Sociology and Society Test Preparation
Course Introduction
Sociology and Society explores the foundational concepts, theories, and methods used to understand how societies function and evolve. This course examines the intricate relationships between individuals, groups, institutions, and broader social structures, analyzing topics such as culture, socialization, inequality, deviance, and social change. Through critical discussion and analysis, students gain insight into how social forces shape human behavior and influence societal issues, preparing them to think sociologically about the world around them.
Recommended Textbook
You May Ask Yourself An Introduction to Thinking Like a Sociologist Core 4th Edition by Dalton Conley
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1556 Verified Questions
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Page 2
Chapter 1: The Sociological Imagination: An Introduction
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Sample Questions
Q1) In the book How to Observe Morals and Manners,the institution of marriage is criticized as:
A) based on an assumption of the inferiority of women.
B) based on an assumption of the inferiority of men.
C) reinforcing compulsory heterosexuality.
D) perpetuating social class stratification.
Answer: A
Q2) Discuss the main ideas of symbolic interactionism.
Answer: Symbolic interactionism began in the 1960s and focuses on microsociology,or how face-to-face interactions create the social world.Examples are George Herbert Mead's work,as well as Herbert Blumer's paradigm,which argues that people give meanings to social signs and signals.
Also,Erving Goffman's dramaturgical theory of social interaction can be used here,as it is argued to be the groundwork for symbolic interactionism.Goffman found in his work The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life (1959)that people create front stage and other scripts to shape their encounters and to reinforce their notions about class and social status.
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Methods
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Sample Questions
Q1) Describe the difference between white coat effects and reflexivity in social research,and discuss why each of these is important.
Answer: White coat effects are the ways that researchers affect (mostly unintentionally)the people they study.When a researcher's presence impacts the very processes and relationships he or she is looking at,this could be problematic and could lead to "faulty" data.An example of a white coat effect is how I act differently at work when the manager is around.Not only can the manager fire me but I also don't want her to think I'm "goofing off."
Reflexivity is when a researcher is aware of the white coat effects that he or she might be causing.To be reflexive is to examine one's potential role in,and the effect it might have on,the research itself.When the researcher's own perception and experience of events become the data from which he or she makes claims,it is important to acknowledge any potential bias.If researchers are not reflexive,they may believe that their presence has absolutely no effect on subjects' attitudes and behavior,which is unlikely.
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Chapter 3: Culture and Media
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Sample Questions
Q1) If ____________ are abstract cultural beliefs,then ____________ are how they are put into play.
A) values; norms
B) norms; values
C) subcultures; countercultures
D) countercultures; subcultures
Answer: A
Q2) The United States has laws that prohibit cockfighting.People in Bali might say that people in the United States are:
A) culturally advanced.
B) more moral.
C) ethnocentric.
D) from high culture.
Answer: C
Q3) The first form of mass media was the:
A) television.
B) book.
C) silent film.
D) billboard.
Answer: B
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Chapter 4: Socialization and the Construction of Reality
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Sample Questions
Q1) Explain the main concepts of Merton's role theory and provide an example of each.
Q2) In their book Preparing for Power,Cookson and Persell (1985)explore the role that private prep schools play in transmitting power and privilege to the students who attend them.As discussed in your textbook,which is the most important aspect of prep school education?
A) Private prep schools teach kids good manners and etiquette.
B) Private prep schools allow students to engage in more upper-class sports and activities.
C) Private prep schools link students to important social networks that will benefit them for life.
D) Private prep schools prepare students to give back to their communities by engaging in philanthropic pursuits.
Q3) People and groups who influence our orientation to life and our self-concept,emotions,attitudes,and behaviors are:
A) generalized others.
B) total institutions.
C) agents of socialization.
D) always in secondary groups.
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Chapter 5: Groups and Networks
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Sample Questions
Q1) Marina is a ten-year-old girl who idolizes singers like Mariah Carey and Christina Aguilera.She compares herself to them and imitates them while singing in front of her bedroom mirror.These singers are known as Marina's:
A) in-group.
B) out-group.
C) reference group.
D) primary group.
Q2) Define in-groups and out-groups,and give one example of each.
Q3) Which of the following cultures is a case study of a lifestyle that has endured and maintained its traditions despite wide changes in U.S.modern life?
A) Native Americans in New Mexico
B) Italian Americans in New York
C) the Amish in Pennsylvania
D) polygamous families in Utah
Q4) A married couple and their firstborn child are a type of group known as:
A) a dyad.
B) a triad.
C) a party.
D) a small group.
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Chapter 6: Social Control and Deviance
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Sample Questions
Q1) Sociologists refer to the set of mechanisms that creates compliance to norms as which of the following?
A) law enforcement
B) big brother
C) social control
D) laws
Q2) Modes of monitoring,examining,and regimenting individuals that are diffused throughout society,including standardized tests,are what Foucault called:
A) disciplinary techniques.
B) total institutions.
C) specific deterrence.
D) general deterrence.
Q3) Which theory explains how social context and social cues impact the way individuals act,specifically,whether or not local,informal norms allow acts such as vandalizing an abandoned car?
A) strain theory
B) symbolic interactionist theory
C) broken windows theory
D) differential opportunity theory
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Page 8
Chapter 7: Stratification
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Sample Questions
Q1) Opponents of the estate tax have consistently portrayed ____________ as its undeserving victims,although it only affects a small number of such individuals.
A) physicians
B) CEOs
C) farmers
D) the middle class
Q2) Pareto believed in a society in which status and mobility are based on individual attributes and ability,called:
A) meritocracy.
B) intelligence.
C) morals.
D) biology.
Q3) Which kind of inequality did Rousseau believe would always exist?
A) physical
B) social
C) neither physical nor social
D) both physical and social
Q4) Explain the estate,caste,class,and status hierarchy systems,using examples.
Q5) How does the status-attainment model help us understand social mobility?
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Chapter 8: Gender
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Sample Questions
Q1) Opponents of gay and lesbian couplings claim that homosexuality is unnatural because they believe sex should only be about:
A) reproduction.
B) marriage.
C) gender.
D) biology.
Q2) Explain why hegemonic males' social status is considered invisible and why these men might feel they are under attack by feminists.Explain in detail why gender roles arise.
Q3) Sociologist Cynthia Fuchs Epstein coined the term deceptive distinctions to refer to the behavioral differences between men and women that arise because of the:
A) matriarchal society we live in.
B) different roles they come to occupy.
C) biological differences between them.
D) myths surrounding maleness and femaleness.
Q4) Explain essentialism and biological determinism and the binary model in relation to sex and gender.
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Chapter 9: Race
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Sample Questions
Q1) A society is pluralistic if no distinct ethnic group is statistically:
A) in the minority.
B) equal to another.
C) the dominant group in government.
D) in the majority.
Q2) The genetic variation that corresponds with geographic origins is much ____________ than people commonly believe.
A) more random
B) more important
C) smaller
D) greater
Q3) Some Muslims have been in North America since the seventeenth century,when they were transported from:
A) Africa as slaves.
B) South America as immigrants.
C) China as indentured servants.
D) the West Indies.
Q4) Explain what sociologists mean when they argue that race is a social construction.Be sure to give a specific,"real-life" example.
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Chapter 10: Poverty
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Sample Questions
Q1) The story of Marlin Card,who was born into poverty as a child and has lived his life in and out of prison,demonstrates what,according to Card himself?
A) the need for more strict sentencing policies to keep criminals off the street
B) the importance of quality time spent between parents and children, which is so difficult for the poor to find
C) the need for a higher minimum wage to keep more people out of poverty
D) the difficulty those in poverty have maintaining regular employment
Q2) A higher Gini coefficient score means:
A) more inequality.
B) less inequality.
C) higher poverty.
D) lower poverty.
Q3) In general,a major goal of Clinton's 1996 Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act was to:
A) get people back into the labor market as soon as possible.
B) eliminate poverty among children.
C) increase government assistance for those in poverty.
D) expand employment opportunities in government and civil service.
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Chapter 11: Health and Society
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Sample Questions
Q1) What might inhibit American teenagers from reaching their maximum growth potential?
A) being middle class
B) teenage sex
C) bad diet
D) too much emphasis on fruits and vegetables
Q2) When it comes to health care,Western societies:
A) all offer universal care.
B) are dominated by complementary medicine like homeopathy and acupuncture. C) are reactive; people tend to go to the doctor only when they decide they are sick. D) are proactive; health care systems predict outcomes like life expectancy and quality of life.
Q3) What are some of the benefits of technological advancements of diagnosis and treatments before birth? What are a few moral issues stemming from this technology? How does this affect gender?
Q4) What is the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)? Why did the number of "illnesses" grow from 60 in the 1952 edition to around 400 in the fourth edition? What does this have to do with social construction?
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Page 13
Chapter 12: Family (in Core edition)
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to your text,the most frequent form of domestic violence is:
A) husband on wife.
B) wife on husband.
C) parents on kids.
D) sibling on sibling.
Q2) Most Latino families in the United States are shaped by which of the following?
A) a devout tradition of Catholicism
B) a devout tradition of Protestantism
C) U.S. history books
D) the U.S. media
Q3) Structural changes brought on by the Industrial Revolution had major consequences for families. What was one of the primary mechanisms that explains these consequences?
A) It forced families to tighten their budgets.
B) It created new wealth and a variety of new consumer products.
C) It separated work and home and created new roles for men and women.
D) Women and children were expected to make and use their own food, clothes, and goods.
Q4) Distinguish between monogamy,polygamy,polyandry,and polygyny as covered in Chapter 12.Which do we have as a U.S.cultural norm?
Page 14
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Chapter 13: Education
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is an argument in favor of school vouchers?
A) If parents cannot pay for their children to go to private schools, the state should pay.
B) Competition for spots at the best school would be given to students who are not educationally prepared.
C) If schools competed for students, the quality of education would suffer.
D) In order for schooling to be equal for all children, parents should be able to decide where their children go, regardless of their ability to pay.
Q2) Though she graduated from high school,Jenny does not possess the skills necessary to balance her checkbook or make change for a customer without the aid of a cash register.Jenny is:
A) undereducated.
B) unschooled.
C) innumerate.
D) functionally illiterate.
Q3) Explain how race and social class intersect to affect education outcomes.
Q4) The Coleman Report (1966)was twelve years after Brown v.Board of Education.Did the study uphold the idea that schools were "separate but unequal"? Explain.
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Page 15
Chapter 14: Capitalism and the Economy
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Sample Questions
Q1) Describe the evolution to capitalism starting with feudalism through the Industrial Revolution.Which changes in social and economic arrangements (i.e.,the enclosure movement,monetization,and development of the corporation)were important,and why did they matter?
Q2) The money that working women earned was not expected to provide for a family.According to the textbook,what group did this assumption harm the most?
A) widows
B) children
C) black women
D) prostitutes
Q3) The personal bankruptcy rate in America is higher than it has ever been.Why? Do any theories or theorists help explain this trend?
Q4) The Obama White House tends to differ from the previous one because:
A) it has turned to the traditional African American three-generation household.
B) there is a clear line between work and family life.
C) the previous president liked to eat out rather than in the White House.
D) there are more state dinners now than before.
Q5) Corporations have what is called limited liability.What does this mean?
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Chapter 15: Authority and the State
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Sample Questions
Q1) Until places like Somalia are recognized by other states and international institutions such as the United Nations,they will remain:
A) integrated into the world.
B) in poverty.
C) without economic help from the United Nations.
D) self-proclaimed nation-states.
Q2) During a presidential election,we ultimately end up with two choices.If we were to be presented with more choices,we would not end up with the top choice of most voters.This is known as Kenneth Arrow's:
A) impossibility theorem.
B) state-centered political power.
C) inherent contradiction between civil rights and political power.
D) three dimensions of power.
Q3) Rationalization means that all steps to a process are decided with ____________ in mind.
A) efficiency
B) routinization
C) flexibility
D) rigidity
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Page 17
Chapter 16: Religion
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Sample Questions
Q1) How is the profane being used to sell the sacred? How is this related to megachurches?
Q2) According to Durkheim,religion is created by ____________,and religious expressions represent ____________.
A) hardship; delusions
B) a higher being; the will of God
C) sacred power; individual desires
D) social interaction; collective realities
Q3) To understand the role of religion in people's lives and how individuals value and experience their faiths,which type of sociological approach should we adopt?
A) microsociology
B) mesosociology
C) macrosociology
D) all of the above
Q4) The second-largest religion in the world and in the United States is:
A) Hinduism.
B) Protestantism.
C) Catholicism.
D) Islam.
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Chapter 17: Science, the Environment, and Society
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Sample Questions
Q1) Al Gore's film An Inconvenient Truth documented the effect of what on climate temperature?
A) global warming
B) human activity
C) hurricanes
D) evolution
Q2) What are the sociological effects of genetic information related to race?
Q3) In opposition to the sociology of science researcher Bruno Latour,many scientists assert that ____________ are not made but rather preexist in objective reality waiting to be discovered.
A) theories
B) diseases
C) scientific facts
D) scientific discoveries
Q4) One of the major reasons farmers genetically modify their produce is so they: A) produce higher yields.
B) don't have to get up as early in the morning to plant.
C) don't have to handpick their crops.
D) can increase the price they charge for their crops.
Q5) Discuss the effects of global warming from a sociological perspective.
Page 19
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Chapter 18: Collective Action, Social Movements, and Social Change
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Sample Questions
Q1) You are concerned that the new bar in town is allowing bands to play into the early morning hours.There is no noise ordinance in your town,but you and your neighbors are irritated that you can't sleep on the weekends.You and your neighbors decide to write letters to local politicians to get a noise ordinance in place.This would be what type of participatory movement organization and why? Why would this be a participatory type of organization and not a professional one?
Q2) You have identified yourself as a pet lover all your life,but your involvement with the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA)has come and gone,depending on your workload at the time.The fact that you love pets would be a ____________ identity,but your on-again,off-again involvement with the ASPCA would be a ____________ identity.
A) change; dynamic B) static; dynamic C) stable; dynamic
D) static; change
Q3) Give an example of technological innovation and the emergence of new ideas as causes of social change,and give possible examples of the three stages of social movements that would follow.
Q4) What are the two types of collective action? Give examples of membership.
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