Society and Culture Textbook Exam Questions - 1118 Verified Questions
Society and Culture
Textbook Exam Questions
Course Introduction
This course explores the intricate relationship between society and culture, examining how cultural norms, values, beliefs, and practices shape and are shaped by social institutions and interactions. Students will analyze the ways in which identity, power structures, and social change influence cultural expressions and societal development. Through an interdisciplinary approach, the course fosters critical thinking about contemporary social issues, cultural diversity, and the global interconnectedness of communities, preparing students to thoughtfully engage with the world around them.
Recommended Textbook Essentials of Sociology 6th Edition by Richard
P. Appelbaum
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1118 Verified Questions
1118 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Sociology: Theory and Method
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Sample Questions
Q1) Doug notices in his sample studies that marijuana users are much more likely to report using heroin than people who do not use marijuana. He concludes that marijuana must be a gateway drug-a drug that leads to the use of harder substances. What's wrong with Doug's conclusion?
A) His sample data do not demonstrate causality; an experimental approach would be better for investigating such a claim.
B) Marijuana users cannot be trusted to report their behavior honestly and accurately.
C) Doug could never really know without trying marijuana himself and seeing whether it leads to heroin use.
D) Marijuana users would likely be afraid of needles because they are used to smoking their drug of choice.
Answer: A
Q2) Which phrase best represents the beliefs of Herbert Spencer?
A) "equality for all"
B) "survival of the fittest"
C) "all human history is the history of class struggles"
D) "society is changing too rapidly"
Answer: B
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Chapter 2: Culture and Society
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Sample Questions
Q1) Laura attends a prestigious university on a full scholarship. Most of her classmates come from upper class backgrounds. Her own family has trouble making ends meet, and they encourage her to do well in school. They believe that if she works hard, she will be able to escape poverty and achieve the same economic stability as that of her fellow classmates. This belief in the merit of individual achievement is an example of a:
A) symbol.
B) signifier.
C) value.
D) ritual.
Answer: C
Q2) Alice stole a bit of money from her friend Rosa to buy groceries. Rosa finds out and angrily chastises Alice for her behavior. What does this exchange demonstrate?
A) labeling theory
B) socialism
C) reinforcement of norms
D) a deviant career
Answer: C
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Socialization, the Life Course, and Aging
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Sample Questions
Q1) Socialization is the process by which members of society learn the norms and values of society, thereby allowing the society to ________ over time.
A) socially reproduce itself
B) drastically change itself
C) have conflict among the generations
D) biologically reproduce itself
Answer: A
Q2) Jesse, a server at a large chain restaurant, feels exhausted after trying to keep customers happy all day. What sociological pattern does Jesse's experience fit into?
A) the need to raise the minimum wage for food service workers
B) the difficulty of men asserting their emotions
C) the many workers who must learn how to "feel" on the job
D) the need for the social role of service workers to garner more respect
Answer: C
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Chapter 4: Social Interaction and Everyday Life in the Age
of the Internet
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to Harold Garfinkel, people use ________ to organize everyday conversations.
A) formal grammar
B) background expectancies
C) deceptive tactics
D) facial expressions
Q2) In the book Streetwise: Race, Class, and Change in an Urban Community (1990), Elijah Anderson noted that studying everyday life sheds light on how social order is created by the building blocks of:
A) macro-level institutions.
B) prejudice and racism.
C) impression management.
D) micro-level interactions.
Q3) According to Edward T. Hall, which zone of personal space is most acceptable during an encounter with your spouse or romantic partner?
A) touching distance
B) public distance
C) social distance
D) intimate distance
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Chapter 5: Groups, Networks, and Organizations
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Sample Questions
Q1) During rush week when the brothers are recruiting new members, the Alpha Gamma Gamma fraternity always makes fun of its rival fraternity, Alpha Sigma Sigma. This increases the bonding and sense of loyalty among the members of Alpha Gamma Gamma. We could consider them members of:
A) an out-group.
B) an in-group.
C) a network.
D) a social category.
Q2) People milling around in crowds, waiting for a bus, or strolling on a beach make up a:
A) social group.
B) social triad.
C) social aggregate.
D) social category.
Q3) A brother and sister enrolled in a large chemistry class would be considered a(n): A) triad.
B) primary group.
C) secondary group.
D) social category.
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Chapter 6: Conformity, Deviance, and Crime
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which researcher found that boys in the lower working class who are frustrated with their positions in life often join delinquent subcultures that reject middle-class values and replace them with norms that celebrate defiance?
A) Albert Cohen
B) Robert Merton
C) Émile Durkheim
D) Kingsley Davis
Q2) Critics argue that one of the drawbacks of using the Uniform Crime Reports to measure crime is that:
A) the reports focus only on nonviolent "index" crimes.
B) the reports focus on embezzlement, a crime typically committed by the middle class.
C) the reports accurately reflect crime rates but do not include noncriminal deviance.
D) the reports do not accurately reflect crime rates because they include only those crimes reported to law enforcement agencies.
Q3) Why have efforts to significantly decrease the supply of illegal drugs in the United States failed?
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8
Chapter 7: Stratification, Class, and Inequality
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Sample Questions
Q1) Dr. Smith is an open-heart surgeon who was trained at a top-tier medical school. Which of the following theorists would be most likely to argue that Dr. Smith achieved the position solely based on her own talent and efforts?
A) Kingsley Davis and Wilbert E. Moore
B) Max Weber
C) Karl Marx
D) Charles Murray
Q2) According to the textbook, which phenomenon erased many of the gains in child well-being made in the past twenty years?
A) the 2008 economic recession
B) the war in Afghanistan
C) student debt
D) increases in welfare benefits
Q3) People in blue-collar occupations, such as plumbers and hotel workers, make up the:
A) professional class.
B) working class.
C) old middle class.
D) new middle class.
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Page 9
Chapter 8: Global Inequality
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to UNICEF (2015), nearly half of all deaths of children under the age of five are attributable to:
A) child labor.
B) parental neglect.
C) pollution.
D) undernutrition.
Q2) In a short paragraph, explain how the World Bank measures global inequality. What are some of the problems with measuring global inequality in this way?
Q3) Pepe believes that we need to consider forces beyond natural disasters and other natural forces when we talk about global inequality. Which answer best explains why he might feel this way?
A) Social forces also play a factor in large groups of people going without food.
B) Considering only natural forces does not take into account individual perceptions of control over resources and access to opportunity.
C) Pepe must be a Marxist, because only Marxists try to catalog factors for inequality that are not naturally occurring.
D) Pepe understands that natural forces do not affect global hunger.
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Chapter 9: Gender Inequality
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Sample Questions
Q1) Josiah is a wealthy seventeen-year-old black male. He says that he aspires to a romantic relationship in which he could share earnings and household responsibilities equally with his partner. What might sociologists say explains his point of view?
A) his race
B) his socioeconomic status
C) his gender
D) his age
Q2) In a short paragraph, discuss the influence of nature and nurture in the formation of gender identity. How do arguments that biology primarily influences gender differ from sociological views of gender socialization?
Q3) Which form of feminist theory believes that unequal access to civil rights and certain social resources produces gender inequality?
A) liberal feminism
B) radical feminism
C) black feminism
D) Parsonian functionalism
Q4) In two to four sentences, explain what criticisms black feminists make about the feminist movement.
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Chapter 10: Ethnicity and Race
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Sample Questions
Q1) Jody is a white woman who has Irish ancestry on her father's side and enjoys celebrating St. Patrick's Day in her hometown of Boston. In most aspects of Jody's life, however, being Irish American has no meaningful impact on her day-to-day life. This example illustrates that:
A) ethnicity has become less important in the United States.
B) tension between racial and ethnic groups has declined over time.
C) whites in the United States have a choice of whether or not to be ethnic.
D) pluralism is growing in the United States.
Q2) Thinking in terms of fixed and inflexible categories, such as believing that all Muslims are religious fundamentalists, is best described as:
A) stereotyping.
B) discriminating.
C) racializing.
D) projecting.
Q3) Which category of full-time workers had the lowest weekly earnings in 2012?
A) Latina women
B) white women
C) black men
D) white men
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Page 12
Chapter 11: Families and Intimate Relationships
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Sample Questions
Q1) Although it is most common for young people to leave home to begin independent lives, in previous generations, young people typically left home:
A) to get away from the endless farmwork required of children.
B) to avoid domestic violence.
C) because their parents evicted them.
D) to get married.
Q2) Sociologist Dr. Stone studies differences between black and white family formations. What might be one problem with this kind of research model?
A) It draws attention away from diversity within racial and ethnic groups.
B) Sociologists have found that race makes no difference in family formation.
C) Socioeconomic status tends to make more of a difference than race.
D) Black and white families have nearly identical formations.
Q3) Which of the following statements concerning child abuse is true?
A) Most studies of abuse are based on national surveys of child welfare professionals.
B) Almost all child deaths from abuse or neglect are recorded.
C) Child abuse occurs more frequently in high-income families.
D) The highest child victimization rates were for children in their teenage years.
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Page 13
Chapter 12: Education and Religion
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Sample Questions
Q1) Lorna's research shows a steady decline in religious participation in her small community in Texas and, thus, a decline in the social and political power of religious institutions there. Sociologists refer to this process as:
A) secularization.
B) fundamentalism.
C) socialization.
D) religious economy.
Q2) Why are sociologists so concerned with the social organization of religion?
A) Religion is the primary source of the development of the economy, which sociologists consider the most important building block of any society.
B) Religion is among the most important institutions in society and is a primary source of the deepest-seated norms and values.
C) Sociologists view religion as a repressive force, and sociologists value open societies.
D) Religion is the institution that determines our basic understandings of ourselves, such as gender, race, nationality, and other markers of identity.
Q3) What is religious nationalism? Please explain your answer in a short paragraph.
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Page 14
Chapter 13: Politics and Economic Life
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Sample Questions
Q1) Countries in which voters can choose between two or more political parties and the majority of the adult population has the right to vote are usually called:
A) absolute monarchies.
B) participatory democracies.
C) liberal democracies.
D) communist democracies.
Q2) When was the welfare state firmly established in most Western societies?
A) in the seventeenth century
B) in the eighteenth century
C) in the nineteenth century
D) in the twentieth century
Q3) U.S. military spending today:
A) is lower than before 1989 because of the almost complete collapse of communism. B) continues to lag behind countries such as Russia and China. C) is greater than that of the next seven countries combined.
D) is some of the lowest in the world.
Q4) According to the textbook, what are three types of rights associated with the growth of citizenship? Explain each in one sentence.
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15
Chapter 14: The Sociology of the Body: Health, Illness, and Sexuality
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Sample Questions
Q1) Sigmund Freud argued that:
A) humans are born without concrete sexual tastes and society teaches them what to like through the socialization process.
B) human sexuality is usually determined at birth, although the socialization process does have a limited role in influencing people by adulthood.
C) female and male sexual tastes are similar at birth but increasingly vary as adulthood approaches, largely due to hormonal differences between males and females.
D) human sexual tastes vary widely at birth, and although they are curbed by society through socialization, they still remain significantly diverse through adulthood.
Q2) What is the biomedical model of health? Please explain your answer in three to five sentences.
Q3) The twentieth century witnessed which of the following trends in industrialized societies?
A) a significant increase in life expectancy
B) a rise in infant mortality rates
C) a decrease in standards of health and well-being
D) the virtual elimination of health inequalities
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Page 16
Chapter 15: Urbanization, Population, and the Environment
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to the 2010 U.S. Census, Waukee, an area located outside Iowa's capital city of Des Moines, is 98.17 percent white. If suburbs are increasingly becoming "majority minority," what explains Waukee's demographics?
A) Waukee has a white mayor, which makes it less welcoming to residents of color.
B) Waukee is an exurb, not a suburb, so it is one of the few places that remain majority white.
C) Suburbs in the Midwest are generally exempt from the "majority minority" pattern. D) Waukee has a lower average income compared to surrounding areas.
Q2) Population growth rates are:
A) usually negative.
B) exponential.
C) linear.
D) rational.
Q3) In a short paragraph, describe the process of suburbanization as it has occurred in the United States, and explain the role of the U.S. government in shaping the process and the outcomes of suburbanization.
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Chapter 16: Globalization in a Changing World
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to postmodernists, there is "no such thing as history." What do they mean by this statement? Do you agree or disagree with their view of globalization?
Q2) According to Karl Marx, the primary source of conflict that leads to revolution is:
A) change in the forces of production.
B) change in the minds of the bourgeoisie.
C) change in the minds of the proletariat.
D) change in the political system.
Q3) The increased risk of skin cancer is a manufactured risk that likely relates to:
A) people not wearing enough sunscreen.
B) chemicals in common household products.
C) the depletion of the ozone layer.
D) changing beauty norms.
Q4) According to Daniel Bell, the white-collar worker is the most essential type of employee in a(n):
A) technology society.
B) industrial society.
C) postindustrial society.
D) urban society.
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