Sociological Perspectives
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Course Introduction
Sociological Perspectives introduces students to the foundational concepts and theories used to analyze human behavior within society. The course examines major sociological approaches such as functionalism, conflict theory, and symbolic interactionism to explore how individuals, groups, and institutions shape and are shaped by social structures and cultural norms. Through the study of topics including socialization, stratification, deviance, and social change, students will develop a better understanding of the complexities of social life and contemporary social issues, preparing them to critically evaluate social phenomena from multiple viewpoints.
Recommended Textbook
Sociology in Our Times The Essentials 8th Edition by Diana Kendall
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16 Chapters
2386 Verified Questions
2386 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: The Sociological Perspective and Research
Process
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Sample Questions
Q1) The world's __________ countries are primarily agrarian nations with little industrialization and impoverished levels of national and personal income.
A)high-income
B)middle-income
C)subordinate-income
D)low-income
Answer: D
Q2) German social scientist Max Weber stressed that sociologists should employ __________ (understanding or insight) to gain the ability to see the world as others see it.
A)verstehen
B)positivism
C)social facts
D)social dynamics
Answer: A
Q3) With the increasing diversity of the population, what personal troubles and public issues do you think are most important for the U.S. society to think about?
Answer: Not Answer
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Chapter 2: Culture
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to Williams, two of our core American values are equality and religiosity.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) Identify and compare the forms that popular culture takes.
Answer: A fad is a temporary but widely copied activity followed enthusiastically by large numbers of people. Most fads are short-lived novelties. According to sociologist John Lofland, fads can be divided into four major categories. (1) object fads are items that people purchase despite the fact that they have little use or intrinsic value such as Harry Potter wands or SpongeBob SquarePants trading cards; (2) activity fads include pursuits such as body piercing and "surfing" the Internet, and diet fads; (3) idea fads such as New Age ideologies; and (4) personality fads, such as those surrounding celebrities like Paris Hilton and Tiger Woods. A fashion is a currently valued style of behavior, thinking, or appearance that is longer lasting and more widespread than a fad. Examples of fashion are found in many areas including child rearing, education, arts, clothing, music, and sports.
Q3) Explain the primary ways that language influences culture.
Answer: Not Answer
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4
Chapter 3: Socialization
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Sample Questions
Q1) Psychologists Harry and Margaret Harlow observed that infant rhesus monkeys, having been deprived of social contact with other monkeys during their first six months of life, never learned how to relate to other monkeys or to become well-adjusted adult monkeys.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) In psychologist Jean Piaget's theory, during the __________ stage, children think in terms of tangible objects and actual events. They can draw conclusions about the likely physical consequences of an action without always having to try the action out. Additionally, they begin to take the role of others and start to empathize with the viewpoints of others.
A)sensorimotor
B)formal operational
C)preoperational
D)concrete operational
Answer: D
Q3) Describe socialization through the life course and resocialization.
Answer: Not Answer
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Social Structure and Interaction in Everyday Life
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Sample Questions
Q1) The mass media is an example of a(n) _______ institution.
A)traditional
B)emergent
C)primary
D)evolving
Q2) Explain what is meant by the sociology of emotions and describe sociologist Arlie Hochschild's contribution to this area of study.
Q3) We act on reality as we see it. Sociologists describe this process as the __________, meaning that we analyze a social context in which we find ourselves, determine what is in our best interest, and adjust our attitudes and actions accordingly.
A)reality impression
B)definition of the situation
C)interactionist dialogue
D)self-fulfilling prophecy
Q4) __________ occurs when the expectations associated with a role are unclear.
A)Role expectation
B)Role performance
C)Role ambiguity
D)Role alienation
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Chapter 5: Groups and Organizations
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Q1) From a functionalist perspective, instrumental leadership provides emotional support for members; this type of leadership is most appropriate when the group is dealing with emotional issues, and harmony, solidarity, and high morale are needed.
A)True
B)False
Q2) According to sociologist Charles H. Cooley, a(n) __________ group is a larger, more specialized group in which the members engage in more impersonal, goal-oriented relationships for a limited period of time.
A)secondary
B)primary
C)formal
D)informal
Q3) In a disaster like Hurricane Katrina, a(n) _______ leadership style has proven to be most effective.
A)democratic
B)laissez-faire
C)authoritarian
D)autocratic
Q4) Summarize sociologist Max Weber's ideal characteristics of bureaucracy.
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Chapter 6: Deviance and Crime
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Sample Questions
Q1) Members of __________ seek to acquire a "rep" (reputation) by fighting over "turf" (territory) and adopting a value system of toughness, courage, and similar qualities.
A)rebellist gangs
B)criminal gangs
C)conflict gangs
D)retreatist gangs
Q2) A youngster living in the ghetto is unlikely to become wealthy through a Harvard education, but some of his desires may be met through behaviors like theft, drug dealing, and robbery. This example illustrates __________.
A)deviance management
B)criminal careers
C)illegitimate opportunity structures
D)differential opportunity theory
Q3) In relation to the symbolic interactionist perspectives on deviance, compare sociologist Edwin Sutherland's differential association theory and criminologist Ronald Akers' differential reinforcement theory.
Q4) Discuss the functions of deviance according to sociologist Emile Durkheim.
Q5) Explain the nature of deviance and describe its most common forms.
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Chapter 7: Class and Stratification in the United States
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to sociologist Erik Wright's Marxian model of the U.S. class structure, the major sources of income for the managerial class are profits, interests, and very high salaries. Members of this class make important decisions about the workplace, including which products and services to make available to consumers and how many workers to hire or fire.
A)True
B)False
Q2) According to sociologist Karl Marx, the capitalist class maintains its position at the top of the class structure by control of the society's superstructure, which is composed of the government, schools, churches, and other social institutions that produce and disseminate ideas perpetuating the existing system of exploitation.
A)True
B)False
Q3) By July of 2009, the minimum wage per hour will be
A)$5.85.
B)$6.15.
C)$7.25.
D)$8.75.
Q4) Outline the three major systems of stratification.
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Chapter 8: Global Stratification
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Sample Questions
Q1) People living in the __________, the poorest countries, have little or no industrialization and the lowest standards of living, shortest life expectancies, and highest rates of mortality.
A)first world
B)second world
C)third world
D)fourth world
Q2) Discuss the issue of migration of people from one poor country to another. Do their efforts make a difference in their economic status? Will this kind of migration continue in the future?
Q3) Describe global inequality in relation to the new international division of labor theory.
Q4) Discuss personal perspective on global poverty and human development issues.
Q5) Detail global inequality in relation to development and modernization theory.
Q6) Nations with low-income economies include __________.
A)Brazil, Honduras, and Afghanistan
B)Vietnam, Tanzania, and South Africa
C)Bangladesh, Mexico, and Nigeria
D)Rwanda, Mozambique, and Ethiopia
Q7) In relation to theories of global inequality, discuss the dependency theory.
Page 10
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Chapter 9: Race and Ethnicity
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Q1) Sociologists define a superordinate group as one whose members, because of physical or cultural characteristics, are disadvantaged and subjected to unequal treatment by the dominate group and who regard themselves as objects of collective discrimination.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Explain the key assumptions of the conflict perspectives on racial and ethnic relations.
Q3) In terms of income, employment, housing, nutrition, and health, which of the following is the most disadvantaged racial or ethnic group in the United States?
A)African Americans
B)Hispanic Americans
C)Native Americans
D)Asian Americans
Q4) Distinguish between assimilation and ethnic pluralism and explain why both are functionalist perspectives on racial and ethnic relations.
Q5) Discuss the issue of media framing as it relates to race and ethnicity.
Q6) Discrimination - sociologist Joe Feagin's theory
Q7) Do multiracial scenes in TV ads reflect reality? Why or why not?
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Chapter 10: Sex, Gender, and Sexuality
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following would not be an example of secondary sex characteristics in men?
A)penis
B)more muscular build
C)deeper voice
D)more body and facial hair
Q2) Sexism is interwoven with __________, which is a hierarchical system of social organization in which cultural, political, and economic structures are controlled by women.
A)monoarchy
B)patriarchy
C)polyarchy
D)matriarchy
Q3) In agrarian societies, people no longer have to move continually in search of food and they can acquire a surplus. Men gain control over the disposition of the surplus and the kinship system, and this control serves men's interests.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Trace gender stratification from a historical and contemporary perspective.
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Chapter 11: Families and Intimate Relationships
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Sample Questions
Q1) __________ attempt to analyze how does the family influence the individual's self-concept and identity. They examine the roles of husbands, wives, and children as they act out their own roles and react to the actions of others. From such a perspective, what people think, as well as what they say and do, is very important in understanding family dynamics.
A)Functionalists
B)Postmodern theorists
C)Conflict theorists
D)Symbolic interactionists
Q2) __________ often include grandparents, uncles, aunts, or other relatives who live close to the parents and children, making it possible for family members to share resources.
A)Blended families
B)Extended families
C)Conventional families
D)Nuclear families
Q3) Discuss the system of descent and inheritance, and explain why such systems are important in societies.
Q4) Analyze the family from the conflict and feminist perspectives.
Q5) Identify transitions and problems in families.
Page 13
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Chapter 12: Education and Religion
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Sample Questions
Q1) Anthropologists have concluded that all known groups over the past 100,000 years have had some form of religion. Which of the following was not as a form of religion?
A)simple supernaturalism
B)transubstantiation
C)theism
D)animism
Q2) __________ theorists believe that education contributes to the maintenance of society and provides people with an opportunity for self-enhancement and upward social mobility. They view education as one of the most important components of society.
A)Symbolic interactionist
B)Conflict
C)Postmodernist
D)Functionalist
Q3) Analyze education from the symbolic interactionist perspective.
Q4) Discuss the conflict perspective on education and explain how tracking produces social inequality.
Q5) Outline opportunities and challenges in colleges and universities.
Q6) Analyze education from the functionalist perspective.
Page 14
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Chapter 13: Politics and the Economy in Global Perspective
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Sample Questions
Q1) __________ is a political system in which the state seeks to regulate all aspects of people's public and private lives.
A)Democracy
B)Totalitarianism
C)Monarchy
D)Authoritarianism
Q2) Define and outline the development of rational-legal authority. Include sociologist Max Weber's viewpoint.
Q3) Which of the following nations is not considered a mixed economy?
A)Sweden
B)Great Britain
C)France
D)the former Soviet Union
Q4) In a mass society the dominant type of communication is what?
A)interpersonal networks
B)the formal media
C)cell phones
D)family and friends
Q5) Politics, Power, and Authority
Q6) Define socialism and describe its major characteristics.
Page 15
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Chapter 14: Health, Health Care, and Disability
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Sample Questions
Q1) Over the past 15 years, life expectancy in low-income nations increased on average from 53 to 62 years, and mortality of children under 5 years of age dropped from 149 to 85 per 1,000 live births. An important factor in the increase in life expectancy in low-income nations has been the development of __________.
A)better doctor care
B)a safe water supply
C)healthier diets
D)a good exercise program
Q2) Healing practices inconsistent with dominant medical practice taking a holistic approach to health is known as __________.
A)alternative medicine
B)conventional medicine
C)faith healing
D)preventive medicine
Q3) Explain the social implications of advanced medical technology.
Q4) Compare paying for medical care in other nations (Canada, Great Britain, and China).
Q5) Summarize the rise of scientific medicine, professionalism and medicine today, in the United States.
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Chapter 15: Population and Urbanization
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to urban sociologists, a __________ is a relatively dense and permanent settlement of people who secure their livelihood primarily through nonagricultural activities.
A)metropolitan area
B)township
C)city
D)territory
Q2) Citing sociologist Ernest Burgess' concentric zone model, __________ contains working-class residences and shops and ethnic enclaves.
A)Zone 2
B)Zone 3
C)Zone 4
D)Zone 5
Q3) Discuss fertility as it relates to the study of population.
Q4) Gentrification is the process by which members of the middle and upper-middle classes, especially whites, move into the central-city area and renovate existing properties.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 16: Collective Behavior, Social Movements, and Social Change
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Sample Questions
Q1) __________ focuses on the shared emotions, goals, and beliefs that many people may bring to crowd behavior. Because of their individual characteristics, many people have a predisposition to participate in certain types of activities.
A)Circular reaction
B)Mob psychology
C)Emergent norm theory
D)Convergence theory
Q2) Differentiate among the five major types of social movements based on their goals and the amount of change they seek to produce.
Q3) Scholar Gustave Le Bon asserted that emotions such as fear and hate are contagious in crowds because people experience an increase in personal responsibility; they will do things by themselves that they would never do as a collectivity.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Describe the conditions for collective behavior, the dynamics of collective behavior, and the distinctions regarding collective behavior.
Q5) State the key assumptions of the social construction theory: frame analysis.
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