Sociology 101 Exam
Answer Key
Course Introduction
Sociology 101 offers a comprehensive introduction to the scientific study of society, social institutions, and social relationships. The course examines foundational concepts such as culture, socialization, social stratification, groups, and organizations. Students will explore how identities such as race, class, gender, and ethnicity shape human experiences and influence patterns of inequality. Major sociological theories and research methods will be discussed, providing students with analytical tools to understand contemporary social issues and the complexity of social life. Through lectures, discussions, and assignments, students will develop a critical perspective on how society and human behavior are interconnected and shaped by broader social forces.
Recommended Textbook
Essentials of Sociology 9th Edition by David B. Brinkerhoff
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Chapter 1: The Study of Society
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Sample Questions
Q1) Give an example of a hypothesis and identify the dependent and independent variables.
Answer: There is a relationship between the amount of time studying for a test and the score on the test.The independent variable is the amount of time spent studying for the test and the dependent variable is the score on the test.
Q2) Which of the following is NOT a basic assumption of the conflict perspective?
A) Change is a gradual process of social evolution.
B) Social relationships are based on economic competition.
C) Inequalities are built into social structures.
D) Social change is the result of conflict and competition.
Answer: A
Q3) Which of these conditions contributed to the early development of sociology?
A) a period of stability that gave people time to reflect about society
B) changes brought by the Industrial Revolution
C) the need for reconstruction in the South following the Civil War
D) social and economic prosperity in Europe and America
Answer: B
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3
Chapter 2: Culture
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Sample Questions
Q1) High culture refers to:
A) a culture's ideas about its own past.
B) a culture's views about religion.
C) cultural preferences associated with persons of high social status.
D) a group who has power or influence over another.
Answer: C
Q2) A subculture is:
A) a group that has values, interests, beliefs, and lifestyles that are opposed to those of the larger society.
B) a group that shares the overall culture of mainstream society but maintains its own distinctive values, norms, and lifestyles.
C) a population that shares the same territory and is bound together by economic and political ties.
D) a group of people with similar physical characteristics.
Answer: B
Q3) What is meant by the term cultural relativity?
Answer: Cultural relativity requires that each cultural trait be evaluated in the context of its own culture.
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4
Chapter 3: Socialization
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Sample Questions
Q1) When do we develop a personality?
A) childhood
B) prior to birth
C) young adulthood
D) adolescence
Answer: A
Q2) Common challenges for people over the age of 65 include:
A) learning new roles if both spouses are now at home full-time.
B) adjusting to living alone after the death of a spouse.
C) filling days that are no longer structured by work.
D) All of these are challenges for those over age 65.
Answer: D
Q3) Anticipatory socialization fully prepares us for future new roles.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q4) Give an example of a significant other AND a generalized other.
Answer: An example of a significant other might be one's parents,whereas an example of a generalized other might be the attendant at a toll booth.
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Chapter 4: Social Structure and Social Interaction
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Sample Questions
Q1) A complex class system was first seen in which type of society?
A) horticultural
B) agricultural
C) industrial
D) postindustrial
Q2) Describe how people employ impression management using social networking like Facebook or Twitter.What are common ways people try to improve their impression in these online realms?
Q3) Margaret is a university professor and required to teach courses and conduct research.She is contacted by an agency that wants to meet with her about a research project,but the administrators at the agency can only meet at the time that she teaches one of her courses.Margaret is trying to decide what to do.She is experiencing role:
A) conflict.
B) exit.
C) distancing.
D) strain.
Q4) People can be "themselves" in the back region.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 5: Groups, Networks, and Organizations
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Q1) Voluntary associations are:
A) nonprofit organizations designed to give individuals an opportunity to pursue their shared interests collectively.
B) one-on-one relationships that a person chooses to have (like a friend).
C) organizations that provide volunteers who provide help to others.
D) no longer in existence.
Q2) Which of the following is the best example of a group?
A) bald-headed men
B) people at a baseball game at Fenway Park
C) people at the mall
D) the sociology faculty at your school
Q3) _______ are designed to maximize efficiency through the implementation of a hierarchical authority structure and explicit rules.
A) Voluntary associations
B) Bureaucracies
C) Communities
D) Corporate cultures
Q4) Name the four types of processes that occur regularly in human relationships.
Q5) What is meant by the term organizational culture?
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Chapter 6: Deviance, Crime, and Social Control
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Q1) A significant proportion of crime among females is explained by their:
A) greater need for material goods.
B) victimization by males.
C) lack of supervision.
D) responsibility as single mothers.
Q2) Labeling theory is concerned with the process by which:
A) a person who associates with deviants learns to be deviant.
B) the label of deviant comes to be attached to specific people and specific behavior.
C) deviant labels are used to stigmatize criminal behavior.
D) public labeling of criminals is used to deter crime.
Q3) Race differences in arrest rates are due mainly to:
A) race differences in the quality of employment.
B) discrimination by police.
C) poverty and segregated neighborhoods and housing.
D) All of these explain racial differences in arrest rates.
Q4) What is anomie?
Q5) Even though crime is decreasing,most Americans believe it is increasing.
A)True B)False
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Chapter 7: Stratification
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Q1) Sociologists call the ability to influence or force others to do what one wants them to do,regardless of their own wishes:
A) prestige.
B) power.
C) stratification.
D) caste.
Q2) What did Marx call the class must sell its labor to those who own the means of production?
A) the working class
B) the underclass
C) labor
D) the proletariat
Q3) What is meant by the concept of "culture of poverty"?
Q4) The process of changing one's social class is called:
A) status climbing.
B) class consciousness.
C) career striving.
D) social mobility.
Q5) What are the basic dimensions of the human development index?
Q6) What does socioeconomic status include?
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Chapter 8: Racial and Ethnic Inequality
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Q1) The first step in a society moving toward committing genocide is:
A) dehumanization of members of a minority group.
B) mass killing and destruction.
C) declaring war.
D) the classifying of people into different groups.
Q2) Hispanic Americans make up _____ of the U.S.population.
A) 12.2%
B) 16.3%
C) 18.9%
D) 23.4%
Q3) It is assumed that Jewish students are clannish.Therefore,no one who is not Jewish invites any Jewish students to socialize with them.Consequently,the Jewish students socialize with one another.This is an example of:
A) institutionalized racism.
B) a self-fulfilling prophecy.
C) authoritarianism.
D) scapegoating.
Q4) Ethnic identities change as national borders are changed for various reasons.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 9: Sex,Gender,and Sexuality
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Q1) It may be argued that a gendered division of labor is functional because specialization will:
A) increase the expertise of each sex in its own tasks.
B) prevent competition between men and women that might damage the family.
C) strengthen family bonds by making men dependent on women and vice versa.
D) All of these are reasons that a gendered division of labor may be functional.
Q2) About ________ of American adults admit to recent homosexual activity.
A) 1-3%
B) 2-6%
C) 10-15%
D) 20-30%
Q3) The behaviors we normally associate with being female and male:
A) are universal traits found in all countries.
B) may vary across cultures and over time.
C) may not change from one time period to another.
D) vary across cultures but do not change over time.
Q4) Explain how gender roles have an impact on health for men and women.Give specific examples of the consequences of traditional gender roles.
Q5) What are the three major reasons why men and women have different occupations?
Q6) What is the difference between sex and gender?
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Chapter 10: Health and Health Care
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Q1) What explains the drop in life expectancy in the Soviet Union in recent years?
A) higher cancer rates and respiratory illnesses caused by pollution
B) lack of investment in treatment for chronic illnesses
C) high rates of stress
D) all of the above
Q2) Describe the four norms associated with the sick role and provide a critique of the model.
Q3) The strongest force currently driving medicalization is the:
A) AARP.
B) pharmaceutical industry.
C) U.S. Congress.
D) American Medical Association.
Q4) Lower-class persons with mental illness:
A) are hospitalized for longer periods of time receiving less effective treatment.
B) receive more effective treatment than higher-class individuals.
C) receive more overall mental health treatment than any other class.
D) receive more sympathy than middle-class people, who are seen as being able to prevent their own illnesses.
Q5) How has China succeeded in improving the health of its citizens?
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Chapter 11: Family
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Q1) On the average,the "young old" generation:
A) provides less help to their children than their children provide for them.
B) provides more help to their children than they receive.
C) are less likely to be married than their older counterparts.
D) are dependent on their children.
Q2) Propinquity influences marital choice at least in part because:
A) the more you interact with others, the more positive your attitudes towards them become.
B) physical attractiveness becomes less important at close distances.
C) absence makes the heart grow fonder.
D) people tend to marry people who are like them in personality.
Q3) Within the U.S.,which of the following family functions has increased in importance since the colonial era?
A) care of dependents
B) status ascription
C) provision of intimacy
D) sexual regulation
Q4) What are three factors that have been identified as especially important predictors of marital failure within the first 5 years of marriage?
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Chapter 12: Education and Religion
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Q1) ________ refers to the competition between religious organizations to provide consumer products to create a demand for their product.
A) The Protestant ethic
B) The religious economy
C) Fundamentalism
D) Civil religion
Q2) Since the mid-1980s,racial segregation in U.S.schools has:
A) decreased.
B) increased.
C) remained fairly stable.
D) no longer been measured by government agencies.
Q3) Within Islam,the concept of the jihad refers to:
A) battlefield wars.
B) a need to defend social justice.
C) Islamic fundamentalism.
D) the month of fasting.
Q4) What are the unanticipated negative consequences of high stakes testing?
Q5) Civil religion provides a source of national unity and integration.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 13: Politics and the Economy
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Q1) The U.S.is symbolic of democracy in large part because such a large percentage of the population is involved in voting and the political system more generally.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which of these three is NOT one of the bases of authority noted by Weber?
A) exchange
B) tradition
C) law
D) charisma
Q3) Passage of the National Voter Registration Act resulted in:
A) lower rates of voter registration.
B) increased voter registration rates.
C) the removal of all barriers to voting.
D) the removal of all barriers to voting and increased voter registration rates.
Q4) What negative outcomes on labor are likely to result from increases in technology?
Q5) 75-80% of voting-age U.S.citizens do not vote in local elections.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 14: Population and Urbanization
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Q1) As industry has diminished in the some areas of the northeast United States,many people have moved south and southwest.Demographers would term this:
A) internal migration.
B) immigration.
C) emigration.
D) shifting population.
Q2) What are three problems associated with the growth of suburbs?
Q3) Which of the following is NOT a reason that fertility rates fell as a result of the Industrial Revolution?
A) New economic forms, such as pensions, meant children weren't needed for care in one's old age.
B) Lower mortality rates meant fewer births were needed to ensure that several children survived into adulthood.
C) New ideas of individual satisfaction helped to popularize limiting family size.
D) Improved methods of birth control helped people limit family size.
Q4) What is meant by demographic transition? In what ways did the demographic transition of western industrialized countries differ from that of developing nations?
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Chapter 15: Social Change
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Q1) Compare the structural functional and the conflict perspectives on technological change.
Q2) What is a normal accident?
Q3) Kate is upset by the way that gay men and lesbians are treated in the United States and believes that laws and attitudes about homosexuality need to be changed.Kate thinks that if younger people can be educated to be more accepting it will be possible to change the laws and other people's attitudes.Kate's beliefs are an example of:
A) false consciousness
B) class consciousness
C) insurgent consciousness
D) constituent consciousness
Q4) The main difference between a social movement and collective behavior is that:
A) collective behavior is not violent.
B) social movements always involve huge numbers of people and collective behavior does not.
C) collective behavior is unplanned and social movements are organized.
D) collective behavior is planned and social movements are not.
Q5) What three conditions encourage the development of a countermovement?
Q6) What is the technological imperative?
Page 17
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