Sociological Perspectives Exam Review
Course Introduction
Sociological Perspectives introduces students to the fundamental frameworks and theories used to analyze and understand human behavior within society. The course explores how diverse sociological viewpoints such as functionalism, conflict theory, symbolic interactionism, and feminist perspectives offer distinct ways to interpret social structures, institutions, and everyday interactions. Through examining key issues like socialization, inequality, culture, and group dynamics, students learn to critically evaluate societal patterns and the forces that shape social life, preparing them to apply sociological thinking to contemporary social problems and their own daily experiences.
Recommended Textbook Society The Basics 12th Edition by John J. Macionis
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16 Chapters
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Sociology: Perspective, theory, and Method
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201 Verified Questions
201 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Learning more sociology can help you to do all of the following EXCEPT
A)assess the truth of "common sense"
B)assess the opportunities and constraints in our lives
C)be more active participants in society
D)see how individuals guide their own lives through "free will"
Answer: D
Q2) We would expect the sociological perspective to be MOST likely to develop in a place that was
A)very traditional.
B)experiencing major social changes.
C)very poor.
D)small and socially isolated.
Answer: B
Q3) The ideal of objectivity means that a researcher must
A)not personally care about the topic being studied.
B)try to adopt a stance of personal neutrality toward the outcome of the research.
C)study issues that have no value to society as a whole.
D)carry out research that will encourage desirable social change.
Answer: B
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Culture
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following statements MOST closely conveys the point of the Sapir-Whorf thesis?
A)Language involves attaching labels to the real world.
B)People see the world through the cultural lens of their language.
C)Most words have the same meaning if spoken in different languages.
D)Every word exists in all known languages.
Answer: B
Q2) Subculture refers to
A)a part of the population lacking culture.
B)people who embrace popular culture.
C)cultural patterns that set off a part of a society's population.
D)people who embrace high culture.
Answer: C
Q3) People in the United States tend to view the past as being better than the present. A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Chapter 3: Socialization: From Infancy to Old Age
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Sample Questions
Q1) The tragic case of Anna,the isolated girl who was studied by Kingsley Davis,shows that
A)humans have most of the same instincts found in other animal species.
B)without social experience,a child is not able to act or communicate in a meaningful way.
C)personality is present in humans at birth.
D)early socialization is not critical to personality development.
Answer: B
Q2) One contribution of schooling to the socialization process that teaches about rules and schedules is
A)exposing the child to a bureaucratic setting.
B)exposing the child to people of similar social backgrounds.
C)teaching children to be highly flexible and to express their individuality.
D)helping children break free of gender roles.
Answer: A
Q3) During the last century,the mass media have had a declining influence on people in the United States.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Chapter 4: Social Interaction in Everyday Life
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Sample Questions
Q1) In dramaturgical analysis,an examination room in a doctor's office is called a "back region."
A)True
B)False
Q2) Having "street smarts" really amounts to the ability to make daily events unfold in the way that you want them to.
A)True
B)False
Q3) In her study of women's abortion experiences,Jennifer Keys discovered that feelings are guided by
A)biological processes over which people have no control.
B)the inner self.
C)emotional scripts.
D)All of these responses are correct.
Q4) "Role conflict" refers to the conflict or incompatibility among the roles linked to two or more statuses.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Explain how emotions are guided by both biology and culture.
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Chapter 5: Groups and Organizations
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Sample Questions
Q1) One person's in-group can be another person's out-group.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which type of leadership style takes charge of making decisions and makes sure people do what they are told?
A)authoritarian leadership
B)democratic leadership
C)laissez-faire leadership
D)expressive leadership
Q3) In addition to keeping their individuality,members of a social group also think of themselves as a special "we."
A)True
B)False
Q4) The scientific management approach was developed by
A)Frederick Taylor.
B)Robert Merton.
C)Robert Michels.
D)Rosabeth Moss Kanter.
Q5) What are the important differences between primary and secondary groups?
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Q6) What are the differences between categories and social groups?
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Chapter 6: Sexuality and Society
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Sample Questions
Q1) Research on extramarital sex shows that about _____ of married men and about _____ of married women remain faithful to their spouse throughout their married lives.
A)25 percent;40 percent
B)25 percent;75 percent
C)75 percent;50 percent
D)75 percent;90 percent
Q2) Which concept refers to the biological distinction between males and females?
A)sex
B)primary sex characteristics
C)gender
D)gender roles
Q3) According to national survey data,what percentage of adults in the United States state that a woman should be able to obtain an abortion for any reason?
A)92 percent
B)72 percent
C)42 percent
D)22 percent
Q4) State two common myths about rape.Explain why these beliefs are wrong.
Q5) What are the traits of the campus culture of "hooking up"?
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Chapter 7: Deviance
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Sample Questions
Q1) The likelihood a person will be arrested for a street crime rises sharply
A)during the late teenage years.
B)in the late twenties.
C)during the middle thirties.
D)over age forty.
Q2) What is the medicalization of deviance? Give an example of a behavior that we understand differently as a result of this process.
Q3) Why did Emile Durkheim claim that deviance was "normal"? List four ways in which deviance is functional for society,according to Durkheim.
Q4) His friends begin to criticize Marco as a "juice-head," pushing him out of their social circle.Marco begins to drink even more,becomes bitter,and joins a new group of friends who also are heavy drinkers.According to Lemert,Marco's situation illustrates
A)the onset of primary deviance.
B)the onset of secondary deviance.
C)the formation of a deviant subculture.
D)the onset of retreatism.
Q5) What is criminal recidivism? Why do you think our society has such a high rate of recidivism?
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Chapter 8: Social Stratification
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Sample Questions
Q1) Roughly 40 to 45 percent of the U.S.population falls within the A)upper class.
B)middle class.
C)lower class.
D)poor.
Q2) Discuss poverty trends in the United States in recent decades with regard to (a)percentage of the population that is poor,(b)children,(c)the elderly,and (d)women.
Q3) What is meritocracy? What small concept of meritocracy do caste systems contain? Why are class systems thought to have embraced a larger concept of meritocracy? Illustrate how class systems combine caste and meritocracy with reference to the United States and also Great Britain or Japan.
Q4) Which of the following statements about homelessness is TRUE?
A)Most homeless adults are mentally ill.
B)Most homeless adults are substance abusers.
C)The elderly are the fastest-growing category of the homeless.
D)One-third of all homeless people consist of families.
Q5) What is meritocracy? What part does it play in class systems?
Q6) Define structural social mobility.How does it differ from individual social mobility?
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Chapter 9: Global Stratification
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Sample Questions
Q1) If you wanted to visit the world's low-income nations,where would you travel?
A)Africa and Asia
B)Latin America
C)Eastern Europe
D)North America
Q2) Typically,people in low-income countries do more physical labor yet consume fewer calories than people in rich nations.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Modernization theory claims that rich nations can and do help solve the world's poverty problem.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The people of the high-income countries,who represent 23 percent of the world's population,enjoy about how much of the world's total income?
A)15 percent
B)35 percent
C)55 percent
D)75 percent
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Chapter 10: Gender Stratification
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Sample Questions
Q1) Radical feminists envision a world free from gender differences.Write an essay in which you imagine how such a world might operate.Would families exist? How would human reproduction occur? Do you support efforts to create this world or not? Why?
Q2) The first women to serve in the U.S.military did so during World War II.
A)True
B)False
Q3) One criticism of pornography is that it portrays women as weak and undeserving of respect.
A)True
B)False
Q4) In a short essay,answer the following questions: Is social class or gender more important in shaping the life of an individual born in the United States today? How does each factor matter? Provide reasons for your choice.Consider how social class and gender interact.
Q5) Gender refers simply to whether people are female or male.
A)True
B)False
Q6) What three factors account for most of the income disparity between women and men?
Page 12
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Chapter 11: Race and Ethnicity
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Sample Questions
Q1) All members of a minority typically share a distinct identity.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Do you think that U.S.society is pluralistic? Provide specific data in support of your assessment.
Q3) Which of the following concepts refers to biological reproduction by people of different racial categories?
A)assimilation
B)racial typology
C)pluralism
D)miscegenation
Q4) What is the Bogardus social distance scale? What does research using the scale tell us about changing attitudes of college students towards racial and ethnic minorities?
Q5) Segregation refers to the physical and social separation of categories of people.
A)True
B)False
Q6) When did slavery begin in the United States? When was it outlawed?
Q7) What is the "trend toward mixture" in terms of race in the United States?
Page 13
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Chapter 12: Economics and Politics
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Sample Questions
Q1) Describe the attitudes of the U.S.population using the political spectrum.How do gender,race,and class figure in?
Q2) The concept of "government" refers to the formal organization that directs the political life of a society.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Weber's idea of the routinization of charisma is the claim that charisma does not exist in the modern world.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Authority refers to power that people perceive as coercive.
A)True
B)False
Q5) As a social institution,the economy
A)produces and distributes goods and services.
B)guides the consumption of goods and services.
C)operates in a relatively predictable manner.
D)All of these responses are correct.
Q6) Identify three factors that encourage political revolution.
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Chapter 13: Family and Religion
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is the effect of industrialization on the number of children in a typical family?
A)Families have more children.
B)Families have the same number of children.
C)Families have fewer children.
D)Families no longer care about how many children they have.
Q2) Karl Marx believed that religion
A)focuses life on the present rather than the future.
B)supports social inequality.
C)treats existing society as secular.
D)threatens the power of the state.
Q3) Typically,industrial societies make use of which of the following systems to trace ancestry?
A)bilateral descent
B)matrilineal descent
C)patrilineal descent
D)None of these responses is correct.
Q4) Provide a distinctive trait or pattern about each of the following: American Indian families,Latino families,African American families,and Asian American families.
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Page 15
Chapter 14: Education, health and Medicine
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Sample Questions
Q1) "Type A personalities," linked to the concept of masculinity,are harmful to human health.
A)True
B)False
Q2) From a social-conflict perspective,schooling in the United States transforms social privilege into personal merit.
A)True
B)False
Q3) AIDS kills more people in the United States each year than diseases caused by cigarette smoking.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Almost 3 percent of school-age children in the U.S.are home schooled.
A)True
B)False
Q5) About one month after being infected,most people with HIV begin to display symptoms.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Define "education" and "schooling."
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Chapter 15: Population, urbanization, and Environment
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Sample Questions
Q1) How much did the world's population increase during the twentieth century?
A)Not at all-it stayed about the same.
B)It doubled.
C)It tripled.
D)It quadrupled.
Q2) In low-income countries,increasing opportunities available to women are likely to A)stimulate the economy,raising economic output.
B)lower the birth rate.
C)result in more education for women.
D)All of these are correct.
Q3) Global warming could cause the oceans to fall by two to three feet during this century.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Thomas Robert Malthus claimed that
A)the world could sustain an ever-larger population.
B)population increase would eventually bring chaos to the world.
C)industrialization would reduce the birth rate.
D)population decrease threatened the world in the future.
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Chapter 16: Social Change: Modern and Postmodern
Societies
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Sample Questions
Q1) The class-society theory states that modernization has greatly reduced social inequality.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Karl Marx considered the defining trait of modern society to be capitalism.
A)True
B)False
Q3) In global perspective,we see that some societies change but others do not.
A)True
B)False
Q4) "Postmodernity" refers to societies transformed by the Industrial Revolution.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Emile Durkheim claimed that the defining trait of modernity was A)faith in established tradition.
B)kinship.
C)common beliefs.
D)an increasing division of labor.
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Q6) What demographic (population)trends are reshaping the United States? What are some likely consequences of these changes?
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