Democratic Party that ran New York City well into the twentieth century from the "Hall."
A)Japanese organized crime groups
B)La Cosa Nostra
C)Russian organized crime groups
D)Tammany Society
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