Sociology and Society Exam Preparation Guide
Course Introduction
This course explores the fundamental principles of sociology, examining how individuals, groups, and institutions shape and are shaped by society. Topics include socialization, culture, social structures, inequality, and social change. Students will analyze key sociological theories and concepts, applying them to contemporary social issues to understand the complex interplay between human behavior and societal forces. Through lectures, discussions, and case studies, the course encourages critical thinking about the role of society in everyday life and the ways in which social dynamics influence identity, relationships, and collective experiences.
Recommended Textbook
You May Ask Yourself An Introduction to Thinking Like a Sociologist Core 4th Edition by Dalton Conley
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Chapter 1: The Sociological Imagination: An Introduction
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Q1) Karl Marx would argue that the types of social institutions in a society were the result of the economic makeup of that society.Max Weber,however,argued that:
A) there are no social institutions in a society.
B) there are multiple influences (e.g., religion) on how social institutions are created.
C) social institutions are not influenced by the economy but by the individuals in them.
D) the epistemological stage of that society influenced the social institutions.
Answer: B
Q2) As defined by C.Wright Mills,which of the following "enables us to grasp history and biography and the relations between the two within society"?
A) formal sociology
B) sociological imagination
C) microsociology
D) macrosociology
Answer: B
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Chapter 2: Methods
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Q1) If Sandra wants to generalize the findings of her study to another (possibly larger)population,it is important that the people in her study be:
A) randomly selected from the population she wants to generalize to.
B) varied in their characteristics so that there will be no problems.
C) aware of her intentions, so the study will be valid and reliable.
D) representative of the group(s) she wants to generalize to.
Answer: D
Q2) Perhaps the most difficult method(s)to apply to the social sciences,as compared with laboratory-based natural sciences,is/are:
A) surveys.
B) experimental methods.
C) historical methods.
D) content analysis.
Answer: B
Q3) Define the terms validity and reliability.
Answer: Validity means that a researcher must measure what he or she intends to measure.Reliability means that a researcher is able to obtain the same result using the same measures more than once.
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Chapter 3: Culture and Media
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Q1) Most broadcasting companies are privately owned in the United States and are supported financially by advertising.This means they are likely to reflect the biases of their owners and backers.Knowing that the press is not free suggests that there is a:
A) political economy of the media.
B) liberal media.
C) media controlled by antitrust laws.
D) cooperative economy.
Answer: A
Q2) The belief that happiness and fulfillment can be achieved through the acquisition of material possessions is known as:
A) consumerism.
B) asceticism.
C) buyerism.
D) being a shopaholic.
Answer: A
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Chapter 4: Socialization and the Construction of Reality
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Q1) Which of the following would be the best example of a total institution?
A) a Boy Scout troop
B) a political party
C) a sports team
D) a convent
Q2) Which of the following best describes the difference between the I and the me in George Herbert Mead's theory?
A) The I is selfish and impulsive; the me is how we believe others see us.
B) The I is empathetic; the me is self-absorbed.
C) The I is how we believe others view us; the me is how we view ourselves.
D) The I wants to please others; the me wants to please the self.
Q3) Most people occupy many statuses at a particular point in time (e.g.,student,son or daughter,employee,citizen).This list of statuses is known as the:
A) ascribed status.
B) achieved status.
C) status set.
D) master status.
Q4) Summarize what sociologists mean by the social construction of reality and give one example.
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Chapter 5: Groups and Networks
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Q1) Define what Granovetter (1974)meant by the strength of weak ties.Give one example of how this might work in the real world of social networks.
Q2) Define social capital and give two examples of it.
Q3) Former president George W.Bush and other religious and conservative policy makers' emphasis on abstinence programs and "virginity pledges" has led to a(n):
A) increase in teen pregnancy.
B) decrease in teen pregnancy.
C) earlier onset of sexual activity, on average.
D) delayed onset of sexual activity, on average.
Q4) While the majority of new American business ventures fail,virtually all Amish businesses succeed.What seems to be the secret to the Amish community's success? In your answer,describe some of the ways in which the practices of Amish and non-Amish Americans differ.
Q5) Stigmatized groups,such as gays and lesbians in the United States,are known as: A) primary groups.
B) secondary groups.
C) in-groups.
D) out-groups.
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Chapter 6: Social Control and Deviance
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Q1) All of the following are types of suicide described by Durkheim EXCEPT:
A) altruistic.
B) egoistic.
C) recidivist.
D) anomic.
Q2) Which theory developed by Cloward and Ohlin (1960)explains that street crime rises and falls in relation to the availability of legitimate economic opportunities?
A) differential opportunity theory
B) strain theory
C) deterrence theory
D) broken windows theory
Q3) Explain Merton's strain theory of deviance and list each adaptation to anomie.Refer to "means" and "goals."
Q4) Sociologists refer to the set of mechanisms that creates compliance to norms as which of the following?
A) law enforcement
B) big brother
C) social control
D) laws
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Chapter 7: Stratification
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Q1) According to the German philosopher Hegel,the master-slave relationship is one of mutual:
A) benefit.
B) dependency.
C) work.
D) independence.
Q2) Which group exploits the working class by taking more of the value of the work of laborers than they repay in wages?
A) bourgeoisie
B) proletariat
C) elites
D) hierarchy class
Q3) Business managers are examples of what concept?
A) in-between group
B) middlemen
C) conflict class
D) meritocracies
Q4) Compare and contrast Rousseau's perspective of social inequality with that of Malthus,Millar,and Ferguson.
Q5) How does the status-attainment model help us understand social mobility?
Page 9
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Chapter 8: Gender
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Q1) What term best describes a behavior or attitude where a person's sex is the basis for prejudicial discrimination and where sex may matter more than a person's performance or merit?
A) heterosexism
B) sexism
C) genderism
D) homophobia
Q2) What term refers to the invisible barriers women face when they enter more prestigious corporate worlds?
A) glass ceiling
B) invisible wall
C) glass elevator
D) glass escalator
Q3) Feminist philosopher Elizabeth Grosz proposed that we view the relationship between sex (the natural)and gender (the social)as existing on a Möbius strip because:
A) sex comes before gender and dictates behavior.
B) you can separate sex and gender into two distinct entities.
C) sex and gender are two sides of the same coin and are thus inseparable.
D) it is easier to siphon out the effects of each in this way.
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Chapter 9: Race
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Q1) America's first naturalization law,passed in 1790,granted citizenship to:
A) anyone who had fought in the Revolutionary War.
B) free white people.
C) all white people.
D) former British citizens.
Q2) In ancient Egypt,physical markers were linked to:
A) status.
B) geography.
C) genes.
D) ethnicity.
Q3) The concept of race:
A) has changed over time.
B) is biological.
C) is stable and constant.
D) is all of the above.
Q4) Prejudice is to discrimination as thinking is to: A) manifesting.
B) developing.
C) doing.
D) being.
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Chapter 10: Poverty
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Q1) People who are born into poverty and ultimately raise their own children in poverty learn "how" to live in poverty.They learn the norms and values associated with that particular way of life.This is known as Oscar Lewis's:
A) War on Poverty.
B) swapping.
C) culture of poverty.
D) lack of accessibility culture.
Q2) Discuss the no effect paradigm and suggest how Marlin and his brother could have had a better life using this theory.
Q3) Social Darwinism suggests that only the fittest survive,that people (and plants and animals)who are the smartest and most capable for survival are the ones who succeed in a society.This can be compared to:
A) Oscar Lewis's culture of poverty thesis.
B) Richard Herrnstein and Charles Murray's bell curve thesis.
C) Clinton's War on Poverty thesis.
D) Gautreaux's Moving to Opportunity thesis.
Q4) Explain the culture of poverty thesis.How well does it explain the persistence of poverty in the United States? Use evidence and examples to support your claim.
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Chapter 11: Health and Society
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Q1) One of the things that may have led Dr.Paul Farmer's (cofounder of Partners in Health)continued commitment to helping the poorest regions of the world with regard to health care is:
A) the amount of money he makes from government grants.
B) his PhD in medical anthropology, which gives him experience as a social scientist.
C) the fame and fortune he has acquired by traveling to all corners of the world.
D) the number of children he has fathered while traveling the world.
Q2) One can best equate homeopathy to:
A) AIDS.
B) vaccines.
C) the Roman Empire.
D) midwives.
Q3) What are the signs that doctors' authority is declining? How does this affect you?
Q4) What are the rights and obligations of the sick person? What impact does the sick role have on the patient? What are the benefits to this perception? What are some problems with this perception?
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Chapter 12: Family (in Core edition)
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Q1) As your text points out,single mothers and poverty often go hand in hand.What is the primary reason their employment opportunities typically limit them to low-wage work?
A) Single mothers always lack the connections needed to obtain higher-paying work.
B) Many single mothers lack the motivation required for higher-paying work.
C) Single mothers are often unskilled and have less education than the average American.
D) Their only other higher-paying option is criminal activity such as prostitution or drug dealing.
Q2) At any given point in the past few decades,about how many mothers raising children by themselves have had to go on welfare to get by in the United States?
A) about half
B) about one-third
C) about one-fourth
D) about one-fifth
Q3) Define what Barbara Risman calls fair families and give two examples of the potential benefits of these types of families.
Q4) Define endogamy and exogamy as family forms and give an example of each.
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Chapter 13: Education
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Q1) Though she graduated from high school,Jenny does not possess the skills necessary to balance her checkbook or make change for a customer without the aid of a cash register.Jenny is:
A) undereducated.
B) unschooled.
C) innumerate.
D) functionally illiterate.
Q2) Explain how sex and social class intersect and may account for educational differences between males and females.
Q3) Bill Cosby is concerned with black underachievement in the American school system.He suggests that:
A) more African American parents actually parent.
B) African American children begin school earlier, around the age of three.
C) white students need to tutor African American students in after-school programs.
D) white people adopt African American children into their homes to properly socialize them.
Q4) What are the pros and cons of the sorting/tracking function served by schools?
Q5) What factors inside classrooms can affect students' learning experiences?
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Chapter 14: Capitalism and the Economy
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Q1) According to Hochschild,Jacobs,and Gerson,why don't workers take advantage of family-friendly policies?
Q2) The "typical" American family today is:
A) dual-income.
B) one where the father is the main provider.
C) single-father.
D) matriarchal.
Q3) One common strategy for attracting the most buyers,which can be accomplished through several tactics,is:
A) lowering production cost.
B) flooding the market.
C) making charity contributions.
D) supporting labor unions.
Q4) Feminist sociologists claim that the family wage is a patriarchal bargain because it implies that:
A) women depend on a man's wage.
B) women aren't smart enough to get a high-paying job.
C) the money men earn is worthless.
D) a family needs to have a male head.
Q5) Corporations have what is called limited liability.What does this mean?
Page 16
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Chapter 15: Authority and the State
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Q1) Which of the following is a characteristic of a bureaucracy?
A) individualistic and flexible
B) usually unfair
C) has positions that are highly specialized
D) affected by social differences
Q2) Which of the following is an example of an interest group?
A) a presidential campaign
B) a corporation lobbying to win a government contract
C) a book club
D) an individual needing social services
Q3) Promotions to higher levels within an idealized bureaucratic hierarchy based on achievement rather than personal attributes or favoritism refers to:
A) charisma.
B) Taylorism.
C) meritocracy.
D) specialization.
Q4) Define and explain in detail the state's role in developing social policies.Define and explain a welfare state.
Q5) Explain why Weber's definition of state does not fit many African states.
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Chapter 16: Religion
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Q1) Karl Marx referred to religion as the "opium of the masses." By this,he meant which of the following statements?
A) Some people can become hooked on religion like others become addicted to drugs Such as opium.
B) Some people sell religion to others like a commodity or a drug.
C) Religion entices people with promises of the afterlife; as a result, they are willing to sacrifice their present lives to bring about social change.
D) Religion pacifies people with promises of rewards in the afterlife; therefore, they do not challenge the subjugating, exploitative, and alienating social conditions in this life.
Q2) Approximately what percentage of people in the world identify themselves as Christian?
A) 15 percent
B) 25 percent
C) 33 percent
D) 50 percent
Q3) What is the sect-church cycle? How can this help us understand social change?
Q4) Religion in the United States has been found to be more broad than deep.Explain.
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Chapter 17: Science, the Environment, and Society
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Q1) What are some of the unintended social consequences that have emerged from the Human Genome Project?
A) who should have access to this information (privacy)
B) the potential consequences that could arise from having (or not having) a particular genetic code (stigmatization)
C) knowledge of our genetic structure may increase inequality in society (stratification)
D) the psychological effects of gene testing that might arise
Q2) A sociologist,biologist,and psychologist are studying the causes and consequences of obesity.Their results:
A) may be complementary or conflicting.
B) will not be applicable to other fields of study.
C) will all be completely different.
D) will need to be examined independently of each other.
Q3) One global warming prediction is that as ocean levels rise:
A) many more people will move away from the coast.
B) more people will move to the coast.
C) more people will leave the mountains.
D) more people will move to the suburbs.
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Chapter 18: Collective Action, Social Movements, and Social Change
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Q1) You are a deacon in a Southern Baptist church.The church condemns same-sex marriage; however,you personally believe same-sex marriage should be allowed,and in your free time you protest for equal rights for gays and lesbians.This would be an example of:
A) static identity.
B) dynamic identity.
C) identity dissonance.
D) conflicting identities.
Q2) A building that breaks the traditional rules of architecture and borrows liberally from several genres in order to create a new and unique style is an example of:
A) early modernism.
B) premodernism.
C) modernism.
D) postmodernism.
Q3) One reason for the decline in the number of Americans joining associations is:
A) the individualistic culture of Americans.
B) the rise of online associations.
C) the fast-paced lifestyle of Americans.
D) all of the above.
Page 20
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