Sociology 101 Exam
Answer Key
Course Introduction
Sociology 101 introduces students to the systematic study of society, social institutions, and social relationships. The course explores fundamental sociological concepts such as culture, socialization, social structure, social stratification, and roles. Students examine the ways in which individuals both shape and are shaped by the social world through interactions, norms, and values. The curriculum also highlights the impact of race, class, gender, and other factors on societal experiences and investigates contemporary social issues through various sociological perspectives. Through lectures, discussions, and research, students gain foundational knowledge and analytical skills to better understand the complexities of human society.
Recommended Textbook
Essentials of Sociology 6th Edition by Richard P. Appelbaum
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1118 Verified Questions
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Chapter 1: Sociology: Theory and Method
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78 Verified Questions
78 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The study of everyday behavior in situations of face-to-face interaction is usually called:
A) institutional ethnography.
B) microsociology.
C) symbolic interactionism.
D) macrosociology.
Answer: B
Q2) According to the textbook, ________ was the first to turn a sociological eye on previously ignored issues, such as marriage, children, domestic and religious life, and race relations.
A) Émile Durkheim.
B) W. E. B. Du Bois.
C) Harriet Martineau.
D) Lucy Parsons.
Answer: C
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Chapter 2: Culture and Society
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Sample Questions
Q1) Jia Yin notes that in many countries, industrial development is, more or less, nonexistent. She is taking note of the:
A) urban core.
B) emerging of society.
C) industrializing of countries.
D) developing world.
Answer: D
Q2) Why might sociologists criticize the idea that the world is made up of many isolated cultures?
A) The idea assumes that we can provide a reasonably coherent definition of culture.
B) Sociologists might note the rise of the Internet and globalization as features of different cultures being connected.
C) Sociologists would likely criticize the idea because of its underlying multiculturalism.
D) The idea suggests that human communities actually have different cultures, when we have shown that culture is the same everywhere.
Answer: B
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4
Chapter 3: Socialization, the Life Course, and Aging
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67 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) As a doctor, Ivan is expected to follow certain standards, such as keeping patient information confidential. What would a sociologist call these expectations?
A) social outcomes
B) social roles
C) social identities
D) social norms
Answer: B
Q2) Gender socialization begins at:
A) infancy.
B) toddlerhood.
C) early adolescence.
D) adolescence.
Answer: A
Q3) What percentage of the elderly in the United States is foreign born?
A) 13 percent
B) 50 percent
C) 20 percent
D) 5 percent
Answer: A
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Social Interaction and Everyday Life in the Age of the Internet
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Sample Questions
Q1) In modern societies large-scale social institutions are organized by ________, which allows for the precise timing of activities.
A) clock-time
B) managers
C) time maximization
D) time-rules
Q2) Define interactional vandalism and give an example. Why does interactional vandalism create problems in everyday interaction and conversation?
Q3) Dr. Williams studies police and community relations in New York City. She concludes that negative police interactions with black youth are an expression of institutional and structural racism. Which type of analysis did Dr. Williams use?
A) macro-level institutional analysis
B) micro-level and macro-level analysis
C) micro-level institutional analysis
D) social media coverage of police brutality
Q4) In three to five sentences, explain how technology has altered some of the ways in which individuals communicate their emotions to each other.
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Chapter 5: Groups, Networks, and Organizations
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Sample Questions
Q1) Most advertisements today try to associate a product with a specific reference group. For this marketing strategy to be effective, which of the following must be true?
A) The product must be important to the person viewing the advertisement.
B) The product must have a good price.
C) The person viewing the advertisement must have interacted with the person or people in the advertisement.
D) The person viewing the advertisement must identify with the person or people in the advertisement.
Q2) The New York Times recently profiled a number of contemporary organizations such as Google that are shucking traditional bureaucratic organizations for ones that are looser and less hierarchical. According to Max Weber, compared to more traditional forms of organization, what is one outcome that a looser, less hierarchical organization is more likely to achieve?
A) efficiency
B) rationality
C) compliance
D) innovation
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Chapter 6: Conformity, Deviance, and Crime
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to the textbook, police work traditionally consisted of controlling crime. Increasingly, however, police officers are more accurately described as:
A) deviants who are committing rather than preventing crime.
B) corrections officers who are herding criminals to prison.
C) knowledge workers who are mapping, predicting, and reporting on risk within the population.
D) safety patrollers who are guarding the health and welfare of citizens.
Q2) Comparing biological and psychological approaches to criminality, a sociologist would argue that they both:
A) tend to focus more on violent crimes than any other type of crime.
B) view crime and deviance as an individual, not societal, problem.
C) are inadequate to explain deviance caused by mental illness.
D) view crime and deviance as a result of societal forces.
Q3) Which of the following best describes Americans' beliefs about capital punishment?
A) The majority of Americans have always supported capital punishment.
B) The majority of Americans have always opposed capital punishment.
C) The majority of adults supported capital punishment in 2012.
D) Most adults supported capital punishment in 1965.
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Chapter 7: Stratification, Class, and Inequality
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Q1) According to the textbook, what has been the relationship between higher education and social stratification in recent years?
A) College education has become much more difficult, causing students to drop out.
B) College education has become more accessible, causing more students to enroll.
C) The importance and value of a college education in the job market have increased.
D) Colleges have become less selective.
Q2) Dr. Ramirez is a sociology professor, and while he makes much less money than doctors and lawyers, he is viewed as having relatively high prestige because of:
A) his professional clothing.
B) his work hours.
C) his education.
D) his publications.
Q3) Answer the following question in three to five sentences. How has the distribution of income in the United States changed over the past thirty years? Apply one of the stratification theories discussed in the Chapter to explain the reason for this change.
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Chapter 8: Global Inequality
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to the textbook, how has the HIV/AIDS epidemic contributed to food shortages in some countries?
A) HIV-infected food passes on the virus.
B) Money that could be spent on food is spent on medications.
C) The virus kills many working-age adults who might otherwise contribute to food production.
D) The epidemic pushes scientists out of those countries into nations where they can conduct food research without worrying about it.
Q2) Neoliberalism asserts that:
A) free-market forces, achieved by minimizing governmental restrictions on business, provide the only route to economic growth.
B) economic development can occur only if accompanied by liberal social values, such as securing a woman's right to abortion and supporting same-sex marriage.
C) state involvement in the economy should be relatively high, even at times running entire industries.
D) social democratic programs, such as generous welfare policies and free education provided by the state, are the bedrock of economic growth.
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Chapter 9: Gender Inequality
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to the textbook, in Navajo culture, the nádleehí, male-bodied people with feminine natures:
A) are considered especially honorable.
B) are devalued.
C) cross-dress because they consider cross-dressing erotic.
D) were banned from Navajo society.
Q2) Which strategy would liberal feminists encourage?
A) the abolition of marriage
B) a revolution against capitalist economies
C) abolish affirmative action policies
D) institute family-friendly policies in the workplace
Q3) George is the breadwinner for his family. According to the functionalist sociologist Talcott Parsons, George is filling which role?
A) expressive role
B) instrumental role
C) gendered role
D) sex-segregated role
Q4) In two to three sentences, please explain why women are so often the target of sexual violence.
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Chapter 10: Ethnicity and Race
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Sample Questions
Q1) From the fifteenth century onward, as Europeans came into increased contact with people from different regions of the world, they attempted to categorize these people based on their physical attributes. These categories (which did not previously exist) became the basis of systems that shaped and constrained the people's daily lives. This is an example of:
A) aggregation.
B) eugenics.
C) racialization.
D) generalization.
Q2) William Julius Wilson has argued that racial inequality is decreasing, and he asserts that inequality between groups is now more about distinctions based on:
A) immigration status.
B) social class.
C) individual effort.
D) cultural habits.
Q3) In a short paragraph, please explain the concept of racialization. How does this term help us understand race relations historically and in the present?
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Chapter 11: Families and Intimate Relationships
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Sample Questions
Q1) Describe Talcott Parsons's view of the family in one to three sentences. What are two criticisms of his approach?
Q2) Which of the following best describes the changes in household size throughout the history of the United States?
A) Family size has shrunk dramatically from the early farming years to the current urban setting.
B) The family in the United States today consists predominantly of small nuclear families; for the first two hundred years of U.S. history, the family was a large extended family.
C) Households in the United States have always included grandparents, aunts, uncles, and other members of the extended family.
D) The nuclear family seems to have long been preeminent, with household sizes shrinking only modestly over the past few centuries.
Q3) Sociologists have identified seven important changes that characterize transformations in the global family structure over the past half century. In three to five sentences, name two of those changes that you find the most compelling and explain why.
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Chapter 12: Education and Religion
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is the theory of religious economy? Please explain your answer in three to five sentences.
Q2) Why are sociologists so concerned with the social organization of religion?
A) Religion is the primary source of the development of the economy, which sociologists consider the most important building block of any society.
B) Religion is among the most important institutions in society and is a primary source of the deepest-seated norms and values.
C) Sociologists view religion as a repressive force, and sociologists value open societies.
D) Religion is the institution that determines our basic understandings of ourselves, such as gender, race, nationality, and other markers of identity.
Q3) According to the textbook, how do religious groups in the United States vary by region and socioeconomic status? Please explain your answer in a short paragraph.
Q4) What are the connections between education and employment? Please explain your answer in three to five sentences.
Q5) What is religious nationalism? Please explain your answer in a short paragraph.
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Page 14
Chapter 13: Politics and Economic Life
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Sample Questions
Q1) What did the Supreme Court rule in Roe v. Wade?
A) that women had a legal right to abortion
B) that federal money could not be used to subsidize facilities that carried out abortions
C) that states could restrict abortions as they saw fit
D) that women who could not afford an abortion had the right to receive subsidies
Q2) Miriam is a sociologist who has great faith in the U.S. political system. She subscribes to the theory that continual processes of bargaining among numerous groups representing different interests influence government policies in a democracy. Miriam's ideas could best be described as:
A) libertarian communist.
B) pluralist.
C) power elitist.
D) multicultural.
Q3) According to the textbook, what are three types of rights associated with the growth of citizenship? Explain each in one sentence.
Q4) According to the textbook, how are power and authority different? Explain your answer in two to three sentences.
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Chapter 14: The Sociology of the Body: Health, Illness, and Sexuality
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Sample Questions
Q1) What term refers to the set of principles-underpinning Western medical systems and practices-that defines diseases objectively, in accordance with the presence of recognized symptoms, and holds that the healthy body can be restored through scientifically based medical treatment?
A) the Western health-care model
B) the scientific method of health
C) the biomedical model of health
D) the scientific health-care method
Q2) According to the textbook, which assumption would probably follow from Talcott Parsons's notion of the sick role?
A) A sick person should not be personally blamed for being ill.
B) A sick person should be isolated from society.
C) A sick person should always tend to his or her work responsibilities while sick.
D) A sick person should avoid modern medicine.
Q3) In a short paragraph, describe changes in sexual practices over the past two centuries.
Q4) In three to five sentences, explain what sexual orientation is.
Q5) In three to five sentences, compare complementary and alternative medicine.
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Chapter 15: Urbanization, Population, and the Environment
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Sample Questions
Q1) Natasha's organization helps companies design projects that will generate profit but also have minimal impact on the environment. Their focus is on recycling physical resources and keeping pollution to a minimum. Her company focuses on:
A) communization.
B) sustainable development.
C) modernization.
D) postmodernization.
Q2) In most ancient cities:
A) the elite and ruling class generally lived in the city center.
B) the outer area was primarily a religious and political district.
C) an inner wall offered military defense.
D) there was little separation from the countryside.
Q3) The decline in jobs in the manufacturing industries in the urban United States corresponded to an increase in jobs in:
A) the low-skill service industry.
B) the white-collar service industry.
C) the blue-collar skilled sector, such as plumbing.
D) academic teaching jobs.
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Chapter 16: Globalization in a Changing World
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Sample Questions
Q1) How would you best describe the gap in economic growth between the poorest and the richest countries?
A) Technological changes have allowed the poorest countries to catch up to their wealthier neighbors.
B) The disparity between the developed world and the developing world widened steadily over the twentieth century and is now the largest it has ever been.
C) The gap between the world's richest and poorest countries has narrowed significantly in the past twenty-five years.
D) The increase in international trade has made the gap between the richest and poorest countries almost disappear.
Q2) According to Daniel Bell, the white-collar worker is the most essential type of employee in a(n):
A) technology society.
B) industrial society.
C) postindustrial society.
D) urban society.
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