Sociological Perspectives
Exam Materials
Course Introduction
Sociological Perspectives is an introductory course that explores the foundational concepts, theories, and frameworks used by sociologists to understand human behavior and the structure of society. Covering classical and contemporary perspectives, students examine how factors such as culture, socialization, institutions, inequality, and power influence individuals and groups. Through the analysis of real-world issues and case studies, the course encourages critical thinking about how social forces shape identities, relationships, and social change, providing students with the analytical tools to interpret the complexities of modern social life.
Recommended Textbook
Sociology The Core 8th Edition by Michael Hughes
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13 Chapters
1494 Verified Questions
1494 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Developing a Sociological Consciousness
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123 Verified Questions
123 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Critical theory
A) grew out of dissatisfaction with Marxism.
B) criticized sociology because it viewed individuals as passive and helpless entities locked in social structures.
C) grew out of conflict theory.
D) All of the choices are correct.
Answer: D
Q2) When sociologists discover a correlation between variables,they have
A) established causation.
B) not established causation.
C) proven all hypotheses.
D) demonstrated generalization.
Answer: B
Q3) _________________ is commonly credited with being the founder of sociology.
A) Max Weber
B) Emile Durkheim
C) Harriet Martineau
D) Auguste Comte
Answer: D
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Culture and Social Structure
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118 Verified Questions
118 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Primate researchers have concluded that great ape cultures probably have existed for at least __________ years.
A) 400,000
B) 1.4 million
C) 4 million
D) 14 million
Answer: D
Q2) Some analysts partly blame our surprise at the 9/11 attacks on ethnocentrism.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) The actual behavior of the person who occupies a status is termed A) role performance.
B) master status.
C) role set.
D) duties.
Answer: A
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Socialization
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122 Verified Questions
122 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) In Piaget's theory,the preoperational stage
A) involves children's gradual realization that they exist independently of the people and things around them.
B) includes the learning of symbols and language.
C) involves the child's development of abstract thought.
D) includes the development of logic.
Answer: B
Q2) Self-esteem is governed by three principles: reflected appraisals,social comparisons,and self-attribution.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) According to George H.Mead,the key to children's development of the self resides in the children's
A) ability to separate themselves from their parents.
B) reliance on the outside world for survival.
C) acquisition of language.
D) physical maturity.
Answer: C
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Social Groups and Formal Organizations
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115 Verified Questions
115 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Symbolic interactionists contend that human beings in organizations are spongelike,malleable organisms who passively conform to the bureaucratic requirements.
A)True
B)False
Q2) In-groups and out-groups function to provide us with a sense of
A) "we" and "they."
B) social identity or self-concept.
C) disgust or revulsion for others that may result in conflict.
D) All of the choices are correct.
Q3) Groups are
A) social structures that have an existence apart from the particular relationships people have with one another.
B) an example of the idea that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts.
C) an example of the idea that the whole is almost never greater than the sum of its parts.
D) social structures that have an existence apart from the particular relationships people have with one another and an example of the idea that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts are correct.
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Page 6
Chapter 5: Deviance and Crime
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115 Verified Questions
115 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) A large number of white-collar criminals are prosecuted and convicted,and they usually receive sentences comparable to those of other criminals.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Sociologically speaking,____________ is behavior that a considerable number of people in a society view as reprehensible and beyond the limits of tolerance.
A) crime
B) mental illness
C) social control
D) deviance
Q3) ________ may be the most dramatic and widespread of the new high-tech crimes?
A) Identify theft
B) Child pornography
C) Mail bombings
D) Software piracy
Q4) Women accounted for 24 percent of all arrests in 2004.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Explain the functions and dysfunctions of deviance.
Page 7
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Chapter 6: Social Stratification
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118 Verified Questions
118 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Societies with closed social stratification systems are characterized by A) little social mobility.
B) a great amount of social mobility.
C) little social differentiation.
D) a great amount of social differentiation.
Q2) Contrast the objective,subjective,and reputational methods of determining social classes.
Q3) According to most theorists,the United States is an example of A) the ideal type of a closed social stratification system.
B) a relatively closed social stratification system.
C) a relatively open social stratification system.
D) the ideal type of an open social stratification system.
Q4) Inequality in the incomes of American citizens is greater than inequality in wealth. A)True
B)False
Q5) Prestige determines the ability of people to make the world work on their behalf even when the "world" may not want to work on their behalf.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 7: Inequalities of Race and Ethnicity
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117 Verified Questions
117 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) White ethnicity
A) was viewed by Gans as contributing to individual identity,but not as creating or sustaining strong ethnic group ties.
B) is a deep,stable identity.
C) includes Hispanic Americans.
D) has a tremendous impact on the everyday lives of most white ethnics.
Q2) The _____________ is NOT a feeling typically held by dominant group members?
A) feeling that developing an understanding of the nature and meaning of intergroup differences and similarities is important
B) sense that they are superior to members of minority groups
C) feeling that minority group members are by their nature different and alien
D) belief that they have an in-born claim to privilege,power,and prestige
Q3) Institutional racism is a form of institutional discrimination.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Identify and contrast the functionalist and conflict perspectives on racial and ethnic stratification.
Q5) Explain the meanings of and relationship between prejudice and discrimination.
Q6) Contrast race,ethnic,and minority in terms of their sociological significance.
Page 9
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Chapter 8: Gender Inequality
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98 Verified Questions
98 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Gender identities are conceptions we have of ourselves as being male or female. A)True
B)False
Q2) Fully define the meaning of sexual harassment developed by the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission.
Q3) Regarding rape,sociologists
A) agree that rapists tend to be socially dysfunctional.
B) agree that rapists are psychologically disturbed.
C) found significant evidence to assert that rapists are sexually inadequate.
D) turn to explanations that emphasize culture,socialization,and social structure.
Q4) Married women's labor-force participation in the United States over the past 200 years is represented by
A) exponential growth.
B) a gradually-declining curve.
C) a U-shaped curve.
D) an arithmetic-growth curve.
Q5) The most pervasive form of institutional sexism is patriarchy. A)True B)False
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Chapter 9: Political and Economic Power
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118 Verified Questions
118 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The government is an important participant in the U.S.economy,but private business plays the primary productive role.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Factors that promote a social climate favorable to a stable democracy include
A) the existence of conflict associated with a competitive struggle over positions of power.
B) the absence of conflict.
C) a strong social organization of mediating groups,networks,and institutions that sustain the public life outside the worlds of the state and the economy.
D) the existence of conflict associated with a competitive struggle over positions of power and a strong social organization of mediating groups,networks,and institutions that sustain the public life outside the worlds of the state and the economy are correct.
Q3) When the state organizes and wields power,it is called
A) bureaucratic power.
B) political power.
C) totalitarian power.
D) legalistic power.
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Chapter 10: The Family
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116 Verified Questions
116 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) ________________ were once singled out by social scientists as the only universal norm in the world,but they have since been found not to exist among the ancient Egyptians.
A) Homicides
B) Sex crimes
C) Incest taboos
D) Polygamous relationships
Q2) Nuclear families that are not disrupted by divorce,desertion,or death typically pass through a series of changes across time that sociologists call
A) the procreation pattern.
B) the family life course.
C) the family of orientation period.
D) the birth cohort experience.
Q3) __________ percent of all out-of-wedlock births were to cohabitating parents.
A) 40
B) 50
C) 60
D) 80
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Chapter 11: Religion, Education, and Medicine
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117 Verified Questions
117 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The high school graduation rate in the U.S.has slipped below average among industrialized nations.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Contrast the functionalist,interactionist,and conflict perspectives on the American education system.
Q3) ________ is when societies attempt to transmit particular attitudes,skills,or knowledge to their members in a formal,systematic way.
A) Learning.
B) Education.
C) Integration.
D) Gatekeeping.
Q4) Health care expenditures accounted for ___ percent of the U.S.gross domestic product (GDP)in 2004.
A) 9
B) 12
C) 16
D) 19
Q5) Explain the meaning of "civil religion," and discuss its role in society.
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Chapter 12: Population and Environment
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108 Verified Questions
108 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) When a new type of people,institution,or activity encroaches on an area occupied by a different type,this is called
A) segregation.
B) invasion.
C) succession.
D) urban encroachment.
Q2) The three classic models of city growth are the concentric circle model,edge cities,and the single nuclei model.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The number of deaths among infants under one year of age per 1,000 live births is called the
A) crude death rate.
B) age-specific death rate.
C) infant morbidity rate.
D) infant mortality rate.
Q4) Contrast the public's view of environmental problems with that of scientists advising the Environmental Protection Agency.
Q5) Explain the three stages of the demographic transition identified in your text.
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Chapter 13: Social Change
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109 Verified Questions
109 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to psychologists who studied the September 11 attacks,the 19 men who carried out the plans of Al-Qaida were motivated mostly by
A) peer pressure.
B) religious zeal.
C) hatred for the United States.
D) None of the coices are correct.
Q2) According to symbolic interactionists,the primary task of the media is to make the public aware of the objective realities of everyday life.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Suicide terrorists are always
A) poor.
B) uneducated.
C) politically powerless.
D) None of the choices are correct.
Q4) A primary problem in forecasting social change is that change is so much a part of our lives,we take it for granted.
A)True
B)False
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