Sociology Capstone Seminar
Final Exam Questions
Course Introduction
The Sociology Capstone Seminar provides students with an integrative experience that synthesizes their academic training in sociology. Through advanced readings, discussions, and research projects, students critically engage with major sociological theories, methodologies, and contemporary issues. The seminar emphasizes independent research, analytical writing, and oral presentation skills, culminating in a substantial capstone project that demonstrates each student's ability to apply sociological knowledge to real-world questions or problems. Designed as a culminating experience, this course prepares students for professional opportunities or graduate study by fostering collaborative learning and reflective practice.
Recommended Textbook Making Sense of the Social World Methods of Investigation 4th Edition by Daniel F. Chambliss
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Chapter 1: Science, Society, and Social Research
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Q1) Evaluation research can be used to describe the impact of social programs.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) Which of the four "challenges" are the most difficult for social science to overcome?
Review each of the four and evaluate the relative difficulties they create. Answer in terms of a specific research area, such as understanding homelessness, crime, or adaptations to communities or work organizations.
Answer: Overgeneralization-occurs when we unjustifiably conclude that what is true for some cases is true for all cases; Selective or inaccurate observation-choosing to look only at things that are in line with our preferences or beliefs; Illogical reasoning-the premature jumping to conclusions or arguing on the basis of invalid assumptions; Resistance to change-the reluctance to change our idea in light of new information
Q3) Researchers can rely on gender as disclosed in forums when identifying differences in usage patterns between men and women.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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3
Chapter 2: The Process and Problems of Social Research
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Q1) Megan's research found that City H had a much higher median income than City L. Can she assume that an individual selected for a survey of the City H will have a higher income than an individual selected from City L?
A) Yes, because of sample generalizability.
B) No, because of cross-population generalizability.
C) Yes, because of reductionism.
D) No, because of an ecological fallacy.
E) Yes, but only if she uses systematic sampling.
Answer: D
Q2) Chambliss states "the adequacy of an explanation formulated after the fact is necessarily less certain than an explanation presented prior to the collection of data" . Explain in your own words what this statement means for students who will be conducting research of their own.
Answer: Inductive reasoning may produce anomalous or serendipitous patterns in the data; every phenomenon can always be explained in some way; Inductive explanations then are made more trustworthy if it is followed by deductive research; Great insights and ideas can come from inductive studies, but verifiable proof comes from deductive research
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Chapter 3: Ethics in Research
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Q1) The researcher's commitment to maintaining privacy and confidentiality:
A) Should be included in the informed consent agreement
B) Is a key ethical standard for protecting participants
C) Does not apply to observations in public places or information available in public records
D) Both a and b
E) All of the above
Answer: E
Q2) Which of the following are issues with obtaining informed consent?
A) Consent form must be clear and understandable.
B) Consent form should be sufficiently long and detailed to explain what will actually happen in the research.
C) Some participants cannot truly give consent.
D) Must be aware of vulnerable populations.
E) All of the above
Answer: E
Q3) The researcher who conducted famous studies on obedience was Stanley Milgram. A)True
B)False Answer: True
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Chapter 4: Conceptualization and Measurement
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Q1) Using archived (preexisting) data is a type of unobtrusive measure.
A)True
B)False
Q2) An open-ended question is designed with explicit response choices.
A)True
B)False
Q3) A scale is an index in which different items are given different weights.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Samples of individuals who use social media such as Facebook are representative of the whole population.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Construct validity measures how well something is measured in comparison with:
A) A population
B) A target population
C) A measure taken later in time
D) Dimensions of a theoretical concept
E) Dimensions of reliability
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Chapter 5: Sampling and Generalizability
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Q1) The ____________ the sample, the more ___________ we can have in the sample's representativeness.
A) smaller; reliability
B) larger; reliability
C) larger; confidence
D) smaller; confidence
E) larger; assurance
Q2) How does diversity within the population affect the sampling technique chosen in social research? Does this differ for probability and non-probability sampling? Explain at least three specific techniques that can be used to address high levels of diversity within a population.
Q3) The text points out that the amount of sampling error introduced by random selection changes with the size of the sample and with the homogeneity of the population from which it is selected. Taking these points into account, explain how it is that stratified sampling can result in less sampling error that multi-stage cluster sampling. After all, isn't random selection random selection, no matter which type of sampling is used?
Q4) Should the U.S. Census be replaced by a survey of a random sample? Evaluate the arguments for and against this change.
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Chapter 6: Causation and Experimental Design
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Q1) In an experiment, the control group receives the experimental treatment.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Quasi-experimental designs are like true experiments, except:
A) They never have a control group.
B) They use multiple control groups.
C) They do not randomly assign subjects to groups.
D) They take measurements at more than one point in time.
E) They do not use pretests.
Q3) In terms of validity, experiments are weakest in terms of establishing:
A) Time order
B) Internal validity
C) Random assignment
D) Generalizability
E) Association
Q4) Subjects who can be recruited for a laboratory experiment, randomly assigned to a group, and kept under carefully controlled conditions for the duration of the study are the most likely to be representative of the larger population.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 7: Survey Research
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Q1) A major weakness of web-based surveys is that Internet access is not widely or evenly available in the general population.
A)True
B)False
Q2) In a phone survey or an in-person survey, the list of questions is referred to as:
A) Questionnaire
B) Interview survey
C) Interview schedule
D) Interpretive questions
E) Key informant interview
Q3) An omnibus survey does not need a specific research focus.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of including neutral, middle alternatives in response choices for survey questions.
Q5) Describe five different ways that surveys can be administered. What are the advantages and disadvantages of each?
Q6) Outline the procedure for pretesting a survey.
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Chapter 8: Elementary Quantitative Data Analysis
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Q1) The process of checking data carefully for errors is known as:
A) Data reduction
B) Data cleaning
C) Data dredging
D) Data definition
E) Data analysis
Q2) Which summary statistic should be used for nominal variables?
A) Range
B) Variance
C) Mean
D) Median
E) Mode
Q3) Which of the following is not a guideline for constructing graphs?
A) Begin the graph of a quantitative variable at zero on both axes.
B) Always use bars of equal width.
C) The two axes should be of approximately equal length.
D) Avoid "chart junk" that clutters the graph.
E) When possible, use graphics instead of bars.
Q4) What three features are important for describing the shape of a variable's distribution?
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Chapter 9: Qualitative Methods: Observing, Participating, Listening
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Q1) Field research relies heavily on which two types of research subjects?
A) Covert participants and gatekeepers
B) Gatekeepers and key informants
C) Key informants and experts
D) Experts and stakeholders
E) Stakeholders and covert participants
Q2) If you are concerned with online communities, which form of qualitative analysis would be most appropriate?
A) Ethnomethodology
B) Case oriented analysis
C) Ethnography
D) Netnography
E) Grounded theory
Q3) Qualitative methods refer to the following distinctive research designs:
A) Field experiments, intensive interviewing, and survey research
B) Participant observation, intensive interviewing, and focus groups
C) Participant observation, intensive interviewing, and survey research
D) Participant observation, focus groups, and field experiments
E) Focus groups, field experiments, and survey research
Q4) How is netnography similar to a traditional ethnography? How is it different?
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Chapter 10: Qualitative Data Analysis
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Q1) When a researcher understands and recognizes his or her own bias and perceptions, the researcher is engaging in:
A) Documentation
B) Examining relationships between concepts
C) Reflexivity
D) Authentication
E) Reporting
Q2) Visual sociology may use photographs and film as text.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Anthropologists call the intention of representing a setting under study in the participants' own terms:
A) Reflexive focus
B) Emic focus
C) Indigenous focus
D) Holistic focus
E) Interpretivist focus
Q4) Qualitative data analysis tends to be iterative and reflexive. Explain what this means in your own words.
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Chapter 11: Unobtrusive Measures
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Q1) What steps can be taken to lessen the potential detrimental impact of social programs on participants? What other ethical issues should evaluation researchers consider, both in terms of social science ethics and federally mandated criteria?
Q2) A study specifically designed to investigate whether a program can be evaluated is known as a:
A) Needs assessment
B) Evaluability assessment
C) Process evaluation
D) Impact analysis
E) Efficiency analysis
Q3) Researchers should always emphasize a strict social science orientation when conducting evaluation research.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Evaluation research is conducted to investigate social programs.
A)True
B)False
Q5) What are the limitations of evaluation research when compared to other forms of social scientific research?
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Chapter 12: Evaluation Research
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Q1) When considering its relative merits as a research method, surveys have:
A) High measurement validity, high generalizability, and reasonable causal validity
B) Low measurement validity, but high generalizability and causal validity
C) High measurement validity, but low generalizability and causal validity
D) Low measurement validity and generalizability, but high causal validity
E) High measurement validity, low generalizability, and almost no causal validity
Q2) An applied report is written for:
A) Students
B) Manuals
C) Guides
D) Non-academic audience
E) Bureaucrats
Q3) To write a successful report, a researcher should respect the complexity of the task and should not expect to write a polished draft in a linear fashion.
A)True
B)False
Q4) What is the purpose of a literature review in a proposal and a research report?
Q5) What is the difference between an abstract and a conclusion in terms of content?
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