Society and Culture
Exam Materials
Course Introduction
This course examines the complex relationship between society and culture, exploring how cultural beliefs, values, and practices shape social institutions, identities, and interactions. Students will analyze sociocultural phenomena such as norms, traditions, socialization, and cultural change through various theoretical lenses. By investigating topics like ethnicity, gender, class, and globalization, the course encourages critical reflection on how cultures are constructed, maintained, and transformed within diverse societies.
Recommended Textbook
Cultural Anthropology A Toolkit for a Global Age 2nd Edition by Kenneth J. Guest
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17 Chapters
1134 Verified Questions
1134 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: Anthropology in a Global Age
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66 Verified Questions
66 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Nepali workers building roads in India, Filipino maids in Saudi Arabia, and Turkish street repairmen in Germany are examples of which global dynamic?
A) time-space compression
B) uneven development
C) domestic migration
D) increasing migration
Answer: D
Q2) What do we call an anthropologist working among a Native American group to map their spoken language into a written form?
A) descriptive linguist
B) cultural anthropologist
C) sociolinguist
D) historical linguist
Answer: A
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Chapter 2: Culture
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70 Verified Questions
70 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which student of Boas explored the unique patterns and integration of cultural traits and entire cultures?
A) Margaret Mead
B) Bronislaw Malinowski
C) E. E. Evans-Pritchard
D) Ruth Benedict
E) E. Evans-Pritchard
Answer: D
Q2) In her book Liquidated: An Ethnography of Wall Street, Karen Ho uses ethnography to explore the ways in which Wall Street bankers are socialized into the temporal life of the market. An examination of the meaning of time among Wall Street bankers is an example of ________.
A) thick description
B) ethnocentrism
C) epigenetics
D) participant observation
Answer: A
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Fieldwork and Ethnography
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63 Verified Questions
63 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Fieldwork is often considered a rite of passage for students because it:
A) forges a bond of collegiality with other researchers.
B) forces a special kind of mutual transformation.
C) is a key developmental stage for all social scientists.
D) develops a sense of deep empathy for others.
Answer: D
Q2) Define zeros and explain their significance for ethnographers.
Answer: Zeros are the elements of a story or picture that are not told or seen; they are key details omitted from the conversation. This omission offers insight into which topics are too sensitive to discuss publicly.
Q3) Anthropologists are able to collect information, select which people to highlight, and choose which facts to publish in their results. What key aspect of writing ethnography does this clearly illustrate?
A) the importance of accurate notes in the field
B) the crucial need for different types of anthropologists today
C) how the type of ethnographic writing affects the published results
D) the reality that all anthropological inquiry is a form of interpretation
Answer: D
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5
Chapter 4: Language
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62 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Why do linguistic anthropologists study the patterns and important sounds spoken by a group of people?
A) to decipher meaning
B) to identify how emotions are conveyed through nonverbal communication
C) to determine how long a specific language has existed
D) to understand the elements and rules of a particular language
Q2) What has the effort to preserve the Native American Lakota language, spoken by about 25,000 people in the United States, led to?
A) There is now an new, modern dialect of Lakota.
B) It has resulted in the widespread adoption of Lakota terms in many parts of the country.
C) There is a widespread integration of social media into the preservation effort.
D) It has resulted in the loss of Lakota cultural capital due to online piracy.
Q3) What do anthropologists call a nonstandard variation of a language?
A) prestige language
B) type of displacement
C) dialect
D) morpheme
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Chapter 5: Human Origins
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Sample Questions
Q1) The term Oldowan refers to:
A) the earliest stone tools found in Africa.
B) archaic humans from Olduvai Gorge.
C) early stone tools developed by Neandertals.
D) early stone tools developed by modern Homo sapiens.
Q2) The term acclimatization refers to:
A) the ability to make temporary physiological changes in response to the environment.
B) the sum of all genetic changes seen in a population.
C) any permanent changes seen in the human body in response to the immediate environment.
D) the inability to adapt to the environment.
Q3) Identify where Neandertals are located in the human evolutionary chain and how they are similar physically to modern Homo sapiens. What was the fate of Neandertals?
Q4) Gene flow is the:
A) production of new genes.
B) random loss of genes in a population.
C) process that signals differential reproduction success.
D) movement of genes between populations.
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Chapter 6: Race and Racism
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70 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) What continuing aspect of racism in the United States is illuminated by the Susie Phipps case?
A) eugenics
B) microaggression
C) hypodescent
D) nativism
Q2) How does the U.S. census, taken every ten years since 1790, provide a window into the changing conception of "race"?
Q3) The failure of the New York State school system to add $5.6 billion to the annual school budget in order to ensure that all students received the same level of funding reflects what aspect of racism?
A) racialization
B) racial ideology
C) profiling
D) institutional racism
Q4) Based on what you read in Chapter 6, how can we understand the killing of Michael Brown and its aftermath from an anthropological perspective? Be sure to employ at least two key concepts from the text in your answer.
Q5) Explain how and why Jim Crow laws came to the American South.
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Chapter 7: Ethnicity and Nationalism
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63 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Some Native American groups strategically expand into an "ethno-corporation," chosing to see their ethnicity as ________.
A) an opportunity
B) an independent nation-state
C) a loss
D) American
Q2) According to legend, the Aztecs wandered across what is today Mexico until they came to an island where an eagle was standing on a cactus with a snake in its mouth. According to prophecy, this would be their new home. The Aztecs established their capital city on an island in Lake Texcoco, where tradition says their ancestors found the eagle. What concept about ethnicity does this demonstrate?
A) tall tale
B) origin myth
C) folktale
D) ethnohistory
Q3) Define ethnic cleansing versus genocide and give an example of each to illustrate your answer.
Q4) Compare how and why ethnic-making projects in Rwanda and Bosnia have given rise to conflict.
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Chapter 8: Gender
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67 Verified Questions
67 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Define gender stratification. Using one specific example from the text, identify and analyze ways that women resist patriarchy or gender stratification in their societies. Specifically, how do women use organizing for political action to express their displeasure with the systems under which they live? Provide the context for their actions in different settings. Ultimately, does women's resistance to these structures result in change?
Q2) Explain how feminist research on gender stratification and gender roles has changed since Margaret Mead's pioneering research, paying particular attention to the approaches and findings of Sherri Ortner, Michelle Rosaldo, and Annette Weiner. What do we understand about how gender should be studied today?
Q3) For many women around the world, life is a seemingly unending process of childbirth, child rearing, and hard domestic labor, while men often enjoy free time and more opportunities to socialize. What is this a result of?
A) enforced gender stereotypes
B) normal gender roles
C) gender stratification
D) enforced performance
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Chapter 9: Sexuality
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62 Verified Questions
62 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of these best describes sexuality?
A) desires, beliefs, and behaviors related to erotic physical contact, and cultural ideas about these desires, beliefs, and behaviors
B) the biological predispositions that cause desires, beliefs, and behaviors related to erotic physical contact
C) cultural ideas that determine what kinds of physical desires and behaviors are considered normal
D) desires, beliefs, and behaviors related to erotic physical contact for pleasure rather than procreation
Q2) Where does the dual categorization of sexuality as either homosexual or heterosexual come from?
A) the early Christian church
B) Western cultural history
C) Near Eastern theology
D) ancient Greece
Q3) Define sexuality and, using a minimum of three examples from the text, describe the ways in which culture influences sexual beliefs and behaviors.
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Chapter 10: Kinship, Family, and Marriage
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Sample Questions
Q1) Worldwide, what is the most prevalent strategy in use today to track kin group membership?
A) consanguineality
B) ancestry
C) matrilineality
D) patrilineality
Q2) How do humans build kinship ties between two people who are not their immediate biological kin?
A) blood
B) marriage
C) school
D) cohabitation
Q3) What do we call the process by which an individual whose marriage has ended due to divorce or death then remarries another individual?
A) bigamy
B) lineal polygamy
C) serial monogamy
D) serial monotony
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Chapter 11: Class and Inequality
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68 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) In a populous market town where a small number of merchants and landholders have accumulated wealth, extreme stratification arises. What is the most likely explanation for this?
A) Wealth is often the accumulation of fixed assets, not cash.
B) Wealth is often acquired by those who have great skill with money.
C) The absence of legal controls allowed a small subset of the population to control the market.
D) The absence of central banks prevented the redistribution of wealth.
Q2) The increasing concentration of wealth into the hands of a smaller number of persons, in part due to globalization, is part of which accelerating process?
A) egalitarianism
B) stratification
C) social ranking
D) social prestige
Q3) In a ranked society, what two characteristics are stratified?
A) prestige and lineage
B) wealth and prestige
C) prestige and status
D) wealth and status
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Page 13
Chapter 12: The Global Economy
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Sample Questions
Q1) The text suggests that "ecological overshoot" is a likely consequence of our current global economy. What exactly does this mean?
A) We have damaged the environment beyond its ability to repair itself.
B) We have exceeded the ability of the planet to provide for our needs.
C) Development planners have not properly accounted for the ecological costs of growth.
D) The free market must pull back from the environmental practices that destroy the planet.
Q2) Currently, the world is consuming natural resources at double the rate required to maintain sustainable levels. What problem does this illustrate about the sustainability of the current global economy?
A) The global population is not evenly distributed.
B) The human ecological footprint is too large.
C) Capitalism must be perfected.
D) Technology is not advancing quick enough.
Q3) Why are anthropologists interested in the anticolonial and independence movements? When did the majority occur? Summarize reasons for this. Identify three strategies commonly used to gain independence and explain how external forces often contributed to the quest for independence.
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Page 14
Chapter 13: Migration
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Sample Questions
Q1) Discuss what you deem to be the most important contemporary issues with regard to inclusion and social integration of immigrants in the United States. How much multiculturalism is appropriate? Construct an argument that explains what the balance should be between how much immigrants adapt to the dominant culture and how much American communities accommodate newcomers. Illustrate your argument by discussing particular immigrant groups and recent immigration controversies.
Q2) What recent trend has been observed as a result of wages creeping upward for Chinese workers?
A) an influx of Egyptian workers
B) decreasing income disparities between rural and urban workers
C) a decline in foreign investment in China
D) factories are now shifting to Thailand, Cambodia, and Laos since they have cheaper labor
Q3) What happened in the United States in 1965 that shifted patterns of immigration?
A) The United States passed the National Origins Act.
B) The immigration from Eastern Europe and Italy reached its peak.
C) The policy of restricting immigrants with quotas by nationality ended.
D) A fence along the U.S.-Mexico border was completed.
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Chapter 14: Politics and Power
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Sample Questions
Q1) In a brief essay, describe three ways power is wielded outside the control of the state.
Q2) Discuss how alternative structures are used to circumvent state power, and provide an example to illustrate your points.
Q3) What surprising discovery did Carolyn Nordstrom make in her study of war and violence in Mozambique?
A) War is not something that can be prevented through political will.
B) People want war in order to establish their autonomy.
C) The political violence of war can be resisted and defeated in the attending of daily matters.
D) The state does not actually start or condone war; people do.
Q4) Anthropologist Marc Edelman's study of rural peasants in Costa Rica as they responded to the economic and political upheavals brought about by civil war and increased debt demonstrate what aspect of human response to the state?
A) cooperation
B) agency
C) initiative
D) drive
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16
Chapter 15: Religion
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Sample Questions
Q1) Anthropologist Clifford Geertz suggests that religion is essentially a system of ideas. What was this system of ideas surrounded by?
A) powerful symbols
B) powerful rituals
C) powerful rites
D) powerful beliefs
Q2) On what basis do people often make sense of the world, reach decisions, and organize their lives?
A) their religious beliefs
B) their society's social organization
C) their ability to falsify the religions of others
D) a theoretical understanding of religious practices
Q3) French ethnographer and folklorist Arnold van Gennep (1873-1957) was the first to theorize a category of ritual called "rites of passage." What are rites of passage, and what is an example of a rite of passage in your own cultural experience? How are rites of passage related to rituals and religion? Are there rites of passage in cultural groups that are not tied to religion? Provide an example. How do rites of passage affect the individual, and how do they affect the cultural group as a whole?
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Chapter 16: Health, Illness, and the Body
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Sample Questions
Q1) What has significantly changed in the Ladakh region of the Himalayas?
A) the cash economy has been undermined, resulting in increased bartering
B) militarization in neighboring Kashmir has decreased, resulting in less stress
C) urbanization has fragmented community life
D) Western biomedicine is now widely available
Q2) When studying the health care provided at Alpha Hospital in New York City, anthropologist Khiara Bridges documented health-care professionals referring to black women as "primitive" and stating that black women were better able to withstand pain than white women. Where did these attitudes stem from?
A) an oral tradition within the medical profession featuring stories and folklore about black women's bodies
B) the formal education health-care professionals received
C) conflicts between physicians of color and white patients
D) information that was the result of Medicaid policies and directives
Q3) How do medical anthropologists distinguish between disease and illness?
A) as a pathological condition versus an imagined reality
B) as a natural entity versus personal experience
C) as a natural entity versus a condition defined by the state
D) as a natural entity versus a psychologically treatable condition
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Chapter 17: Art and Media
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Sample Questions
Q1) Immanuel Kant and Georg Hegel argued that humans' determination of beauty is determined by:
A) culture
B) nature
C) popularity
D) their age and sex
Q2) Discuss the relationship of art and the attack on the World Trade Center in New York on September 11, 2001. How did the institutions-galleries, museums, and others-come to a decision about why art might be useful as a means of bridging the cultural "gap" left by the attack? What was the result of their effort? What could have been done differently and why?
Q3) What term does Arjun Appadurai use to refer to the global cultural flows of media and visual images that enable linkages and communication across boundaries?
A) critical transformation
B) media worlds
C) social media
D) global mediascape
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