Course Introduction
Sociology of Crime Exam
Answer Key
Sociology of Crime explores the social origins, patterns, and consequences of criminal behavior within society. This course examines how crime is defined and measured, analyzes sociological theories of deviance and criminality, and investigates the relationship between crime, law, power, and social inequality. Students will critically assess the role of social institutions such as the family, education, and the criminal justice system in shaping both criminal behavior and societys response to crime.
Drawing on empirical research and case studies, the course highlights issues such as race, class, gender, and the media, providing a comprehensive understanding of the complex social dynamics underlying crime and its control.
Recommended Textbook
Criminology The Essentials 3rd Edition by Anthony Walsh
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Chapter 1: An Overview of Crime and Criminology
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Q1) Briefly explain the views of the classical school of criminology in regard to explaining criminal behavior.
Answer: The classical school emphasized human rationality and free will in its explanations for criminal behavior.
Q2) The unconstrained vision denies the existence of an innate human nature, instead holding that human nature is formed anew in each different culture.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) The criteria for judging the merits of a theory include predictive accuracy, predictive scope, simplicity, and falsifiability.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q4) Provide two examples of acts that would be considered mala prohibita. Answer: prostitution, drug dealing
Q5) Provide two examples of acts that would be considered <i>mala in se.</i>
Answer: murder, rape, robbery.
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Chapter 2: Measuring Crime and Criminal Behavior
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Q1) When attempting to understand, predict, and control any social problem, including the crime problem, the first step is to determine its ______.
A)cause
B)seriousness
C)source
D)extent
Answer: D
Q2) One of the interview improvements in the methodology of NCVS includes:
A)self-report surveys
B)evidentiary standards
C)the bounding interview
D)memorization techniques
Answer: C
Q3) Which of the following is classified as an index crime?
A)arson
B)embezzlement
C)public drunkenness
D)traffic violations
Answer: A
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Chapter 3: Victimology: Exploring the Experience of Victimization
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Q1) Victim-Offender Reconciliation Programs (VORP's) are an integral part of what criminal justice philosophy?
A)rehabilitative
B)retributive
C)restorative
D)punishment
Answer: C
Q2) Identify one occupation that has one of the highest risks for victimization. Answer: police officers; correctional officers; taxi drivers
Q3) Victim precipitation theory is most contentious when it is applied to ______.
A)homicide
B)rape
C)robbery
D)theft
Answer: B
Q4) Seriously violent delinquents are more likely to be violently victimized than nondelinquents.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Chapter 4: The Early Schools of Criminology
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Q1) Define hedonism.
Q2) Hedonism is a doctrine whose central tenet is that the achievement of pleasure is the main goal of life.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Prior to the eighteenth century, explanations of crime and other human behavior tended to center on
A)human rationality
B)inborn traits
C)social influences
D)religiosity or spiritualism
Q4) ______ deterrence refers to the effect of punishment of the future behavior of the person who experiences the punishment.
A)general
B)specific
C)primary
D)secondary
Q5) Explain the difference between specific and general deterrence.
Q6) Briefly describe cartographic criminology.
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Chapter 5: Crime As Choice: Rationality, Emotion, and Criminal Behavior
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Q1) The concept of human agency is not compatible with determinism or free will.
A)True
B)False
Q2) ______ tend to not like rational choice and routine activities theories because the "free agent" position naturally leads to a retributivist stance on punishment.
A)conservatives
B)moderates
C)liberals
Q3) Define emotions.
Q4) Capable guardians can only be persons, not things.
A)True
B)False
Q5) What is meant by "arranging the environment" to prevent crime?
Q6) What is the primary appeal of crime according to cultural criminologists?
A)intrinsic rewards
B)monetary rewards
C)material rewards
Q7) What does the term <i>anelpis </i>mean?
Q8) Give two examples of <i>wertrationalitat.</i> Page 7
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Chapter 6: Social Structural Theories
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Q1) After reaching a population density of 4,000 juveniles in a county, population size had a significant effect on the rate of juvenile violence.
A)True
B)False
Q2) According to Robert Merton's theory, what causes strain?
Q3) Inadequate socialization will result in the ______ response whereby the conflict and frustration are eliminated by relinquishing the institutional means and retaining the success-aspiration.
A)innovation
B)ritualist
C)rebellion
D)retreatist
Q4) What is social disorganization?
Q5) Shaw and McKay noted that the majority of delinquents always came from the same neighborhood regardless of the ethnic composition of those neighborhoods.
A)True
B)False
Q6) How does Sanchez-Jankowski define "structure"?
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Chapter 7: Social Process Theories
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Q1) Identify and briefly explain two out of the four social bonds identified by Hirschi.
Q2) Frank Tannenbaum referred to the process of labeling a person criminal as ______:
A)the dramatizing of evil
B)negative reinforcement
C)positive punishment
D)symbolic interactionism
Q3) According to differential association theory, ______ become favorable to law violation according to the frequency, duration, priority, and intensity of exposure to them.
A)labels
B)consequences
C)definitions
D)criminals
Q4) Labeling theory argues that processing law violators through the criminal justice system may actually embed individuals further into a criminal lifestyle, rather than having a deterrent effect.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 8: Critical and Feminist Theories
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Q1) There is still no theory of crime that is entirely female-specific, leaving feminist criminologists to focus on descriptive studies of crime, or on crime-specific mini-theories.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Matriarchal families are said to be balanced, and parents socialize male and female children similarly.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The ______ hypothesis argues that as women are increasingly involved in the workforce, they will have more opportunities to commit job-related crime.
A)emancipation
B)gender equality
C)masculinization
D)staying alive
Q4) Describe the key components of Messerschmidt's structured action theory.What is hegemonic masculinity? What does Messerschmidt mean when he says "do gender"?
Q5) What is the lumpenproletariat?
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Chapter 9: Psychosocial Theories: Individual Traits and Criminal Behavior
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Q1) Briefly identify the policy implication(s) of a psychosocial approach to crime.
Q2) Briefly explain the two factors considered in the two-factor model of the PCL-R.
Q3) Preadolescents are temperamentally more at risk when they have high effortful control and low frustration.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Identify the three key concepts of lifestyle theory.
Q5) Individuals with a readily aroused ANS are difficult to socialize.
A)True
B)False
Q6) ______ refers to an individual characteristic that constitutes a person's habitual mode of emotionally responding to stimuli.
A)altruism
B)intelligence
C)personality
D)temperament
Q7) Briefly describe the contributions of lifestyle theory.
Q8) What are the two subsets of psychopaths?
Q9) What is the most frequently used and validated measure of psychopathy? Page 12
Q10) What are the three key concepts of Freud's theory of personality?
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Chapter 10: Biosocial Approaches
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Q1) All evolutionary theories of crime focus on______.
A)economic development
B)genetic developments
C)reproductive strategies
D)the behavior activating system
Q2) Why do behavior geneticists use twin and adoption studies?
Q3) Damage to the prefrontal cortex can increase the likelihood that a person will engage in antisocial behavior.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Which of the following is true regarding the relationship of genetics to crime?
A)The relationship exists, but is always indirect.
B)The relationship exists, but is sometimes indirect.
C)There is a strong and direct relationship between genes and crime.
D)There is no known relationship between genes and crime.
Q5) What is evolutionary psychology?
Q6) What is G/E interaction?
Q7) Humans invest more in parenting effort than any other species.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 11: Developmental Theories: From Delinquency to
Crime to Desistance
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Q1) Developmental theories focus on crimes that occur ______.
A)in childhood
B)during adolescence
C)in adulthood
D)from onset to desistance
Q2) Compare and contrast Agnew's super traits theory and Moffitt's dual pathway theory.How are they similar? How are they different?
Q3) ______ described themselves at age 18 on personality measures as extremely self-controlled, fearful, interpersonally timid, socially inept, and latecomers to sexual relationships.
A)adolescence-limited (AL) offenders
B)life-course persistent (LCP) offenders
C)abstainers
D)chronic offenders
Q4) ADHD is more prevalent among males than females.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Define and discuss risk factors and protective factors of antisocial behavior.What is ADHD? What is conduct disorder? How are they related?
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Chapter 12: Crimes of Violence
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Q1) True or False? Surprisingly, stable, wealthy nations tend to have higher murder rates than those which are still developing.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Murder is the most common felony violent crime.
A)True
B)False
Q3) What is a subculture of violence?
Q4) What proportion of female murders is committed by their intimate partners?
A)just under a quarter
B)slightly more than half
C)over three fourths
D)more than one third
Q5) How does the diathesis-stress model integrate cultural, developmental, psychological, and biological concepts to explain serial killing?
Q6) The majority of robbers are over 25 years of age.
A)True
B)False
Q7) List and describe the four types of serial killers.
Page 16
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Chapter 13: Terrorism
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Q1) Briefly describe the relationship between terrorism and common crime.
Q2) One commonality among all terrorist groups is that they originate in response to some perceived injustice.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Though Americans see terrorism as a "foreign thing," between 2009 and 2010 there were ______ citizens or legal residents indicted and arrested in America or overseas for Islamic terrorist acts.
A)14
B)63
C)108
D)155
Q4) ______ is defined by the FBI as meaning "the unlawful use of force or violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce ...in furtherance of political or social goals."
A)aggravated assault
B)forceful intimidation
C)political crime
D)terrorism
Q5) What are some reasons that terrorism is easier to accomplish today?
Page 17
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Chapter 14: Property Crime
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Q1) ______ is the most important consideration for low- and mid-level burglars.
A)guardianship
B)proximity
C)target attractiveness
D)target exposure
Q2) What is a denial of service (DoS) attack?
Q3) Identify the various ways that motor vehicle theft is distinct from other forms of property crime.
Q4) What distinguishes grand theft from petty theft?
Q5) A ______ is a person who regularly buys stolen property for resale and who often has a legitimate business to cover his activities.
A)booster
B)fence
C)snitch
D)pimp
Q6) Compare and contrast larceny/theft and burglary, including how they have both changed over time.
Q7) What is the most immediate pressure facing burglars after a successful burglary?
Q8) Describe the "salami technique."
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Chapter 15: Public Order Crime
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Q1) Who are the four parties that the FBI covers under its definition of prostitution?
Q2) Define alcoholism and fully compare and contrast the two types.Be sure to include biological factors that were covered in your reading.
Q3) As part of a conflict surrounding control of a territory in the drug market, two gangs engage in a gun battle.This type of violence is identified in your readings as ______ in origin.
A)Conflict oriented
B)Economic compulsive
C)pharmacological
D)systemic
Q4) What has been found regarding the relationship between alcohol/substance abuse and criminality?
Q5) According to the DEA schedule classification scheme, Schedule I substances carry the lowest risk of addiction.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Marijuana is available in some states for what two reasons?
Q7) How do the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention define binge drinking?
Page 19
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Chapter 16: White-Collar Crime
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Q1) The approach that businesses should be left alone to do as they will is known as ______.
A)caveat emptor
B)laissez-faire
C)Machiavellianism
D)Sarbanes-Oxley Act
Q2) ______ refers to the unprincipled manipulation of others for personal gain.
A)caveat emptor
B)laissez-faire
C)Machiavellianism
D)Sarbanes-Oxley Act
Q3) Just as there are criminogenic neighborhoods, there are also criminogenic corporations with a "tradition" of wrongdoing.
A)True
B)False
Q4) A study of brokerage firms found that many of the biggest names in the business have not had any serious violations since the early 1980s.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 17: Organized Crime
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Q1) ______ is committed by structured criminal enterprises that maintain their activities over time by violence and/or corruption.
A)corporate crime
B)occupational crime
C)organized crime
D)white-collar crime
Q2) Albanese (2000) identifies criminal opportunities created by motivated offenders, including:
A)gambling
B)pornography
C)extortion
D)all of these
Q3) In the 1920s, the passage of which of the following prompted a rise in crime, violence, and political corruption related to organized crime?
A)Harrison Act
B)McClellan Commission
C)Sarbanes-Oxley Act
D)Volstead Act
Q4) How is La Cosa Nostra like a mature corporation?
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