Sociology of Crime and Deviance Exam Bank
Course
Introduction
Sociology of Crime and Deviance examines the social foundations of criminal behavior and societal reactions to it. The course explores key theoretical perspectives on why individuals and groups break laws or defy social norms, including theories of social control, labeling, subcultures, and structural inequality. Students analyze the ways in which crime and deviance are defined, measured, and policed, considering historical, cultural, and institutional contexts. The course also addresses issues of power, class, race, and gender in shaping concepts of deviance, as well as the impact of criminal justice policies and media representation on societys understanding of crime.
Recommended Textbook
Criminology A Sociological Understanding 7th Edition by Steven E Barkan
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Chapter 1: Criminology and the Sociological Perspective
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Sample Questions
Q1) Vertical social structure refers to the social and physical characteristics of a community.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) Sigmund Freud developed the anomie theory.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) One of the major goals of the criminal law is to suppress the rights of minorities.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q4) Marx and Engels are considered the early creators of which theory?
A) Feminist
B) Conflict
C) Consensus
D) Rational Choice
Answer: B
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Chapter 2: Public Opinion, the News Media, and the Crime Problem
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Q1) Which of the following groups has often been the subject of distorted treatment in media coverage?
A) White males
B) Wealthy women
C) Homeless
D) Racial and ethnic minorities
Answer: D
Q2) Which of the following is a structural factor that contributes to fear of crime?
A) Higher income levels
B) Low levels of social integration
C) Homogenous neighborhoods
D) High number of television news programs
Answer: B
Q3) In the 1830s,major East Coast US cities:
A) Were plagued by mob violence.
B) Were plagued by juvenile delinquency.
C) Saw a major drop in violent crime.
D) Saw a slight drop in crime committed by women.
Answer: A
Page 4
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Chapter 3: The Measurement and Patterning of Criminal Behavior
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Q1) Beginning in the 1960s,explanations focusing on a ______ of violence (e.g.,attitudes approving violence)and on deficiencies in African-American family structure became popular.
Answer: Subculture
Q2) Which of the following is not a common critique of self-reports?
A) They tend to focus on minor and trivial offenses.
B) Self-report respondents often fib.
C) They rely too heavily on only reported arrests.
D) They tend to ignore white-collar crime.
Answer: C
Q3) If girls are raised to be less assertive,less dominant,and more gentle and nurturing,crime rates will be lower.This suggests a ____ explanation of lower crime rates.
A) Biological
B) Psychological
C) Sociological
D) Structural
Answer: C
Q4) Burglary,larceny,motor vehicle theft,and arson are classified as _____ crime.
Answer: Property
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Chapter 4: Victims and Victimization
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Q1) According to NCVS,most sexual assaults (75%)are committed by strangers.
A)True
B)False
Q2) For property crime,____ is related to victimization.
A) Gender
B) Race
C) Age
D) Income
Q3) Which of the following has been pinpointed as a risk factor for adolescent victimization?
A) Acne
B) Early puberty
C) Social-networking
D) Bullying
Q4) For property crime,income is also related to victimization: the _____ the income,the higher the rate of property-crime victimization.
Q5) Discuss the social patterns of crime.
Q6) Very few women experience intimate violence from husbands and boyfriends.
A)True
B)False
Page 6
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Chapter 5: Classical and Neoclassical Perspectives
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Q1) During the Enlightenment period,because laws were vague and different judges handed out different sentences,justice could be described as _____.
A) Balanced
B) Facetious
C) Impartial
D) Arbitrary
Q2) Positivism suggest that:
A) Offenders commit crime solely because of the benefits it brings them
B) Evil forces such as demons can affect criminal behavior
C) Individuals are less likely to be victims if they have positive attitudes
D) Forces both outside and inside an individual might affect his/her likelihood of breaking the law
Q3) Positivism stresses free will as the main reason for criminal behavior.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Routine activities theory is also known as _____ theory or neoclassical theory.
Q5) Most deterrence research has focused on the _____ of punishment (the likelihood of being arrested).
Q6) Identify the three major components of routine activities theory.
Page 7
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Chapter 6: Biological and Psychological Explanations
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Q1) An over production of the male hormone _____ may influence criminal behavior.
Q2) _____ carry messages from the brain throughout the body.
Q3) Which of the following may impair moral reasoning and the ability to appreciate the consequences of one's actions?
A) High testosterone
B) Low IQ
C) High serotonin
D) Low glucose
Q4) Which stage did Freud think represents internalization of society's moral code?
A) Superego
B) Id
C) Ego
D) Ethos
Q5) Explain Freud's ideas regarding the three components of the human personality.
Q6) Why did Lombroso believe women committed so little crime?
A) He believed they preferred shoplifting to violence
B) He believed they only committed crime out of anger
C) He believed them to be more naturally passive than men
D) He believed them to be more intelligent than men
Q7) According to Sheldon,____ are heavy and relatively noncriminal.
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Chapter 7: Sociological Theories: Emphasis on Social Structure
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Q1) According to Durkheim,which of the following tends to be higher during times of social change?
A) Immigration rates
B) High school graduation rates
C) Birth rates
D) Suicide rates
Q2) Cloward and Ohlin argue that there is differential access to legitimate means.
A)True
B)False
Q3) To help command respect,Anderson contends:
A) Young urban men often adopt a certain "look" involving the way they dress, move, and talk
B) Young urban females see pregnancy as a legitimate means to economic success
C) Young urban females will often mimic male behavior including engaging in violence
D) Young urban males will avoid encounters with police or the courts
Q4) The code of the street is a response to the effects of rap music.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Shaw and McKay studied delinquency rates in the city of _____.
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Chapter 8: Sociological Theories: Emphasis on Social Process
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Q1) Identify and explain 3 key elements of Sutherland's differential association theory.
Q2) Differential association may vary in _____,duration,priority,and intensity.
Q3) Sociologists have long considered religion an important force for social stability.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Which of the following assumes that antisocial behavior is restricted to childhood?
A) Adolescence-limited theory
B) Youth-development theory
C) Persistent-threat theory
D) Teen-choice theory
Q5) Family interaction or _____ refers to the nature of the interaction and relationships within the family.
A) Family disorder
B) Family functioning
C) Family bonding
D) Family setting
Q6) How do we utilize "neutralization" as a means of justifying criminal behavior?
Page 10
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Chapter 9: Sociological Theories: Critical Perspectives
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Q1) Liberal feminists attribute gender differences in crime rates to gender differences in socialization and also call attention to gender discrimination in the criminal justice system.
A)True
B)False
Q2) According to Marx,it is the _____ who work for the bourgeoisie.
Q3) The idea people must find inner peace and develop nonviolent ways of resolving conflict,including both crime and war is a hallmark of _____ criminology.
Q4) In a self-fulfilling prophecy,the social-psychological and practical consequences of official labeling thus lead to deviance amplification.
A)True
B)False
Q5) The _____ theory suggests that social institutions serve the interests of the powerful in society and are dysfunctional for many other members of society.
Q6) Disintegrative shaming,or _____,occurs when offenders are treated like outcasts and no effort is made to forgive or to involve them in community affairs.
Q7) Discuss left realism and its emphasis of peacemaking criminology.
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Chapter 10: Violent Crime: Homicide,assault,and Robbery
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Q1) Homicide is largely a(n)_____ crime: for single-offender,single-victim homicides,92 percent of African-American murder victims are murdered by African-American offenders.
Q2) Killings considered less serious or less blameworthy but not justifiable are labeled _____.
Q3) Some scholars think that high homicide rates in the South arises from a _____ in which disputes that might fade away in other regions become deadly in the South.
A) Southern subculture of violence
B) Greater availability of opportunity
C) Decreased access to nutrition as youths
D) Southern subculture of illiteracy
Q4) The advent of _____ helped increase robbery rates because they provided a location where a lone target could be expected to have a fair amount of money.
A) Automated teller machines
B) Starbucks stores
C) Banks
D) Pawn shops
Q5) Most involuntary manslaughter cases are the result of _____ fatalities.
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Chapter 11: Violence Against Women
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Q1) Women are most likely to be raped or sexually assaulted by a complete stranger.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Women from which of the following age groups are most likely to be victims of intimate partner violence?
A) 25-34
B) 35-49
C) 50-61
D) 62 and older
Q3) Anthropological evidence supports the view that _____ helps to explain violence against women.
A) Tribal equality
B) Gender inequality
C) Rational choice
D) Chemical imbalances
Q4) In India and Pakistan,dowry deaths claim the lives of thousands of women annually.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Women who serve our country in the _____ often are victims of sexual assault.
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Chapter 12: Property Crime and Fraud
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Q1) Joyriding is committed primarily by professional car thieves.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Property crime is highest in the _____and lowest in the _____.
A) Northeast, South
B) Southwest, Mid-West
C) Northwest, Northeast
D) South, Northeast
Q3) Katz described property offenses as sneaky thrill crimes that offenders commit because they are excited by the idea of stealing.
A)True
B)False
Q4) _____ buy and sell stolen goods.
Q5) Identify the different types of burglars and what factors separate them from one another.
Q6) When teenage boys steal a car,it is generally for _____.
Q7) Most burglarized structures are homes and businesses.
A)True
B)False
Q8) When crime occurs on the internet it is known as ______.
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Chapter 13: White-Collar and Organized Crime
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Q1) Most organizational crime is committed by minorities.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which of the following best represents the economic cost of white-collar crime?
A) $1 million annually
B) $34 million annually
C) $121 billion annually
D) $588 billion annually
Q3) Which of the following is estimated at between $77 billion and $259 billion annually and has received perhaps the most attention of any professional fraud?
A) Legal fraud
B) Plumbing fraud
C) Health care fraud
D) University fraud
Q4) Insider trading is a form of medical fraud.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Discuss the monetary cost of street crime compared to white-collar crime.
Q6) Organized crime's power and wealth _____ enormously during the Prohibition era.
Q7) Explain why some claim the alien conspiracy model is really a myth.
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Chapter 14: Political Crime
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Q1) Which of the following is an example of vigilante terrorism?
A) Pearl Harbor
B) 9/11
C) Space shuttle Challenger explosion
D) Oklahoma City bombing
Q2) In the concentration camps of World War II,American scientists performed some hideous experiments in the name of science.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The Nazis committed _____ against the Jews when they attempted extermination.
Q4) Explain genocide.
Q5) Spying,or,_____,has been called the world's "second oldest profession".
Q6) Soviet dictator Joseph Stalin committed _____ terrorism during a purge of Communist Party leaders threatened his reign.The result was thousands of executions.
Q7) Like white-collar crime,_____ is an ambiguous term.
A) Political crime
B) Gang crime
C) Corporate crime
D) Institutional crime
Page 16
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Chapter 15: Consensual Crime
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Q1) Write an argument paper for or against legalization of prostitution.
Q2) A key issue in the nation's response to pornography is:
A) That pornography is completely legal even if minors are involved
B) The Supreme Court of the US has refused to rule on pornography cases
C) That pornography is very difficult and perhaps impossible to define precisely
D) No laws have been passed to stop or limit that pornography
Q3) Prostitution is a relatively new phenomenon.
A)True
B)False
Q4) National self-report surveys of drug use:
A) Are completely accurate
B) Exclude people whose illegal drug use may be especially high, such as the homeless, prisoners, and runaway teenagers
C) Include such people as inmates, college students and government officials who are often illegal drug users
D) Rarely measure drug use among teenagers, judges and illegal immigrants
Q5) In ancient Greece,legal _____ (houses of prostitution)were common.
Q6) Caffeine (found in coffee,colas,and other products)is considered a "good drug".
A)True
B)False
Page 17
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Chapter 16: Policing: Dilemmas of Crime Control in a Democratic Society
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Q1) Discuss some of the key concepts related to women and arrest.
Q2) US policing developed from the early German system.
A)True
B)False
Q3) How does community policing differ from more aggressive styles of policing?
Q4) The mini stations used in urban neighborhoods in Japan are called yakuza.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Ten tithings living on a particular noble's estate were called a hundred.The noble appointed an unpaid _____ to monitor their behavior.
A) Sheriff
B) Justice of the peace
C) State trooper
D) Constable
Q6) Packer's _____ reflect the tensions of crime-control in a democratic society.
A) Crime-control and due process models
B) Feminist and patriarchal models
C) Diversity and exclusive models
D) Oppression and expression models
Q7) The outcome of Mapp v.Ohio lead to what is known as the _____ rule. Page 18
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Page 19
Chapter 17: Prosecution and Punishment
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Q1) Women are less likely than men with similar offenses and prior records to be incarcerated.
A)True
B)False
Q2) In the wake of Furman,states revised their death-penalty laws and procedures to reduce _____ in the application of the penalty.
Q3) The lynching of African-American in the South decreased dramatically immediately after the Civil War.
A)True
B)False
Q4) In large,modern societies,the collective conscience,or society's shared norms and values,is extremely strong.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Identify the members of the courtroom work group and how it affects the adjudication process.
Q6) Explain the philosophy behind the brutalization effect.
Q7) Heavy _____ burden,prosecutors,defense attorneys and judges.
Q8) The courtroom _____ group consists of defense attorneys and judges.
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Chapter 18: Conclusion: How Can We Reduce Crime
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Q1) Unemployment lines indicate a social problem-_____-that contributes to the crime rate.
A) The failure of individuals to seek out available jobs
B) The absence of a sufficient number of decent-paying jobs for the poor
C) The success of socialism and government intervention in the economy
D) The success of racial segregation
Q2) Expanding the network of battered women's shelters and rape crisis centers is not a secondary prevention approach.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Greater income inequality should reduce crime.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Crime is less likely when families live in apartment buildings,public housing projects,and other types of crowded housing.
A)True
B)False
Q5) _____ prevention aims to identify practices and situations that put certain individuals at risk for illness or injury.
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