Sociocultural Aspects of Development
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Course Introduction
This course explores the intricate relationship between culture, society, and human development across the lifespan. Students will examine how factors such as family dynamics, social institutions, gender roles, socioeconomic status, religion, and globalization shape developmental processes and outcomes. Drawing on interdisciplinary perspectives from psychology, sociology, and anthropology, the course emphasizes the ways in which cultural values, traditions, and practices influence identity formation, communication patterns, cognitive development, and socialization. Through case studies and critical analysis, students will gain a deeper understanding of cultural diversity and learn how to apply this knowledge to various developmental contexts in both local and global settings.
Recommended Textbook
Human Development A Cultural Approach 2nd Edition by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett
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Chapter 1: A Cultural Approach to Human Development
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Sample Questions
Q1) The last step of the scientific method is to ______.
A)form a hypothesis
B)choose a research method and a research design
C)collect data
D)draw conclusions and form new questions and hypotheses
Answer: D
Q2) What is Bronfenbrenner's term for the changes that occur in developmental circumstances over time,both with respect to individual development and to historical changes?
A)mesosystem
B)exosystem
C)macrosystem
D)chronosystem
Answer: D
Q3) What term is used to describe the development of the human species?
A)ontogenetic development
B)phylogenetic development
C)polygenetic development
D)autogenetic development
Answer: B
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Chapter 2: Genetics and Prenatal Development
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Sample Questions
Q1) What percent of infertility problems are related to the male?
A)10%
B)30%
C)50%
D)70%
Answer: C
Q2) Which of the following has increased due to advancements in fertility treatments?
A)monozygotic twins
B)dizygotic twins
C)conjoined twins
D)Siamese twins
Answer: B
Q3) If the fetus has the sex chromosomes XY,its genotype is _____.
A)female
B)male
C)undetermined
D)dimorphic
Answer: B
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4
Chapter 3: Birth and the Newborn Child
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Sample Questions
Q1) You are having a heated debate regarding breast-feeding in developing countries with your father.He claims that because of the shortage of food in some developing countries,we should provide formula to these mothers.You argue that breast milk is a better way to go and that a great number of children die because they are formula fed.What do you tell your father regarding why formula-feeding is not really such a great idea?
A)You finally concede since you discover that women in developing countries cannot breast-feed.
B)You finally concede because you learn that malaria can be spread through breast milk.
C)The formula is often mixed with contaminated water,which leads to 1.5 million infant deaths per year.
D)The formula is tainted in shipment,which causes severe illness and death.
Answer: C
Q2) ____ is the ability to distinguish where a sound originates.
A)Hemispheric separation
B)Sound localization
C)The Doppler Effect
D)Auditory monitoring
Answer: B
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Infancy
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Sample Questions
Q1) ____ refers to positive or negative responses to social interactions.
A)Attachment
B)Temperament
C)Sociability
D)Social smile
Q2) What percentage of babies did Thomas and Chess find met their definition of "difficult" babies?
A)10%
B)30%
C)50%
D)70%
Q3) Baby Jaden is at the circus with her family when suddenly a clown appears.Not knowing what to make of it,she looks at her mother's face.After noticing that her mother is smiling and laughing,she also begins to smile and laugh herself.Which of the following best describes Jaden's situation?
A)facial feedback modeling
B)facial feedback hypothesis
C)social paradigm
D)social referencing
Q4) Give an example of how social referencing is adaptive for babies.
Page 6
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Chapter 5: Toddlerhood
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Sample Questions
Q1) Homo sapiens 200,000 years ago had a vocal apparatus that was not notably different from ____.
A)chimpanzees
B)ours
C)baboons
D)gorillas
Q2) At 12 months,an infant will be able to ____.
A)hold a container while placing rocks into it
B)kick a ball while running
C)write their name with a crayon
D)brush their teeth
Q3) What can be said regarding Piaget's understanding of children's early abilities?
A)He underestimated their abilities.
B)He overestimated their abilities.
C)He was completely wrong about their abilities.
D)He was exactly accurate about their abilities.
Q4) Define and give an example of scaffolding.
Q5) Describe common nutritional problems of toddlers in developing countries and consequences that are likely to result.
Page 7
Q6) Compare and contrast the methods used to assess brain activity.
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Chapter 6: Early Childhood
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Sample Questions
Q1) Traditionally,how long is the gap between the birth of one child and the birth of the next child worldwide?
A)1-2 years
B)2-4 years
C)3-5 years
D)4-6 years
Q2) Kicking a soccer ball is an example of ____.
A)gross motor skills
B)fine motor skills
C)ambidextrous motor skills
D)elementary motor skills
Q3) Being right-handed is more common in Western countries such as the U.S.and Canada.Is this also the case in other parts of the world? Explain.
Q4) In regards to handedness,adopted children show a greater resemblance to ____.
A)their biological parents
B)their adoptive parents
C)their biological siblings
D)their adoptive siblings
Q5) What are two explanations for the inability to remember anything before age 2?
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Chapter 7: Middle Childhood
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Sample Questions
Q1) Based on children's ratings of who they like or dislike among their peers,researchers have described four categories of social status: ____.
A)socially isolated,hostile,preppy,and smart children
B)sub-average,average,above average,and three-deviations-from-the-mean children
C)popular,rejected,neglected,and controversial children
D)social,accepted,rejected,and unpopular
Q2) The overall conclusion of the Experience Sampling Method (ESM)research with regard to middle childhood is that it is a time of remarkable ____.
A)contentment and emotional stability
B)agitation and feelings of being tense
C)unhappiness and emotional instability
D)depression and anxiety
Q3) Lynn and Mikk (2007)performed a study that included 46 countries.They found that IQ scores were highly correlated with ____.
A)school achievement
B)years of education
C)the mother's age when the child was born
D)musical ability
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9
Chapter 8: Adolescence
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Sample Questions
Q1) With regard to pubertal development for females,what is the most important estrogen?
A)testosterone
B)estradiol
C)estriol
D)androgen
Q2) In Vygotsky's view ____ always takes place via a social process,through the interactions between someone who possesses ____ and someone who is in the process of obtaining it.
A)learning; knowledge
B)physical growth; knowledge
C)struggle; social maturity
D)moratorium; achievement
Q3) What is the term for fear and hatred of homosexuals?
A)homophobia
B)gay bashing
C)LGB haters
D)homophilia
Q4) How do males from the Dioula culture of the Ivory Coast learn to weave? How does your answer illustrate Vygotsky's theory?
Page 10
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Chapter 9: Emerging Adulthood
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Sample Questions
Q1) Carla is a divorced middle-age woman who lives in Florida,far from her only living parent and her only sibling and his children,who live in different parts of the Northeast.She has a child entering 3S1U1P1rdS1S1P0 grade and would really like to see her family more,especially so her son can grow closer to his cousins.However,she is not sure whether she should move,especially in such a bad economy.What would an adolescent predict she would do and why? What would an emerging adult predict she would do and why? Include their rationales.
Q2) What percentage of STIs in the United States occurs in people who are aged 15 to 24 years?
A)10%
B)30%
C)50%
D)70%
Q3) Which of the following best illustrates Osgood's notion of propensity for deviance?
A)sufficient motivation
B)sufficient personality
C)sufficient opportunity
D)sufficient justification
Q4) Is emerging adulthood a universal period of human development? Why or why not?
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Chapter 10: Young Adulthood
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Sample Questions
Q1) You and your boyfriend are seniors in college,but have been together since you were sophomores in high school.At this point,you have grown apart and the passion and intimacy have long been gone.According to Sternberg,what type of love are you experiencing?
A)liking
B)infatuation
C)companionate love
D)empty love
Q2) For young adults in rural traditional cultures,becoming ____ is a highly important event in terms of their status in their community.
A)an elementary school graduate
B)a parent
C)an independent adult
D)an older brother or sister
Q3) Adults who score in the highest 25% of the IQ distribution ____.
A)often do well in their careers in terms of income,achievement,and awards
B)often are diagnosed with mental retardation and need assistance with life skills
C)are average and generally go unnoticed
D)are often diagnosed as gifted and have deficiencies in social skills
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Page 12
Chapter 11: Middle Adulthood
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Sample Questions
Q1) Your uncle is 54 years old and is overweight,smokes,and does not exercise.He is likely to have what type of difficulty with regard to sexual behavior?
A)finding an interested woman
B)erectile dysfunction
C)lack of libido
D)lack of interest
Q2) Samantha is the best middle manager the company has.She constantly puts countless hours into her job and is one of the best and brightest around.Samantha has not received a raise or promotion for many years and believes it is because she is a woman experiencing unseen discrimination.It is clear that Samantha is feeling the effects of a ____.
A)glass tower
B)glass elevator
C)glass escalator
D)glass ceiling
Q3) What are two critiques of Levinson's research on mid-life crisis?
Q4) How does marital satisfaction in mid-life compare to marital satisfaction in earlier parts of adulthood in Western countries?
Q5) Describe the cultural beliefs regarding sexuality for Indians during mid-life.
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Chapter 12: Late Adulthood
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Sample Questions
Q1) What are age-related changes that occur due to the accumulation of decades of exposure to the sun,and are most likely to develop on light-skinned persons and on the part of the bodies that receive the most sun exposure: the face,arms,and hands?
A)melanoma
B)age spots
C)sun tan
D)age-related pigmentosa
Q2) Your grandfather is joking that there are going to be more people over 60 years of age than there will be people under 15 soon.He says that there will not be enough people working to cover the costs of Social Security.By what year will people over 60 years of age outnumber those under age 15?
A)2020
B)2030
C)2040
D)2050
Q3) What is one variable that has been found to predict wisdom?
Q4) Explain what Selective Optimization with Compensation means.Give a specific example,perhaps imagining yourself in late adulthood.
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Page 14
Chapter 13: Death and Afterlife Beliefs
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Sample Questions
Q1) What does the Hindu religion discourage as a function of a death of a family member?
A)excessive celebration
B)prolonged mourning
C)marriage during the mourning process
D)cremation
Q2) What are the differences between individuals who provide care for a dying person at home by themselves compared to individuals who also have hospice support? Two years later,caregiving family members who also had hospice care had ____.
A)considerably more money
B)better psychological functioning
C)post-traumatic stress
D)severe feelings of guilt
Q3) A relative tells you that your aunt wanted to die at home rather than stay in the hospital.He goes on to say,"That's creepy,especially for her husband who will still be living there." What is a benefit of dying at home that you could point out?
Q4) Are there gender differences in resilience after the death of a spouse? Explain.
Q5) In what part of the lifespan is cancer most common? Explain why.
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