Sociocultural Anthropology
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Course Introduction
Sociocultural Anthropology explores the complexities of human societies and cultures through comparative analysis, examining how people around the world organize their lives, create meaning, and interact with one another. The course delves into key anthropological concepts such as kinship, religion, politics, language, and identity while analyzing the ways in which traditions, beliefs, and social structures shape daily experiences. Through ethnographic case studies and theoretical frameworks, students gain insight into cultural diversity, globalization, power dynamics, and how anthropologists study and engage with various communities. This foundational course equips students with critical tools for understanding cultural differences and the social processes that influence contemporary issues worldwide.
Recommended Textbook
Cultural Anthropology 1st Edition by Kenneth J. Guest
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Chapter 1: Anthropology in a Global Age
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Q1) Explain how anthropologists have had to adapt to the impact of global forces on the communities they study.
Answer: The author states it is no longer possible to study any community without studying the global forces that affect it. Anthropologists have adapted by studying local communities and following the effects of global forces through multisited ethnographies. This allows anthropologists to get a comprehensive view of the community and its unique situation. The author found that in order to study the Chinese community in New York, it was necessary to go to China to get a complete understanding of Chinese communities and population movement.
Q2) Research that compares two communities to examine links between them is referred to as:
A) cross-linked.
B) multi-sited.
C) globalized.
D) bilocational.
E) descriptive.
Answer: B
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Culture
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Q1) A global outlook that is emerging in response to increasing globalization and that involves linking cultural practices, norms, and values across great distances to even the most remote areas of the world is termed:
A) capitalism.
B) cosmopolitanism.
C) relativism.
D) structuralism.
E) functionalism.
Answer: B
Q2) Which of the following processes is intensifying the exchange and diffusion of people, ideas, and goods worldwide, creating more interaction and engagement among cultures?
A) industrialization
B) neoliberalization
C) relativism
D) globalization
E) hegemony
Answer: D
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Chapter 3: Fieldwork and Ethnography
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Q1) In giving her perspectives on the process of doing fieldwork in a Brazilian shantytown, Nancy Scheper-Hughes' account of Alto do Cruzeiro is an example of:
A) polyvocality.
B) reflexive ethnography.
C) informed anthropology.
D) authoritative writing.
E) processual anthropology.
Answer: B
Q2) ________ provides protection to people who may be vulnerable if they share intimate details of their lives with ethnographers.
A) Polyvocality
B) Rapport
C) Narrative
D) Anonymity
E) Ethnology
Answer: D
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Chapter 4: Language
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Q1) Code switching is defined as:
A) a nonstandard variation of a language that is particular to a specific region.
B) the study of the development of language over time, including its changes and variations.
C) alternating back and forth between more than one linguistic variant depending on the context.
D) the idea that variation in languages appears gradually over distance between places. E) the study of the intersection between language and systems of power such as race, class, and age.
Q2) What do linguistic anthropologists think about how women and men use language in different ways? What are the two models that explain why language is used in gendered ways, and what are examples that illustrate their hypotheses? Which one of these two models is more compelling to you, and why?
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Chapter 5: Human Origins
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Q1) People from the high-altitude highlands of South America develop larger lung capacity in order to process more oxygen; however, if these individuals move to a lower altitude, the size does not reverse because:
A) acclimatization is permanent.
B) advantageous phenotypic traits are genetically determined.
C) this trait is a variation that results from only genetic factors.
D) this is a permanent developmental adaptation.
E) this adaptation changes the individual's DNA.
Q2) Around 15,000 yBP, modern Homo sapiens had left Asia and migrated to:
A) Europe.
B) North and South America.
C) Australia.
D) Indonesia.
E) Madagascar.
Q3) Where have the fossils of our earliest human ancestors been found?
A) Africa
B) Europe
C) North America
D) Australia
E) Asia
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Chapter 6: Race and Racism
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Q1) Individual thoughts and actions and institutional patterns and policies that create unequal access to power, resources, and opportunities based on imagined differences among groups are referred to as:
A) ethnocentrism.
B) prejudice.
C) racism.
D) ethnocide.
E) genocide.
Q2) What is described in the text as "an invisible package of unearned assets" that are the legacy of generations of racial discrimination?
A) white privilege
B) culture of poverty
C) social capital
D) stratified whiteness
E) fascism
Q3) Compare and contrast the concepts of individual racism with institutional racism. Provide examples from the class to support your points.
Q4) Explain how the race system developed in Malaysia.
Q5) Explain how race is constructed in Brazil.
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Chapter 8: Gender
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Q1) The "man the hunter, woman the gatherer" debate is based on the idea that:
A) women and men used to hunt together, but men did more of this as animals became more aggressive.
B) in foraging societies, men bring in more food through hunting than women do through gathering.
C) women are genetically programmed for agricultural production.
D) women typically hunt as children but stop once they become mothers.
E) during the evolutionary process, male aggression became imprinted in human DNA.
Q2) The behaviors encouraged in sports-where boys are rewarded for competitiveness and girls are encouraged to play quietly-reflect:
A) societal adult gender roles.
B) gender roles that reverse during adolescence, when boys begin to play quietly and girls become more competitive.
C) the natural result of sexual dimorphism.
D) primary sex characteristics.
E) nothing meaningful; it is just sports.
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Chapter 9: Sexuality
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Q1) The experience of being a middle-class black lesbian:
A) is the same as the experience of being a middle-class white lesbian.
B) is the same as the experience of being a middle-class black heterosexual woman.
C) is a unique status reflecting the intersectionality of race, class, and sexuality.
D) is the same as the experience of being a middle-class black heterosexual man.
E) is the same as the experience of being a middle-class black homosexual man.
Q2) Scientists have found that human sexuality:
A) fits into several simplistic categories.
B) is marked by diversity, flexibility, and fluidity.
C) fits into only two categories: normal and deviant.
D) always remains the same over an individual's lifetime.
E) is impossible to quantify.
Q3) Heterosexuality in the United States:
A) is the country's historical norm of sexuality.
B) is a relatively new invention, and not the historical norm.
C) refers to reproductive intercourse between a man and a woman only.
D) was enshrined by Victorian society as a Christian ideal.
E) excludes erotic feelings for the opposite sex as a perversion.
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Chapter 10: Kinship, Family, and Marriage
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Q1) Which of the following builds kinship ties between two people who are not typically immediate biological kin?
A) blood
B) marriage
C) lineage
D) descent
E) dowry
Q2) The form of reproductive technology that involves the creation of genetically identical copies of cells or whole organisms is called:
A) surrogacy.
B) in vitro fertilization.
C) artificial insemination.
D) relational reproduction.
E) cloning.
Q3) Anthropologists argue that kinship is one of several ways in which individuals form groups. Name three other ways in which humans form groups and provide some concrete examples of each. Does kinship influence how these other groups are formed? Why or why not?
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Chapter 11: Class and Inequality
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Q1) Patterns of reciprocity:
A) no longer exist in societies with contemporary economic relations, which tend to be organized around the exchange of money for services.
B) still exist, even in contemporary societies that base economic relations on the exchange of money for services.
C) are a feature of human culture that emerged relatively recently in our history.
D) are not a characteristic of egalitarian or ranked societies.
E) have their roots in the rise of intensive agriculture and populous market towns.
Q2) Egalitarian societies depend on sharing which of the following in order to ensure group success?
A) children
B) money
C) weaponry
D) sexual partners
E) resources
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Chapter 12: The Global Economy
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Q1) Currently, the world is consuming natural resources at a rate ________ sustainable levels.
A) 25 percent less than B) 50 percent more than
C) 100 percent less than D) equal to
E) five hundred times
Q2) How does tracing the links in the chain as commodities origination in Côte d'Ivoire inform us of the complex dynamics in the global economy? After defining the term commodity chain and identifying the commodities produced and exported from this nation, discuss how the recent history of this former colony illustrates three important dimensions of the global economy.
Q3) European colonialism was achieved through:
A) creating a new market for goods formerly exported from the Orient.
B) advanced weaponry and military strategies.
C) short-term and equal exchanges with Caribbean islands.
D) cooperation through the governments of Spain and England.
E) policies that created a balance of power between colonizers and the colonized.
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Chapter 13: Migration
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Q1) Return migration is:
A) immigrants who continue to travel back and forth between destination and origin countries.
B) the process by which immigrants decide to leave the country they migrated to and relocate "home."
C) assets and skills such as language, education, or social networks that complement financial resources.
D) the maintenance of active participation in political, religious, social, and economic spheres across national borders.
E) migration that takes place within borders.
Q2) Discuss how migration is not often an individual choice, but one that occurs at the household level. How and why do households and families contribute to individual migrations? How do economic processes surrounding remittances influence the migration patterns and possibilities for migrant families?
Q3) According to the textbook, Muslim street vendors in New York City have long-standing ties that cross the Atlantic Ocean. Discuss how these merchants are an example of transnational entrepreneurial migrants. What is the importance of social networks in their experience?
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Chapter 14: Politics and Power
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Q1) State domination is never complete, and people still contest established power relationships and structures through political, economic, and military means. They can and do change cultural norms, values, symbols, and institutions, and the ability to contest these is known as:
A) leverage.
B) influence.
C) clout.
D) authority.
E) agency.
Q2) As Adolf Hitler began to prepare Germany for the domination of Europe and World War II, he began building a huge military and promoting paramilitary organizations such as the Hitler Youth. At the same time, he worked to glorify Germany's history and military past, demonize minorities and enemies, and promote ideas of his "Third Reich," or empire. This is an example of:
A) rearming.
B) mobilization.
C) militarization.
D) imperialism.
E) fortification.
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Page 16
Chapter 15: Religion
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Q1) Which of the following religious specialists are considered part-time religious practitioners with special abilities to connect individuals with supernatural powers or beings?
A) medicine men
B) rabbis
C) pastors
D) shamans
E) priests
Q2) Victor Turner's final stage of rites of passage that involves the return of the individual to the everyday life of the community is termed:
A) retrospective.
B) reaction.
C) reincorporation.
D) relegitimization.
E) reentry.
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Page 17
Chapter 16: Health and Illness
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Q1) Anthropologists believe that culture plays an underlying role in ways that health is perceived, experienced, and treated. Using the example of the Maya of Yucatán, identify two specific aspects of the birth process and explain how these reflect local cultural values and community conditions.
Q2) Anthropologist and physician Paul Farmer's first step in improving health conditions in the rural community of Cange involved:
A) assessing health-care needs by x-raying and collecting blood samples from residents.
B) having the government provide physicians and nurses to help him conduct a health survey.
C) providing clean drinking water to the community.
D) asking the Catholic Church to send missionaries so that locals would give up beliefs in voodoo.
E) burning the village to kill all bacteria, and relocating residents to a hilltop.
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Chapter 17: Art and Media
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Q1) The anthropological approach to art:
A) advocates displaying art from different cultures without specifying its original context.
B) attempts to understand the development and meaning of local art forms within their Unique and complex cultural contexts.
C) emphasizes evolutionary framing and evaluation.
D) has not focused on the movement of art beyond local or national borders.
E) has tended to reproduce stereotypes and hierarchies within the art world.
Q2) Cross-cultural research leads anthropologists to argue that appreciation of art is acquired through:
A) social media.
B) genetics.
C) the enculturation process.
D) fieldwork.
E) authenticity.
Q3) Evaluate this statement: "As people become frustrated with the lack of intimacy provided by electronic technologies, this form of communication will become less important in coming decades." Is it true or false? Use examples from the text to support your conclusion.
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