Sociological Perspectives
Review Questions
Course Introduction
Sociological Perspectives offers an introduction to the foundational theories and frameworks through which sociologists analyze and interpret society. This course examines major perspectives such as functionalism, conflict theory, symbolic interactionism, and feminist theory, exploring how each viewpoint explains social structures, power dynamics, institutions, and human behavior. By applying these perspectives to contemporary social issues, students develop critical thinking skills and gain insight into the ways social forces shape experiences, relationships, and outcomes in diverse societies.
Recommended Textbook
Sociology in Our Times The Essentials 8th Edition by Diana Kendall
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Page 2
Chapter 1: The Sociological Perspective and Research
Process
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Sample Questions
Q1) French sociologist Emile Durkheim observed that rapid social change and a more specialized division of labor produce strain in society; these strains lead to a breakdown in traditional organization, values, and authority and to a dramatic increase in
A)anomie
B)social disorganization
C)social solidarity
D)cultural conflict
Answer: A
Q2) __________ refers to the process of collecting data while being part of the activities of the group that the researcher is studying.
A)The experiment
B)Survey research
C)Participant observation
D)Secondary analysis
Answer: C
Q3) With the increasing diversity of the population, what personal troubles and public issues do you think are most important for the U.S. society to think about?
Answer: Not Answer
Page 3
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Chapter 2: Culture
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Q1) __________ culture consists of classical music, opera, ballet, live theater, and other activities usually patronized by elite audiences, composed primarily of members of the upper-middle and upper classes, who have the time, money, and knowledge assumed to be necessary for its appreciation.
A)Ideal
B)Real
C)High
D)Popular
Answer: C
Q2) A __________ is a currently valued style of behavior, thinking, or appearance that is longer lasting and more widespread than a fad.
A)fashion
B)novelty
C)normative behavior
D)collective behavior
Answer: A
Q3) Summarize how societies continually experience cultural change at both material and nonmaterial levels.
Answer: Not Answer
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Socialization
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Sample Questions
Q1) Briefly explain Alfie Kohn's views on praising children.
Answer: Educational analyst Kohn states that it has become common practice to praise children for almost everything they say or do. Rather than being a positive thing, it may increase a child's dependence on adults and they may not be able to develop the ability to make meaningful judgments about what they have done. He suggests that these children may grow into adults who will continue to have to have someone "pat them on the head and tell them whether what they did was OK."
Q2) In the text, it is observed that throughout childhood and adolescence, boys and girls typically are assigned different household chores and given different privileges (such as how late they may stay out at night). This illustrates __________.
A)exchange theory
B)developmental maturation
C)gender socialization
D)cultural acquisition
Answer: C
Q3) Compare and contrast the moral development theories of Lawrence Kohlberg and Carol Gilligan.
Answer: Not Answer
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Chapter 4: Social Structure and Interaction in Everyday Life
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Q1) Many women experience role strain in the labor force because they hold jobs that are "less satisfying and more stressful than men's jobs since they involve less money, less prestige, fewer job openings, and more career roadblocks."
A)True
B)False
Q2) A(n) __________ status is a social position a person assumes voluntarily as a result of personal choice, merit, or direct effort.
A)achieved
B)central
C)ascribed
D)universal
Q3) Describe the processes of role distancing and role exiting.
Q4) Describe sociologist Erving Goffman's dramaturgical analysis and explain what he meant by presentation of self.
Q5) Discuss the Facebook "revolution." How does Erving Goffman's concept of impression management relate to the development of these websites? Are you on Facebook? Why or why not? Do you have any concerns about being on it?
Q6) What are some of the ways in which you and your school can help the homeless?
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Chapter 5: Groups and Organizations
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Q1) The informal side of a bureaucracy is composed of those aspects of participants' day-to-day activities and interactions that ignore, bypass, or do not correspond with the official rules and procedures of the bureaucracy.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The supervisor of the office has been informed that Sarah consistently extends her lunch hour by 30 minutes. He chooses to take a passive approach to this problem hoping that it will fix itself. This particular supervisor is exhibiting which style of leadership?
A)authoritarian
B)cooperative
C)democratic
D)laissez-faire
Q3) The textbook points out that ingroup and outgroup distinctions __________.
A)may encourage social cohesion among group members
B)serve to prevent classism, racism, sexism, and ageism
C)discourage feelings of group superiority
D)are less likely to exist in contemporary societies than in traditional ones
Q4) Summarize sociologist Max Weber's ideal characteristics of bureaucracy.
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Chapter 6: Deviance and Crime
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Q1) Violent crimes are often more costly in terms of money and lives lost than corporate crimes.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Four types of political deviance have been attributed to some government officials. Which of the following is not a type identified?
A)secrecy and deception designed to manipulate public opinion
B)abuse of power
C)illegal wiretapping
D)prosecution of individuals due to their political activities
Q3) The overwhelming percentage of gang members in the U.S. Come from the underclass.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) is the major source of information on crimes reported in the United States. The (NCVS) is compiled by the Federal Bureau of Investigation and focuses on eight major crimes, called index crimes.
A)True B)False
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Chapter 7: Class and Stratification in the United States
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Q1) Camryn started her career as a high-tech factory worker and through increased experience and taking specialized courses in her field became an entrepreneur, starting her own highly successful "dot.com" business. Camryn's advancement is an example of __________ mobility.
A)exchange
B)intergenerational
C)structural
D)intragenerational
Q2) According to the social class model developed by sociologists Dennis Gilbert and Joseph Kahl, the core of the __________ (an estimated 30 percent of the U. S. population) is made up of semiskilled machine operators who work in factories. Members may also include people in the service sector, as well as clerks and salespeople.
A)upper-middle class
B)working class
C)middle class
D)working poor
Q3) In relation to consequences of inequality in education, compare functionalist and conflict perspectives.
Q4) Discuss consequences of inequality in relation to housing.
Page 9
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Chapter 8: Global Stratification
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Q1) As a result of the 1992 U.N. Conference on Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro, terms such as underdevelopment have largely been dropped in favor of measurements such as sustainable development, and economies are now classified by their __________.
A)material well-being
B)levels of economic development
C)levels of income
D)standard of living
Q2) Identify and explain the use of the Gini coefficient and global quality of life issues.
Q3) __________ account for most of the 700 million "income poor" people in the world.
A) Women
B)Children
C)Men
D)Adolescents
Q4) In relation to theories of global inequality, discuss development and modernization theory.
Q5) Detail global inequality in relation to development and modernization theory.
Q6) Summarize Walt Rostow's perspective on global inequality.
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Chapter 9: Race and Ethnicity
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Q1) Differentiate between race and ethnicity and explain their social significance.
Q2) __________ discrimination consists of the day-to-day practices of organizations and institutions that have a harmful impact on members of subordinate groups.
A)Individual
B)Marginal
C)Institutional
D)Uniform
Q3) Examples of __________ include the killing of thousands of Native Americans by white settlers in North America and the extermination of six million European Jews by Nazi Germany.
A)prejudice
B)discrimination
C)genocide
D)racism
Q4) Multiracial framing refers to ads that are targeted to diverse audiences in order to sell products.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Summarize the theories of prejudice and explain how prejudice is measured.
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Chapter 10: Sex, Gender, and Sexuality
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Q1) Discuss the process of gender socialization and identify specific ways in which peers contribute to the process.
Q2) __________ consists of showing favoritism toward one gender over the other.
A)Gender preferences
B)Sexual harassment
C)Gender bias
D)Sexual discrimination
Q3) __________ refer(s) to the culturally and socially constructed differences between females and males found in the meanings, beliefs and practices associated with "femininity" and "masculinity."
A)Gender
B)Primary sexual identifiers
C)Sex
D)Secondary sexual identifiers
Q4) __________ refers to the biological and anatomical differences between females and males.
A)Sex
B)Primary distinctions
C)Gender
D)Secondary distinctions
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Chapter 11: Families and Intimate Relationships
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Q1) Having an Indian woman carry a child can cost a couple no more than __________ Plus medical expenses.
A)$2,000
B) $5,000
C) $7,000
D)$10,000
Q2) Briefly explain why some infertile couples in the U.S., Britain, and elsewhere want to "hire" women in India to have their children. Why do some Indian women choose to do this? What are the criticisms?
Q3) Conflict explanations of family problems, such as high rates of divorce and overall family instability, focus on __________.
A)how exploitation of the lower classes by the upper classes contributes to family problems
B)the relationship between family troubles and changes in other social institutions, such as the economy, religion, and law
C)the way in which definitions concerning family problems not only are socially constructed but also have an effect on how people are treated
D)diversity and fragmentation of families
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13
Chapter 12: Education and Religion
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Q1) Horticultural societies were among the first to practice monotheism-a belief in a single, supreme being or god who is responsible for significant events such as the creation of the world. Three of the major world religions, Christianity, Judaism, and Islam are monotheistic.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Discuss the conflict perspective on education and distinguish how the hidden curriculum is influenced by social class and results in gender bias.
Q3) __________ is associated with early hunting and gathering societies and with many Native American societies, in which everyday life was not separated from the elements of the natural world.
A)Transcendent idealism
B)Theism
C)Animism
D)Simple supernaturalism
Q4) Describe the sociological study of religion from a historical perspective.
Q5) Describe the functionalist perspective on religion and discuss its major functions in societies.
Q6) Discuss the issue of bullying.
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Chapter 13: Politics and the Economy in Global Perspective
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Q1) Explain the relationship between political socialization, political attitudes, and political participation.
Q2) In __________, resources are converted from state ownership to private ownership; the government takes an active role in developing, recognizing, and protecting private property rights.
A)monopolization
B)privatization
C)centralized decision making
D)the pursuit of collective goals
Q3) A __________ is an organization whose purpose is to gain and hold legitimate control of government; it is usually composed of people with similar attitudes, interests, and socioeconomic status.
A)power elite
B)populist group
C)political party
D)pluralist interest group
Q4) Distinguish between power and authority.
Q5) Contemporary world economic systems - capitalism
Q6) Politics, Power, and Authority
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Chapter 14: Health, Health Care, and Disability
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Q1) The removal of certain behaviors (such as homosexuality) from the list of mental disorders compiled by the American Psychiatric Association and the deinstitutionalization of mental health patients, are examples of medicalization.
A)True
B)False
Q2) According to __________ theorists, physicians-who hold a legal monopoly over medicine-benefit from the existing structure because they can charge inflated fees.
A)postmodernist
B)symbolic interactionist
C)conflict
D)functionalist
Q3) Discuss how lifestyle factors related to sexually transmitted diseases affect health.
Q4) Discuss what sympathetic and intuitive framing are in the context of drug ads.
Q5) Explain the four methods of paying for health care and controlling health care costs in the United States.
Q6) List and discuss three major social implications of advanced medical technology.
Q7) Summarize health in the United States.
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Chapter 15: Population and Urbanization
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Q1) Summarize demography: the study of population.
Q2) The age distribution of a population has a direct bearing on the demand for schooling, health, employment, housing, and pensions. The current distribution of a population can be depicted in a population pyramid, which is a graphic representation of the distribution of a population by sex and age.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Since the 1950s, postindustrial cities have emerged in nations such as the United States as their economies have gradually shifted from secondary (manufacturing) production to tertiary (service and information processing) production.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Explain the difference between negative and sympathetic media framing and how it applies to immigrants. Is this a recent problem?
Q5) Discuss Herbert Gans and twenty-first century urban villagers.
Q6) Discuss Herbert Gans's five major types of adaptation among urban dwellers.
Q7) From a global context, elaborate on the Neo-Malthusian perspective on population growth.
Page 17
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Chapter 16: Collective Behavior, Social Movements, and Social Change
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Q1) Describe the conditions for collective behavior.
Q2) Conventional crowds are made up of people who come together for a scheduled even and thus share a common focus.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Sociologists distinguish among movements on the basis of their goals and the amount of change they seek to produce. Some movements seek to change people whereas others seek to change society.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Define mass behavior and outline the most frequent types of this behavior.
Q5) Frame bridging refers to the process whereby the creation and maintenance of new values, beliefs, and meanings induce movement participation by redefining activities and events in such a manner that people believe they must become involved in collective action.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Identify and describe casual, conventional, expressive, acting, and protest crowds.
Page 18
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