Sociological Foundations
Mock Exam
Course Introduction
This course explores the fundamental concepts, theories, and perspectives that form the foundation of the sociological discipline. Students will examine key sociological thinkers, the development of sociological thought, and the ways in which society, culture, institutions, and group dynamics shape human behavior. The course emphasizes the interplay between individual agency and social structure, critically analyzing social processes such as socialization, stratification, and social change. Through case studies and contemporary examples, students will gain a deeper understanding of how sociological principles apply to everyday life and broader social issues.
Recommended Textbook Essentials of Sociology 6th Edition by Richard P. Appelbaum
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Chapter 1: Sociology: Theory and Method
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Sample Questions
Q1) Tori's father loses his job during a time of economic crisis when many people are losing their jobs. Her mother is a skilled daycare worker with years of experience, but like many daycare workers, she cannot find any jobs that pay well. Sociologists would likely see the struggle of Tori's parents as:
A) a personal trouble.
B) the fault of Tori's father for not providing for the family.
C) the result of a socialist economy.
D) a public issue.
Answer: D
Q2) ________ is when the research study ends, and the investigator discusses with the subjects their concerns and acknowledges whether strategies such as deception were used.
A) Informed consent
B) Debriefing
C) Sampling
D) Intensive interviewing
Answer: B
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Chapter 2: Culture and Society
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Sample Questions
Q1) Karl notes that in all human societies, people use symbols to communicate ideas to one another. Karl is taking note of:
A) language.
B) morality.
C) marriage.
D) political economy.
Answer: A
Q2) Rosa notes in her comparative historical research that one group she studied was sedentary but was not fully industrialized and relied primarily on crops as its means of livelihood. This group would best be classified as:
A) pastoral.
B) agrarian.
C) industrial.
D) hunter-gatherer.
Answer: B
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Chapter 3: Socialization, the Life Course, and Aging
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following best summarizes how disengagement theory views the elderly?
A) As people age, they are more interested in watching TV than interacting with others.
B) As people age, they no longer want to participate fully in society.
C) As people age, they need to be removed from their traditional roles in order to free up those roles for the younger generation.
D) As people age, they are not given the same respect as the younger generation.
Answer: C
Q2) At age three Emily was beginning to master her spoken language, but she was also able to use her hands to speak some words in sign language. According to Jean Piaget, what stage of cognitive development was Emily in?
A) concrete operational
B) preoperational
C) formal operational
D) egocentric
Answer: B
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Chapter 4: Social Interaction and Everyday Life in the Age
of the Internet
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Sample Questions
Q1) Socially defined expectations of a person in a given social position are referred to as:
A) status positions.
B) social roles.
C) markers of inequality.
D) prejudices.
Q2) In modern societies large-scale social institutions are organized by ________, which allows for the precise timing of activities.
A) clock-time
B) managers
C) time maximization
D) time-rules
Q3) In the book Streetwise: Race, Class, and Change in an Urban Community (1990), Elijah Anderson noted that studying everyday life sheds light on how social order is created by the building blocks of:
A) macro-level institutions.
B) prejudice and racism.
C) impression management.
D) micro-level interactions.
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Chapter 5: Groups, Networks, and Organizations
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Sample Questions
Q1) When a group of people shares common characteristics, such as gender or ethnicity, the group is labeled a:
A) social network.
B) social group.
C) social category.
D) social aggregate.
Q2) People milling around in crowds, waiting for a bus, or strolling on a beach make up a:
A) social group.
B) social triad.
C) social aggregate.
D) social category.
Q3) The widespread participation of people from various backgrounds in the Black Lives Matter movement might challenge which idea of Robert Putnam?
A) violence is increasing
B) voter turnout is increasing
C) civic participation is declining
D) attention span among young people is declining
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Chapter 6: Conformity, Deviance, and Crime
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Q1) Theorizing that terrorists have a certain personality profile is an example of which view of deviance?
A) biological view
B) psychological view
C) sociological view
D) evolutionary view
Q2) According to Michelle Alexander, understanding mass incarceration requires understanding that:
A) African American inmates are treated worse than other inmates.
B) people who are considered criminal are marginalized by the justice system and other policies and practices.
C) the prison population cannot re-enter society and must remain incarcerated for its own well-being.
D) the prison population is overcrowded and creates long-term stress responses.
Q3) Which statement concerning deviance is true?
A) All lawbreakers are deviants.
B) Everyone participates to some degree in the creation of rules.
C) All deviant behaviors are illegal.
D) Everyone commits deviant crimes sometimes.
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Chapter 7: Stratification, Class, and Inequality
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Q1) In the U.S. class system, the poorest of the poor, who are structurally disadvantaged and are least likely to move out of their class position, are called the:
A) poor class.
B) lower class.
C) left-behind class.
D) Underclass.
Q2) We can conclude that one of the main differences between a society based on caste versus one based on class is that:
A) boundaries between groups are not prevalent in systems based on class.
B) caste societies are spreading to countries around the world.
C) social mobility is more prevalent in class-based societies.
D) globalization will eventually do away with class positions.
Q3) Which of the following is an example of social mobility?
A) Jasper, who grew up in a middle-class neighborhood and became a wealthy doctor
B) Antonio, who moved from New York City to a suburb
C) Smita, who does not identify with her Brahmin caste background
D) Tia, who was raised as a man but identifies as a woman
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Chapter 8: Global Inequality
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Sample Questions
Q1) Mustafa is a world-systems theorist who studies the world's most powerful countries and outlines how those nations take the largest shares of the world's wealth. He is studying what kind of countries?
A) core
B) peripheral
C) semiperipheral
D) futuristic
Q2) Salvatore studies the debate around universal health care in the United States. He prefers economic theories that suggest that the best possible outcomes in health care happen when the government does not interfere in economic decisions. Lorenzo prefers what theory or set of theories?
A) dependency theories
B) state-centered theories
C) world-systems theory
D) market-oriented theories
Q3) In two to three sentences, describe how state-centered theories explain global inequality?
Q4) What is the role of technology in deepening existing global inequalities? Please explain in three to five sentences.
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Chapter 9: Gender Inequality
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Sample Questions
Q1) In two to three sentences, please explain why women are so often the target of sexual violence.
Q2) Kai, a boy born in Georgia, is likely to be treated a specific way because of his gender starting at what age?
A) from the moment he is born
B) when he begins kindergarten
C) at the onset of puberty
D) when he enters the labor force
Q3) John is an elementary school teacher who is encouraged by management to apply for the vacant principal position at his school. Even though there are equally qualified or more qualified female teachers, he is told he will get excellent recommendations. In this example, John is likely:
A) hitting the glass ceiling.
B) riding the glass escalator.
C) experiencing gender typing.
D) benefitting from sex segregation.
Q4) In a short paragraph, discuss the influence of nature and nurture in the formation of gender identity. How do arguments that biology primarily influences gender differ from sociological views of gender socialization?
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Chapter 10: Ethnicity and Race
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Sample Questions
Q1) What fraction of all families headed by African American or Latina women lives in poverty?
A) 1/10
B) 1/4
C) 1/2
D) 3/4
Q2) The term that describes the differences in human physical characteristics arbitrarily used to categorize large numbers of diverse individuals is:
A) ethnicity.
B) ethnocentrism.
C) race.
D) racism.
Q3) Birgitta is Irish and currently lives in Dublin. She wants to move to the US and become a permanent citizen. This is an example of:
A) immigration.
B) emigration.
C) assimilation.
D) racialization.
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Chapter 11: Families and Intimate Relationships
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which type of society would Talcott Parsons consider the conventional family most suitable for?
A) hunting and gathering
B) agrarian
C) postmodern
D) industrial
Q2) What is the relationship between income and post-divorce situations?
A) Both men's and women's incomes tend to increase.
B) Both men's and women's incomes tend to decrease.
C) Men's incomes tend to increase, while women's incomes tend to decrease.
D) Men's incomes tend to decrease, while women's incomes tend to increase.
Q3) Which of the following factors decreases the likelihood that a person will get a divorce?
A) being married at a young age (under age twenty-one)
B) having less than a college degree
C) having a child before marrying
D) being of a similar social class background as a partner
Q4) Does cohabitation lead to divorce? Please explain your answer in two to four sentences, using research from the textbook.
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Chapter 12: Education and Religion
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Sample Questions
Q1) Sally belongs to a large bureaucratic religious body with a hierarchy of officials. It is one of the largest, most recognized, and most legitimated faces of religion in her country. Sociologists would refer to this as a:
A) church.
B) sect.
C) denomination.
D) cult.
Q2) Compared to other industrialized countries, the United States has a level of functional literacy that is:
A) below that of other industrialized countries.
B) above that of other industrialized countries.
C) equal to that of other industrialized countries.
D) not internationally comparable.
Q3) What are the connections between education and employment? Please explain your answer in three to five sentences.
Q4) According to the textbook, how do religious groups in the United States vary by region and socioeconomic status? Please explain your answer in a short paragraph.
Q5) What is religious nationalism? Please explain your answer in a short paragraph.
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Chapter 13: Politics and Economic Life
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Sample Questions
Q1) Why did state and local workers-ranging from firefighters to teachers-protest in Wisconsin and several other states?
A) They were upset that the government was going to make unions illegal.
B) They feared that the state would force them to join expensive, ineffective unions.
C) They were upset that their jobs were being outsourced to other countries.
D) They feared the loss of their pensions, a reduction in their health benefits, and a loss of their right to collective bargaining.
Q2) Using the concept of division of labor, describe two of the key differences in the nature of work in traditional versus modern societies.
Q3) According to the textbook, capitalism began to spread with the growth of the Industrial Revolution in the:
A) seventeenth century.
B) eighteenth century.
C) nineteenth century.
D) twentieth century.
Q4) According to the textbook, how are power and authority different? Explain your answer in two to three sentences.
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Chapter 14: The Sociology of the Body: Health, Illness, and Sexuality
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Sample Questions
Q1) If a researcher uses a few standardized survey questions to assess depression symptoms and finds that women score higher on these symptoms than men, the gender gap in these observations might be attributable to:
A) issues in how the depression symptoms were measured.
B) men being under more strain than women.
C) men and women being equally strained.
D) the fact that depression cannot be described by any type of survey question.
Q2) Barbara and her children live in a community that has no nearby grocery stores. Farmers' markets and fresh fruit and vegetable stands are completely absent as well. The term scholars use to refer to communities like Barbara's is:
A) impoverished.
B) nutritionally challenged.
C) nutritionally isolated.
D) food deserts.
Q3) What are some of the important contributions of Alfred Kinsey's research on sexuality? Please explain your answer in a short paragraph.
Q4) Why are infectious diseases more common in developing nations than in the United States today? Please explain your answer in a short paragraph.
Page 16
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Chapter 15: Urbanization, Population, and the Environment
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Sample Questions
Q1) The number of deaths per one thousand people per year is known as crude death rate or:
A) the rate of population decline.
B) mortality rate.
C) anti-fertility.
D) anti-fecundity.
Q2) The Chicago School focused on cities as ________; however, most contemporary theory and research in urban sociology focus on cities as ________.
A) natural formations; created environments
B) places of conflict; places of cooperation
C) social constructions; created environments
D) dangerous; safe
Q3) Although more racial and ethnic minorities are moving to the suburbs, the suburbs remain largely white. Only ________ of the suburban population was nonwhite in 2010.
A) 35 percent
B) 50 percent
C) 10 percent
D) 5 percent
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Chapter 16: Globalization in a Changing World
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to Karl Marx, the primary source of conflict that leads to revolution is:
A) change in the forces of production.
B) change in the minds of the bourgeoisie.
C) change in the minds of the proletariat.
D) change in the political system.
Q2) According to the textbook, in terms of people's working lives, globalization makes it more likely that an individual will experience:
A) a labor market that values skills in manual labor.
B) a career in the manufacturing industry.
C) working for one company over the course of his or her life.
D) a self-made career path, with several employment changes over his or her lifetime.
Q3) According to the textbook, the government of which country attempted to control the flow of Internet-based information to citizens by creating the "Great Firewall"?
A) Egypt
B) Syria
C) China
D) Korea
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