Sociological Perspectives
Practice Questions
Course Introduction
Sociological Perspectives explores fundamental theories and concepts that shape the study of society, examining how individuals, groups, and institutions interact to form the social world. This course introduces students to the main theoretical frameworks in sociology such as functionalism, conflict theory, symbolic interactionism, and feminist theory and demonstrates how these perspectives can be used to analyze social structures, cultural norms, inequalities, and social change. Through case studies and contemporary examples, students will develop critical thinking skills and a deeper understanding of the complex patterns and processes that define human societies.
Recommended Textbook
Sociology in Our Times The Essentials 8th Edition by Diana Kendall
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Page 2
Chapter 1: The Sociological Perspective and Research
Process
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Sample Questions
Q1) From the Marxian viewpoint, the __________ is composed of those who must sell their labor because they have no other means to earn a livelihood.
A)bourgeoisie class
B)lower-tier class
C)proletariat class
D)laissez-faire class
Answer: C
Q2) Which statement concerning suicide is true?
A)The rate of suicide is higher for older men than older women.
B)Most people who attempt suicide remain suicidal throughout life.
C)Older women have a lower rate of attempted suicide as compared with older males.
D)There is no evidence that children under the age of 10 have taken their own lives.
Answer: C
Q3) With the increasing diversity of the population, what personal troubles and public issues do you think are most important for the U.S. society to think about?
Answer: Not Answer
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3
Chapter 2: Culture
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Sample Questions
Q1) A(n) __________ is an unlearned, biologically determined involuntary response to some physical stimuli.
A)instinct
B)reflex
C)drive
D)impulse
Answer: B
Q2) After hitting 60 home runs and leading the league in runs batted in, the league's managers and players voted to award Robert the "Babe Ruth" Trophy. In this situation, Robert has received what sociologists call a __________.
A)positive mores
B)positive value
C)positive sanction
D)positive folkway
Answer: C
Q3) Explain the primary ways that language influences culture.
Answer: Not Answer
Q4) Discuss how cultural diversity influences society and individuals.
Answer: Not Answer
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Chapter 3: Socialization
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to zoologist __________, who pioneered sociobiology, genetic inheritance underlies many forms of social behavior such as war and peace, envy and concern for others, and competition and cooperation.
A)Sigmund Freud
B)Lawrence Kohlberg
C)Jean Piaget
D)Edward Wilson
Answer: D
Q2) Based on psychologist Sigmund Freud's theory, the superego is the rational, reality-oriented component of personality that imposes restrictions on the innate, pleasure-seeking drives of the id.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) Describe socialization through the life course and resocialization.
Answer: Not Answer
Q4) Summarize Jean Piaget's views on cognitive development.
Answer: Not Answer
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Social Structure and Interaction in Everyday Life
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Sample Questions
Q1) Define and give an example of: role conflict, role strain, and role exit. How do they differ from another?
Q2) Social structure provides the framework within which we interact with others. At the microlevel, the social structure of a society has several essential elements: social institutions, groups, statuses, roles, and norms.
A)True
B)False
Q3) To sociologists, a(n) __________ group consists of two or more people who interact frequently and share a common identity and a feeling of interdependence.
A)social
B)acting
C)primary
D)secondary
Q4) The mass media is an example of a(n) _______ institution.
A)traditional
B)emergent
C)primary
D)evolving
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Chapter 5: Groups and Organizations
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Sample Questions
Q1) Describe the research of Solomon Asch and explain its contributions to our understanding of group conformity.
Q2) Sociologist Georg Simmel suggested that small groups have distinctive interaction patterns that do not exist in larger groups. A coalition is an alliance created in a dyad in an attempt to reach a shared objective or goal.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Applying sociologist Max Weber's perspectives in developing an ideal type for bureaucracy in higher education, you would need to include the relationships among the governing bodies, administrators, faculty, staff, and students. You would also have to include the rules and policies that govern the school's activities (such as admissions criteria, grading policies, and graduation requirements).
A)True
B)False
Q4) Distinguish between the two functions of leadership and the three major styles of group leadership.
Q5) Compare normative, coercive, and utilitarian organizations and describe the nature of membership in each.
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Chapter 6: Deviance and Crime
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Sample Questions
Q1) __________ crime refers to illegal acts committed by an organization's employees on behalf of the organization and with its support. These crimes are a result of deliberate decisions made by personnel to enhance resources or profits at the expense of competitors, consumers, and the general public.
A)Occupational
B)Corporate
C)Political
D)Organizational
Q2) Sociologist Regina Arnold examined the relationship between women's earlier victimization in their family and their subsequent involvement in the criminal justice system. She attributes many of the women's offenses to living in families in which sexual abuse, incest, and other violence left them few choices except to engage in deviance.
A)True
B)False
Q3) In relation to the functionalist perspectives on deviance, describe sociologist Robert Merton's strain theory and sociologists Richard Cloward's and Lloyd Ohlin's opportunity theory.
Q4) Discuss the functions of deviance according to sociologist Emile Durkheim.
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Page 8
Chapter 7: Class and Stratification in the United States
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Q1) According to the social class model developed by sociologists Dennis Gilbert and Joseph Kahl, the __________ members (about 1 percent of the U. S. population) own substantial income-producing assets and operate on both the national and international levels. People in this class have an influence on the economy and society far beyond their numbers.
A)upper-middle class
B)upper class
C)middle-middle class
D)middle class
Q2) Intragenerational mobility is the social movement experienced by family members from one generation to the next. Intragenerational mobility may be downward as well as upward.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Contemporary Marxian (or conflict) theorists would examine class in terms of
A)the ownership or nonownership of the means of production
B)people's relationship with others in the production process
C)wealth inequality
D)a multidimensional approach of wealth, prestige and power
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Chapter 8: Global Stratification
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is one major result of requiring middle-income countries to make payments on their debts to lending agencies?
A)They limit their exports of raw materials and fuels resulting in global fuel and raw material shortages.
B)They make spending cuts in programs that were intended to help the poor, creating poverty in their country.
C)A large proportion of the resources for private housing are cut, resulting in housing shortages.
D)The World Bank places the monies in education funds for the children in that country.
Q2) Average life expectancy has increased by about a third in the past three decades and is now more than 70 years in __________ countries.
A)53
B)66
C)75
D)87
Q3) Summarize sociologist Immanuel Wallerstein's world systems theory of global inequality.
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Page 10
Chapter 9: Race and Ethnicity
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Sample Questions
Q1) Ethnic groups share five main characteristics. Which of the following characteristics is not shared by ethnic groups?
A)a sense of community
B)a feeling of ethnocentrism
C)unique genetic variations
D)territoriality
Q2) Biological (amalgamation) assimilation in the United States initially followed an "Anglo conformity" model; members of subordinate ethnic groups were expected to conform to the culture of the dominant white Anglo-Saxon population.
A)True
B)False
Q3) According to sociologist Joe Feagin, indirect institutionalized discrimination takes place when a prejudiced judge may give harsher sentences to all African American defendants but may not be supported by the judicial system in that action.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Compare and contrast the symbolic interaction, functional, and conflict perspectives.
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Chapter 10: Sex, Gender, and Sexuality
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Sample Questions
Q1) __________ is a person's perception of the self as female or male. Typically established between eighteen months and three years of age, it is a powerful aspect of our self-concept.
A)Gender identity
B)Sexual identity
C)Gender role
D)Body consciousness
Q2) Discuss the issue of Islamic Feminism.
Q3) __________ is the belief that women and men are equal and that they should be valued equally and have equal rights.
A)Sexual freedom
B)Feminism
C)Feminist liberation
D)Women's rights
Q4) What is not true concerning Islamic feminism?
A)It believes that Muslim women should keep their allegiance to Islam.
B)It should work towards changing male control over the basic Islamic worldview.
C)It is different from what people think of as Western feminism.
D)It advocates changing laws first and if that fails, leaving the Islamic faith.
Q5) Discuss the issue of gender inequality as it relates to work and pay.
Page 12
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Chapter 11: Families and Intimate Relationships
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Sample Questions
Q1) In 2004, approximately __________ percent of employed mothers with children under age 6 worked full-time.
A)33
B)50
C)74
D)90
Q2) The United States has the highest rate of teen pregnancy in the Western industrialized world. At the microlevel, several issues are important. Which of the following issues was not identified?
A)Many sexually active teenagers do not use contraceptives.
B)Some teenage males (due to a double standard) believe that females should be responsible for contraception.
C)Advertising, movies, television, magazines, music, and other forms of media often flaunt the idea of being sexually active without showing the possible consequences of such behavior.
D)Some teenagers view pregnancy as a sign of male prowess or as a way to gain adult status.
Q3) Discuss child-related family issues and parenting.
Q4) Summarize symbolic interactionist perspectives on families.
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Chapter 12: Education and Religion
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Sample Questions
Q1) In preindustrial societies, religion often takes the form of animism which is the belief that supernatural forces affect people's lives either positively or negatively.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Conflict theorists do not believe that public schools reduce social inequality in society; rather, they believe that schools often perpetuate class, racial/ethnic, and gender inequalities as some groups seek to maintain their privileged position at the expense of others.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The __________ refers to the everyday, secular, or "worldly" aspects of life. Secular beliefs have their foundation in scientific knowledge or everyday explanations.
A)profane
B)anti-spiritual
C)sacred
D)mundane
Q4) Discuss the conflict perspective on education and explain how tracking produces social inequality.
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Page 14
Chapter 13: Politics and the Economy in Global Perspective
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Sample Questions
Q1) __________ is the social institution through which power is acquired and exercised by some people and groups.
A)Government
B)Economics
C)Politics
D)Religion
Q2) According to sociologist Max Weber, __________ authority is power that is legitimized on the basis of long-standing custom.
A)charismatic
B)traditional
C)coercive
D)rational-legal
Q3) A nation-state is a unit of political organization that has recognizable national boundaries and whose citizens possess specific legal rights and obligations. They emerge as countries develop specific geographic territories and acquire greater ability to defend their borders.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Apply Conflict perspective on power and political systems
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Chapter 14: Health, Health Care, and Disability
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Sample Questions
Q1) Contrary to popular belief, a woman who is HIV positive can not pass the virus on to her child during pregnancy, childbirth, or breast feeding.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Despite public and private insurance programs, about __________ of all U.S. citizens are without health insurance or have had difficulty getting or paying for medical care at some time in the last year.
A)one-fourth
B)one-third
C)one-fifth
D)one-half
Q3) __________ refers to a health care system in which the government owns the health care facilities and employs the physicians.
A)Universal health care
B)Health Maintenance Organizations
C)A fee-for-service system
D)Socialized medicine
Q4) Discuss health care in the United States.
Q5) Discuss the framing of drug ads.
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Chapter 15: Population and Urbanization
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Q1) In his book on immigration, sociologist Robert Crosnoe argues that recent immigrants to the U.S. should not be seen as a threat but as a potential resource for our nation.
A)True
B)False
Q2) __________ views migration as linked to the problems caused by capitalist development around the world. As the natural resources, land, and work force in low-income countries with little or no industrialization have come under the influence of international markets, there has been a corresponding flow of migrants from those nations to the highly industrialized, high-income countries.
A)World Systems theory
B)Split-Labor Market theory
C)Network theory
D)Institutional theory
Q3) Describe problems in global cities.
Q4) Compare international migration theories.
Q5) From a global context, discuss the Marxist perspective on population growth.
Q6) From a global context, expand on the Demographic Transition theory on population growth.
Page 17
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Chapter 16: Collective Behavior, Social Movements, and Social Change
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Sample Questions
Q1) Rumors thrive when tensions are low and when an abundance of authentic information is available on an issue of great concern.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Sociologists distinguish among movements on the basis of their goals and the amount of change they seek to produce. Some movements seek to change people whereas others seek to change society.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Unlike __________ behavior (for example, in education, religion, or politics), collective behavior lacks established norms to govern behavior.
A)administrative
B)institutional
C)organizational
D)change-based
Q4) Describe the conditions for collective behavior.
Q5) Describe mass behavior.
Q6) Discuss China in regards to its environmental issues.
Q7) Summarize the different types of crowd behavior.
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