Society and Culture
Chapter Exam Questions
Course Introduction
This course explores the foundational concepts, structures, and interactions that define society and culture. Students will investigate how cultural norms, values, beliefs, and practices shape individual and group behavior, and in turn, how societies evolve and function across diverse global contexts. Through interdisciplinary perspectives, including sociology, anthropology, and cultural studies, the course examines topics such as socialization, identity, inequality, institutions, and the dynamics of cultural change. Emphasis is placed on critical analysis and the understanding of cultural diversity, social systems, and contemporary issues affecting societies worldwide.
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SOC 4th edition by Nijole V. Benokraitis
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Thinking Like a Sociologist
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Q1) One of the common criticisms of functionalist theory is that it:
A) is so focused on order and stability that it often ignores social change.
B) is too focused on social change and often ignores social cohesion.
C) often ignores the contribution of gender in understanding social change.
D) often focuses too much on discrimination and inequality.
E) is too focused on micro-level factors.
Answer: A
Q2) A sociologist is conducting a study on a small group of poverty-stricken individuals.She understands that an individual's poverty status is the result of larger economic situations and unemployment rates in the local community rather than an individual's personal problem.The ability to see the relationship between the personal troubles of the group and the larger economic situations is known as:
A) social stratification.
B) microsociology.
C) enigmatic perspective.
D) conventional wisdom.
E) sociological imagination.
Answer: E
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3
Chapter 2: Examining Our Social World
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Q1) Does sociological research challenge overgeneralization?
Answer: Yes, sociological research challenges overgeneralization.A common reason for the disconnection between reality and perception is overgeneralization, drawing conclusions about behavior or events based on limited observations.U.S.gun homicide rates dropped by 49 percent from 1993 to 2011, but 56 percent of Americans believe that the rate has gone up.This misperception-fueled by mass shootings, the media's focus on crime, and powerful lobby groups such as the National Rifle Association-is partly responsible for the growth of gun ownership in the past 20 years (Cohn et al., 2013).In effect, then, overgeneralization can change behavior.Please see the section "Why Is Sociological Research Important in Our Everyday Lives?" for more information.
Q2) Knowledge based on tradition and authority simplifies people's lives because it:
A) provides them with basic rules about socially and legally acceptable behavior.
B) is impossible to gain knowledge through any other means.
C) provides only clear and correct information to them.
D) exposes myths and misconceptions.
E) sharpens critical thinking skills that affect their everyday lives.
Answer: A
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Culture
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Q1) Identify a general characteristic of norms.
A) They are instrumental.
B) They are always written down.
C) They are constant across cultures.
D) They are always flexible.
E) They are unconditional.
Answer: A
Q2) Ben and Michael are part of the local basketball team.The team is expected to train every day and follow a disciplined lifestyle.The players are also expected to maintain the highest possible standards of behavior and conduct.These expectations suggest that Ben and Michael are a part of a _____.
A) counterculture
B) subculture
C) cultural capital
D) high culture
E) real culture
Answer: B
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Socialization
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Q1) According to Mead, the me forms as children engage in role taking.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Explain the various opinions that arise from the nature-nurture debate.
Q3) Which of the following statements is true of U.S.children?
A) They do not attend school as education is not given much importance.
B) They make up a large segment of the U.S.labor force.
C) The socialization process is shaky at best.
D) A high percentage of them die of diseases before the age of five.
E) A large number of them stay with their parents until the age of 30.
Q4) In the context of the functions of play, _____ provide children with constructive ways to channel their energy and intelligence.
A) television programs
B) sports and hobbies
C) video games
D) social networking sites
E) homework and assignments
Q5) Explain how children learn to socialize in the infancy and toddlerhood stage.
Q6) Elaborate on George Herbert Mead's three stages of the socialization process.
Q7) Explain the concept of reinforcement with examples.
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Chapter 5: Social Interaction in Everyday Life
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Q1) Keri is a mother, a parole officer, and a softball player.These positions make up Keri's
A) role set
B) status set
C) master status
D) achieved status
E) ascribed status
Q2) Status inconsistency is _____.
A) a social position that a person attains through personal effort
B) the actual behavior of a person who occupies a status
C) the behavior expected of a person who has a particular status
D) a shifting communication pattern that governs people's interpersonal relationships
E) the conflict that arises from occupying social positions that are ranked differently
Q3) Discuss social interaction and its critical components.
Q4) A master status is usually not immediately apparent and makes no preliminary impression on a person's entire life.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 6: Social Groups, Organizations, and Social Institutions
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Q1) The purpose of Solomon Asch's experiment was to demonstrate the _____.
A) need to obey a superior's instructions
B) inability of some people to conform to societal norms
C) effect of brainstorming on people
D) power of groups over individuals
E) inability to groups to arrive at a consensus
Q2) Erin, Macy, and Nancy were good friends.However, because of a misunderstanding, Erin and Nancy team up and start finding faults with everything Macy does.This behavior is a typical example of the disadvantages of a(n) _____.
A) reference group
B) secondary group
C) dyad
D) out-group
E) triad
Q3) Explain the impact of a primary group on an individual's life.
Q4) What is a reference group?
Q5) What is a utilitarian organization?
Q6) List the common characteristics of formal organizations.
Q7) What are the five major social institutions?
Q8) Describe the three types of leaders as identified by classic studies. Page 8
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Page 9
Chapter 7: Deviance, Crime, and Social Control
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Q1) Which of the following is true of intellectual property thefts?
A) Intellectual property thefts are primarily middle-class crimes.
B) The offenders of intellectual property thefts are easy to catch.
C) Intellectual property thefts are seldom reported to the police.
D) The offenders of intellectual property thefts are always high-status people.
E) Intellectual property thefts are obsolete since the year 2000.
Q2) Give at least three reasons why deviance is considered dysfunctional by functionalists.
Q3) Deviance is dysfunctional because it increases confidence in institutions.
A)True
B)False
Q4) According to functionalists, deviance is functional because it:
A) bolsters the economy.
B) increases trust in personal and formal relationships.
C) increases confidence in institutions.
D) reduces tension and insecurity.
E) impedes social change.
Q5) Explain positive and negative sanctions with examples.
Q6) Summarize the critical evaluation of feminist perspectives on deviance.
Q7) Explain in detail Émile Durkheim's concept of anomie.
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Chapter 8: Social Stratification: United States and Global
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Q1) Identify a criticism by Melvin Tumin on the Davis-Moore thesis.
A) A system of unequal rewards motivates people to contribute to society.
B) Social stratification is based on meritocracy.
C) There's little association between earnings and the jobs that keep a society going.
D) Some positions are more crucial than others for a society's survival.
E) People won't undergo many years of education or training unless they are rewarded by money.
Q2) Which of the following is a belief of feminist theorists?
A) Meritocracy is nonexistent, and women are given greater preference over men to enter higher-paying occupations.
B) In a patriarchal system, women shape the stratification system.
C) Women have greater political power in industrialized countries.
D) Women have to juggle domestic and workplace responsibilities.
E) It is easier for women to access resources in developing nations.
Q3) Explain how demographic factors affect social mobility.
Q4) How does wealth differ from income?
Q5) Based on the conflict theory, explain how capitalism benefits only the rich.
Q6) Briefly explain the world-system theory.
Q7) Discuss the symbolic interactionists' perspective on social stratification.
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Chapter 9: Gender and Sexuality
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Q1) Identify a measure that the government has taken to restrict abortion.
A) Penalizing women with a fine of $5000
B) Suspending the licenses of doctors who agree to carry out the procedure
C) Cutting public funding for abortions for low-income women
D) Evicting women from public housing if they get an abortion
E) Mandating women to undertake a session on the harmful effects of abortion
Q2) _____ are people whose medical classification at birth isn't clearly either male or female.
A) Asexuals
B) Heterosexuals
C) Homosexuals
D) Bisexuals
E) Intersexuals
Q3) _____ refers to people's unequal access to wealth, power, status, prestige, and other valued resources because of their sex.
A) Acculturation
B) Meritocracy
C) A glass ceiling
D) Gender stratification
E) A glass escalator
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Chapter 10: Race and Ethnicity
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Q1) Which of the following statements is true of American Indians and Alaska Natives (AIANs)?
A) They are a homogeneous group.
B) They are immigrants to the United States.
C) Their median household income is lower than that of African Americans.
D) Their education levels have decreased more in recent years than those of any other group.
E) They have been in the United States longer than any other group.
Q2) _____ is the systematic effort to kill all members of a particular ethnic, religious, political, racial, or national group.
A) Segregation
B) Acculturation
C) Pluralism
D) Stereotyping
E) Genocide
Q3) Children of immigrants are less likely than their U.S.-born peers to live in a two-parent household.
A)True
B)False
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Page 13
Chapter 11: The Economy and Politics
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Q1) _____ is a process of social and economic change resulting from the reduction of industrial activity, especially manufacturing.
A) Offshoring
B) Remanufacturing
C) Deindustrialization
D) Gentrification
E) Retrofitting
Q2) Which of the following statements is true of rational-legal authority?
A) It comes from rules and regulations that pertain to an office.
B) It arises from rules and protocols that relate to a person.
C) It is personal and is based on customs, traditions, and religious beliefs.
D) It is vested in the person currently holding the office.
E) It changes when a new mayor or governor is elected.
Q3) A(n) _____ is someone hired by a special-interest group to influence legislation on the group's behalf.
A) activist
B) fund raiser
C) lobbyist
D) marketer
E) publicist
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Chapter 12: Families and Aging
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Q1) Which of the following is a limitation of conflict theories?
A) Conflict theory links family inequality to capitalism and social class, but there is also considerable family inequality in countries that aren't capitalist.
B)Conflict theory discusses high-income brackets, but it does not consider inheritance of property to the next generation.
C) Conflict theory focuses more on young people and their lives, and it seldom discusses the issues of older people.
D) Conflict theory tends to gloss over data which show that intimate partner violence is often mutual and not one-sided.
E) Conflict theory is a micro-level perspective, and it fails to address macro-level constraints, such as structural factors.
Q2) One man married to two or more women is called matriarchy.
A)True B)False
Q3) Marrying one's first cousins or second cousins is an example of homogamy.
A)True B)False
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15
Chapter 13: Education and Religion
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Q1) Which of the following best illustrates civil religion?
A) George breaking away from the Catholic Church to form his own sect
B) Zach taking a solemn oath before providing a testimony in court
C) Jessica teaching creationism in her science class
D) Edward permitting students to leave classes for religious instruction
E) John committing violent crimes against religious minorities
Q2) Which of the following statements best explains how education decreases job competition?
A)
Earnings vary by occupation even with the same major field of study.
B) By expanding a person's intellectual horizons, education increases earnings.
C) Education teaches children how to get along with others and prepare them for adult economic roles.
D) Educational institutions create social networks that can lead to jobs or business opportunities.
E) The more time that young adults spend in school, the longer the jobs of older workers are safe.
Q3) Identify the reasons for grade inflation.Briefly discuss the consequences of grade inflation and cheating.
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Page 16
Chapter 14: Health and Medicine
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Q1) Explain the common criticisms faced by conflict theorists.
Q2) How are lifestyle choices related to health, disease, and impairment? Why?
Q3) Which of the following is a difference between chronic and acute diseases?
A)
Unlike acute diseases, chronic diseases decrease as people age.
B) Unlike acute diseases, chronic diseases can cause death and incapacitation.
C) Unlike chronic diseases, acute diseases are present at birth.
D) Unlike chronic diseases, acute diseases are lifelong illnesses.
E) Unlike chronic diseases, acute diseases strike suddenly and disappear rapidly.
Q4) Which of the following is an assumption of medical models? A)
Illness is anything that deviates from normal biological functioning.
B) Illness and medicine are social constructions that can change over time.
C) Most illnesses are a result of preventable lifestyle choices.
D) Illnesses stem from an individual's moral character.
E) All illnesses can be treated in the same way, regardless of the severity.
Q5) Medicaid covers the health insurance for undocumented immigrants.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 15: Population, Urbanization, and the Environment
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Q1) Michael and Belinda bought a sprawling mansion at a reasonable price in an urban neighborhood.They renovated the house to include luxurious amenities and converted a simple structure into an upscale property.This is an example of _____.
A) Gentrification
B) urbanization
C) residential segregation
D) pocket listing
E) self-dealing
Q2) _____ and farm fertilizers are two of the major pollution sources in the United States.
A) Solar panels
B) Industrial sites
C) Nuclear energy sites
D) Construction sites
E) Mining
Q3) What are the three main factors that determine a growth or decline in population?
Q4) Describe the first stage of demographic transition theory.
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Page 18
Chapter 16: Social Change: Collective Behavior, Social Movements,
and Technology
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Q1) According to the relative deprivation theory, shared beliefs combined with unfulfilled expectations can trigger change-oriented social movements.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The _____ proposes that individuals act emotionally and irrationally due to a crowd's almost hypnotic influence.
A) contagion theory
B) convergence theory
C) emergent norm theory
D) structural strain theory
E) value-added theory
Q3) A(n) _____ is an unexpected event that causes widespread damage, destruction, distress, and loss.
A) propaganda
B) mass hysteria
C) urban legend
D) disaster
E) fad
Q4) Describe any two types of social movements.
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