Sociological Foundations
Exam Materials
Course Introduction
Sociological Foundations introduces students to the fundamental principles, theories, and concepts that form the basis of sociological inquiry. Focusing on key thinkers, major schools of thought, and foundational concepts, this course examines how society, culture, social structures, and institutions shape human behavior and interactions. Students will explore topics such as socialization, group dynamics, social stratification, and the role of social institutions like family, education, and religion. Through critical analysis and real-world examples, the course equips learners with a sociological perspective to better understand societal issues and the complexities of social life.
Recommended Textbook
Sociology The Core 8th Edition by Michael Hughes
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13 Chapters
1494 Verified Questions
1494 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: Developing a Sociological Consciousness
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123 Verified Questions
123 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) One of the most important contributions of sociologist Max Weber is his insistence on maintaining a "value-free" approach to the discipline.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) Feminist research methods include a commitment to
A) include women's lives in social research.
B) reduce inequality.
C) minimize research exploitation.
D) All of the choices are correct.
Answer: D
Q3) The research dilemma confronting sociologists includes
A) how to avoid the distortion of their findings.
B) how to avoid the manipulation of data.
C) the obligation to consider people as ends and not means.
D) All of the choices are correct.
Answer: D
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Chapter 2: Culture and Social Structure
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118 Verified Questions
118 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Mirror imaging is the projection of American values and behavior onto America's enemies and rivals.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) While culture provides the meanings that allow people to interpret their daily lives,_____________ is the concept that represents the networks of social relations that develop among a group of people.
A) material culture
B) socialization
C) society
D) ethnocentrism
Answer: C
Q3) In the Trobriand Islands,where gardening is a major focus of people's lives,the calendar is based on
A) outdoor activities.
B) lunar cycles.
C) the darkest nights.
D) the longest days.
Answer: B
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Chapter 3: Socialization
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122 Verified Questions
122 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to symbolic interactionists,the most important agents of socialization are A) the schools.
B) the peers of the child.
C) dependent on how they are defined and interpreted by people before they actually influence behavior.
D) members of the mass media.
Answer: C
Q2) Recent developments in the Western world
A) lengthened the transition to adulthood.
B) forced children to grow up faster.
C) decreased life expectancy.
D) decreased the need for adolescence.
Answer: A
Q3) Cooley's looking-glass self refers to
A) our fetish with examining ourselves in a mirror.
B) a process by which we view ourselves as we believe others see us.
C) a process by which we mirror our views of others to them.
D) the process in which we "ape" the behavior of others around us.
Answer: B
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Social Groups and Formal Organizations
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115 Verified Questions
115 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) We use ____________ to appraise and shape our attitudes,feelings,and actions.
A) primary groups.
B) secondary groups.
C) reference groups.
D) in-groups.
Q2) Research seems to indicate that the optimum group size for problem solving is _____ members.
A) 2
B) 15
C) 5
D) 25
Q3) Thorsten Veblen called the time when bureaucrats come to rely on organizational rules and regulations in a dull,mechanical manner the A) hierarchy of authority.
B) rationalized organization.
C) trained incapacity.
D) Parkinson's Law.
Q4) Expressive group ties are those social links formed to achieve a specific goal. A)True
B)False
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Chapter 5: Deviance and Crime
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115 Verified Questions
115 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Critics of control theory contend that
A) factors other than those emphasized in control theory are involved in deviant behavior around 50 percent of the time.
B) when someone makes an attachment to delinquent peers,this element of the social bond is associated with more delinquency.
C) the theory cannot explain deviance among those who are fully integrated into mainstream society.
D) All of the choices are correct.
Q2) Deviance facilitates
A) conformity.
B) a clearer understanding of social norms.
C) stronger group ties.
D) All of the choices are correct.
Q3) Without norms for governing behavior,
A) life would go on without much change.
B) interaction in such groups as families would be impossible.
C) we would still intuit what is permissible behavior.
D) we would still be able to anticipate what people might do in different social settings.
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Chapter 6: Social Stratification
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118 Verified Questions
118 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The __________ thesis contends that an unequal distribution of social rewards is a necessary instrument for getting the essential tasks of society performed.
A) conflict
B) radical
C) conservative
D) interactionist
Q2) __________ refer(s)to the magnitude and manner of consumption of goods and services.
A) Life chances
B) Social stratification
C) Style of life
D) Social classes
Q3) The welfare reform program that took effect in 1996 focuses primarily on A) encouraging work.
B) eliminating long-term use of welfare.
C) handing welfare over to the states.
D) All of the choices are correct.
Q4) Explain the meaning of the term social mobility.Identify and define the four types of social mobility.
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Chapter 7: Inequalities of Race and Ethnicity
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117 Verified Questions
117 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Use each of the three theoretical perspectives in the text to discuss the projected future of ethnic and minority group relations in America.
Q2) Among Hispanic groups in the United States,_____________ have the highest income and most education.
A) Cuban Americans
B) Mexican Americans
C) Puerto Ricans
D) Guatemalans
Q3) ________________ percent of African-American families do not live in poverty.
A) Forty
B) Fifty-five
C) Sixty-two
D) Seventy-seven
Q4) Prejudice and discrimination
A) are mutually exclusive.
B) always occur together.
C) may or may not occur together.
D) never occur together.
Q5) Contrast race,ethnic,and minority in terms of their sociological significance.
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Chapter 8: Gender Inequality
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98 Verified Questions
98 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Describe the four gender differences discovered by Maccoby and Jacklin.Then,explain the criticisms of their research.
Q2) _________ is biologically determined;__________ is a socially constructed framework created by human beings.
A) Sex identity;gender identity
B) Sex;gender
C) Gender identity;sex identity
D) Sexism;genderism
Q3) Individuals whose reproductive structures are sufficiently ambiguous that it is difficult to define them exclusively as male or female are called A) transsexuals.
B) transvestites.
C) hermaphrodites.
D) homosexuals.
Q4) The rationalization for keeping women in a subordinate social position in the United States has been the notion that a,"woman's place is in the home."
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 9: Political and Economic Power
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118 Verified Questions
118 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Contrast the three types of government identified in the text: totalitarianism,authoritarianism,and democracy.
Q2) The state's ultimate basis rests on
A) communication.
B) a government of laws.
C) force.
D) compromise.
Q3) In __________________ authority,power is legitimated by explicit rules and logical procedures that define the rights and duties of the occupants of given positions.
A) bureaucratic
B) legal-rational
C) traditional
D) charismatic
Q4) Napoleon,Joan of Arc,and Hitler are examples of ________________ leadership.
A) bureaucratic
B) legal-rational
C) traditional
D) charismatic
Q5) Identify the different social meanings of work described in the text.
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Chapter 10: The Family
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116 Verified Questions
116 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Patrilocal,matrilocal,and neolocal refer to
A) patterns of tracing one's biological descent.
B) patterns of family decision-making.
C) where a couple resides after marriage.
D) the number of sexual partners a couple has prior to marriage.
Q2) The percentage of Americans who think gay sex is wrong has dropped.
A)True
B)False
Q3) A pessimistic view of American marriage suggests that A) marriage has deteriorated over the past 40 years.
B) the licensing of reproduction has been compromised.
C) divorce is too easy,too many people never marry,and contraception is too readily available.
D) All of the choices are correct.
Q4) According to exchange theory,we like those who reward us and dislike those who punish us.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Describe the differences among patriarchal,matriarchal,and egalitarian family patterns.
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Chapter 11: Religion, Education, and Medicine
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117 Verified Questions
117 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) In 2003,a U.S.Department of Education study ranked the eighth graders of many countries in mathematics and science.U.S.eight graders ranked behind ____ countries in mathematics.
A) 2
B) 14
C) 9
D) 22
Q2) Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the sick role as described by Talcott Parsons?
A) Sick people are exempt from their usual social roles.
B) Sick people are thought to be at fault for their condition.
C) Sick people have the duty to get well.
D) Sick people should cooperate with medical practitioners.
Q3) (p.360;362-)
The secularization thesis implies that sacred considerations gain ascendancy over profane considerations in the course of social evolution.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Contrast the functionalist and conflict theory views of medicine.
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Chapter 12: Population and Environment
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108 Verified Questions
108 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Restoration ecology
A) refers to the restoration of land altered by human activity.
B) has been increasingly successful.
C) is a figment of futuristic imagination.
D) refers to the restoration of land altered by human activity and has been increasingly successful are correct.
Q2) Explain the three stages of the demographic transition identified in your text.
Q3) High American wages served as a _____________ factor contributing to the illegal immigration patterns of people from Mexico.
A) pull
B) push
C) neutral
D) positive
Q4) The boom in population in the western part of the United States is due primarily to A) declining death rates resulting from better medical care.
B) internal migration.
C) a rapidly growing birth rate.
D) the demographic transition.
Q5) Explain the meaning of the term demography,and identify its four components.
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Chapter 13: Social Change
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109 Verified Questions
109 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) _________ occurs when there is an uneven rate of change between social institutions and technology.
A) Syncretism
B) Diffusion
C) Cultural lag
D) Evolutionary change
Q2) Cyclical theorists
A) look at the rise and fall of civilizations.
B) try to predict the course of a civilization or society,including its demise.
C) compare societies in a search for generalizations regarding their stages of growth and decline.
D) All of the choices are correct.
Q3) Some communication experts argue that fictional media presentations provide images that influence attitudes and behavior about such policies as crime,violence,and welfare.This phenomenon is referred to as a(n)__________ effect.
A) anomie
B) cultivation
C) restrictive
D) Hawthorne
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