Social Work Practice and Evaluation
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Course Introduction
This course explores the foundational principles, methods, and skills of social work practice with individuals, families, groups, and communities. Emphasizing a strengths-based and culturally responsive approach, students learn to assess client needs, develop intervention plans, and apply evidence-informed strategies across diverse populations. The course also covers the importance of ethical practice and professional values. A key component is the evaluation of social work interventions and programs, equipping students with skills to measure outcomes, use data for decision-making, and ensure services are effective, equitable, and accountable.
Recommended Textbook Research Methods for Social Work 8th Edition by Allen Rubin
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Chapter 1: Why Study Research
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Q1) A social worker invents a new therapy that brings her fame,fortune,and a large following of professional disciples.Two studies evaluate her new therapy.One is scientifically weak in its design,and concludes that her therapy is extremely effective.The other is scientifically very strong in its design,but concludes that her therapy is not effective at all.She writes a letter to the journal publishing both studies.In her letter she severely criticizes the design of the strong study and therefore also criticizes the credibility of its findings,and she praises the design and findings of the weak study.
A) overgeneralization.
B) ego-involvement in understanding.
C) premature closure of inquiry.
D) made-up information.
E) mystification.
Answer: B
Q2) If a study has been published,you can be sure that it has been conducted objectively and rigorously.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Chapter 2: Evidence-Based Practice
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Q1) The evidence-based practice model encourages practitioners to integrate scientific evidence with their practice expertise.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) The term evidence-based practice is an extension of the term evidence-based medicine,which predated it.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) Whether practitioners need to evaluate the intervention they apply depends on how strong the existing research evidence is that supports that intervention.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Chapter 3: Philosophy and Theory in Social Work Research
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Q1) "African American" is a variable that has the attribute of "ethnicity."
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) Which of the following are variables?
A) female, Jewish, high school graduate.
B) plumber, professor, dentist.
C) occupation, political party preference, birth date.
D) 21, violent, poor.
E)none of the above.
Answer: C
Q3) Which of the following is an attribute? :
A) Religion.
B) Female.
C) Occupation.
D) Socioeconomic status.
Answer: B
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Chapter 4: Comparing Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Methods of Inquiry
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Q1) Which of the following is/are an aim of qualitative studies?
A) Deeper understanding.
B) Generating hypotheses.
C) Discovery.
D)All of the above
Q2) Which of the following statements is/are true about subjectivity in social work research?
A) It should be minimized in all studies, regardless of the research question.
B) It should be avoided in mixed methods studies, only.
C) Subjective inquiry can be complimentary with objective inquiry.
D) None of the above.
Q3) Which of the following is/are a reason for using mixed methods?
A) To use one set of methods to illustrate cases or provide numbers for the findings of the other set.
B) To use one set to initiate ideas that subsequently can be pursued by the other set.
C) To see if two sets of findings corroborate each other.
D) All of the above.
Q4) Identify and briefly describe seven main phases in the research process.
Q5) Describe the contrasting emphases of quantitative and qualitative studies.
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Chapter 5: The Ethics and Politics of Social Work Research
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Q1) Once people are told that their participation in a research study is voluntary,there are no ethical problems.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The PRIMARY ethical research issue raised by the Milgram study was
A) the willingness of people to harm others when "following orders" required it.
B) the administering of electrical shocks.
C) the effects of the methods on the experimental subjects.
D) the effects of the methods on the learner.
E) the examination of obedience as a topic for study.
Q3) Which of the following statements is/are true about the Tuskegee syphilis study?
A) It was stopped shortly after it began.
B) Despite the controversy surrounding it, ethicists agreed that its benefits justified its risks.
C) A social worker was instrumental in getting it stopped.
D) Physicians were NOT involved in it.
Q4) Choose an ethical issue presented in this chapter,create a research situation in which this issue could arise,and tell how you would handle it.
Q5) Illustrate how ethics and politics affect social work research.
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Chapter 6: Culturally Competent Research
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Q1) Describe the steps you would take to maximize the measurement equivalence of a study that compares the degree of caregiver burden among White,African American,Hispanic,and Asian American caregivers for relatives with Alzheimer's disease.
Q2) Sampling with hidden and oppressed populations:
A) almost always should involve probability sampling methods.
B) should avoid using the researcher's judgment abouinding potential participants.
C) often involves using snowball sampling.
D) never should combine probability and non-probability sampling methods.
Q3) If research participants from two different cultures have the same average score on a scale measuring caregiver burden,that means that the two groups of participants subjectively perceive the same degree of caregiver burden.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Ethnocentrism is the belief in the superiority of your own culture.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Explain the difference between linguistic,conceptual and metric equivalence.
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Chapter 7: Problem Formulation
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Q1) Dr.Jordan chronicles people's attitudes toward an upcoming poverty program.Jordan is doing explanatory research.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which of the following statements is true about the literature review?
A)It should be put off until the research question has been sharpened.
B)It is a prime source for selecting a research question to begin with.
C)It should be done exclusively in the library, not online.
D)It should be limited to social work journal articles.
Q3) To generate hypotheses or tentative new insights about a new phenomenon,a researcher would undertake:
A) a trend study.
B) an explanatory study.
C) an exploratory study.
D) a longitudinal study.
E) a descriptive study.
Q4) Identify and give an example of each of the four units of analysis.Illustrate the ecological fallacy and reductionism using your examples.
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Chapter 8: Conceptualization in Quantitative and Qualitative Inquiry
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Q1) Which of the following statements is true about the qualitative perspective on operational definitions?
A) We must know the most salient variables before we implement the study.
B) We must understand the variables well enough in advance to anticipate the best way to operationally define them.
C) Specifying variables only in terms of observable indicators is superficial.
D) Social context should be ignored, as it applies more to the quantitative perspective.
Q2) Concepts are mental images that summarize collections of seemingly related observations and experiences.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Extraneous variables are variables that are irrelevant to a particular study.
A)True
B)False
Q4) If level of marital satisfaction increases when socio-environmental stress decreases,that would be an example of a positive relationship:
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 9: Measurement
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Q1) Mr.Isle has noticed that several women he considers to be very feminine wear dresses or skirts often.Therefore,he decides he will determine a woman's degree of femininity by finding out how many times she wears a skirt or a dress over a period of a month.The women who wear dresses or skirts mosrequently will be considered the moseminine; those who rarely wear either will be considered the leaseminine.Is Mr.Isle's method of measuring femininity reliable? Why or why not? Is his method of measuring femininity valid? Why or why not? What is the tension that often exists between the criteria of reliability and validity?
Q2) Professor Myth asked respondents whether or not they had ever been divorced.One year later Professor Myth asked respondents the same question.Myth found that with repeated applications of the measure different responses were obtained for the same subject.This means that the measuring instrument was A) unreliable.
B) invalid.
C) unreliable or the value on the variable had changed.
D) lacking in face validity.
Q3) Face validity is a form of empirical validity.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 10: Constructing Measurement Instruments
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Q1) Identify measurement principles that always apply to quantitative and qualitative approaches to asking people questions.Then identify differences between the two approaches in the style of asking questions.
Q2) The questionnaire item "Did you file federal and state income tax reports last year?" with a response set of yes,no,can't remember,other,is an example of A) an open-ended question.
B) an ordinal variable.
C) a double-barreled question.
D) a negative item.
Q3) Always include at least one item in an index for which all respondents give the same answer.
A)True
B)False
Q4) There are several formats for contingency questions.Give illustrations of three differenormats,using examples not presented in the text.How does the formaor contingency questions differ from the format used for matrix questions? Give an illustration of the latter to differentiate irom the former.
Q5) Identify acceptable options for handling missing data in an index or scale.
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Chapter 11: Causal Inference and Experimental Designs
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Q1) What differentiates experimental from pre-experimental designs? Give an illustration of a situation in which an experimental design would be preferred and one in which a pre-experimental design would be preferred.
Q2) Which of the following statement best describes the criteria for inferring or causality?
A) A relationship must exist between variables.
B) One variable must precede the other in time.
C) A third variable did not cause the changes observed in the first two variables. D) A relationship must exist between two variables, with the cause preceding the effect in time, and the relationship cannot be explained away by the influence of a third variable.
Q3) Explain what is meant by internal and external validity.
Q4) Whenever two variables are correlated,we may assume that one is the cause of the other.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Discuss how attrition can affect the validity of an experiment and describe steps to minimize attrition.
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Chapter 12: Quasi-Experimental Designs
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Q1) Time-series designs with many measurement points control for maturation.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Qualitative methods offer a number of techniques that on-site research staff members can use in attempting to observe research implementation pitfalls.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which of the following statements is true about client recruitment and retention in experimental and quasi-experimental evaluations in social work agencies?
A) Referring agencies almost never dump clients that they don't want to serve.
B) Referring agencies are usually eager to refer clients.
C) Referring agencies might resent having their referrals assigned to a control condition.
D)Clients usually welcome the use of randomized procedures to determine which service they receive.
Q4) Identify and explain four practical pitfalls commonly encountered when carrying out experiments and quasi-experiments in social agencies.
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Chapter 13: Single-Case Evaluation Designs
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Q1) Identify the major advantages and disadvantages of each of the following single-case designs:a.AB designb.ABAB designc.multiple baseline design
Q2) In a single-case design with a student at high risk for dropping out of school,a good measurement plan to assess whether our intervention is effective would be to monitor whether or not he/she drops out of school.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Explain why it is important to obtain a stable baseline,if possible.Explain your answer in connection to threats to internal validity.
Q4) Explain how B or B+ designs can have value in the evidence-based practice process despite lacking an adequate baseline phase.
Q5) Discuss why it can be argued that a single-case AB design,if done appropriately,has greater internal validity than a simple pretest/posttest group design with no control group:
Q6) Identify three qualitative methods that can be incorporated in single-case evaluation,and discuss the function of each method.
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Chapter 14: Program Evaluation
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Q1) In order to foster the eventual utilization of an evaluation,one of the steps evaluators should take is to
A) make sure stakeholders are not involved in planning the evaluation.
B) ensure that program personnel do not influence the evaluation design.
C)involve stakeholders throughout all phases of the evaluation.
D) withhold the sharing of the evaluation report with stakeholders until it has been perfected and finalized.
Q2) Discuss and provide an example of the value of the value of qualitative approaches to program evaluation.
Q3) What steps should program evaluators take in order to foster the utilization of their studies?
Q4) Cost-benefit techniques enable evaluators to put a true dollar value on all possible program costs and benefits,without respect to vested interests and value judgments. A)True
B)False
Q5) What are the advantages and disadvantages of evaluating program outcome and efficiency,as compared to monitoring program implementation?
Q6) Describe the impact managed care has had on program evaluation.
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Chapter 15: Sampling
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Q1) Generalizing about how male batterers view women based on a sample of male batterers is an example of gender bias in sampling.
A)True
B)False
Q2) A researcher randomly selects cities,then randomly selects churches in each selected city,and the randomly selects members to be interviewed in each selected church.This research is using
A) simple random sampling.
B) quota sampling.
C) multi-stage cluster sampling.
D) stratified sampling.
E) accidental sampling.
Q3) To obtain samples of the same size from strata of varying sizes,it would be necessary to use
A) simple random sampling.
B) systematic sampling.
C) proportionate sampling.
D) disproportionate sampling.
E) quota sampling.
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Chapter 16: Survey Research
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Q1) Which of the following statements is recommended in email invitations to participate in an online survey?
A) Place the URL link to the survey site at the bottom of the screen under your invitation to participate.
B) Always send the email invitation early in the morning, regardless of the type of people you are surveying
C) Offer to share selected results from the study with everyone who completes the survey.
D) Avoid using a prize drawing as an incentive to participate.
Q2) Identify three do's and three don'ts among the tips for conducting online surveys.
Q3) In general,survey research is an appropriate observational method for
A) describing a population too large to observe directly.
B) descriptive purposes, only.
C) explanatory purposes, only
D) exploratory purposes, only.
Q4) Give a comparative analysis of the strengths and weaknesses of survey research.
Q5) Discuss the advantages of combining qualitative research methods with survey research methods.
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Chapter 17: Analyzing Existing Data: Quantitative and Qualitative Methods
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Q1) Whish of the following statements is true about coding in content analysis
A) The coding scheme cannot be pretested.
B) Both inductive and deductive methods should be used in creating code categories.
C) You must choose to code either manifest content or latent content; you cannot use both methods.
D) Manifest content coding provides a better reflection of depth and underlying meaning than latent content coding.
Q2) The adage that you must walk a mile in another person's shoes before judging the person is similar to which of the following concepts?
A) Verstehen
B) Pedagogy
C) Ideal types
D) Footwork
Q3) As a mode of observation,content analysis is essentially an operation of coding.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 18: Qualitative Research: General Principles
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Q1) The qualitative researcher
A) usually approaches the task with precisely defined hypotheses to be tested. B) typically studies only those processes that can be predicted in advance. C) makes initial observations, develops tentative conclusions that suggesurther observation, and revises the conclusions.
D) never attempts to increase objectivity
E) all of the above.
Q2) Among the advantages of qualitative research is that it
A) yields precise descriptive statements about a large population. B) involves the uniform application of precise operational definitions. C) allows for the modification of research design. D) produces definitive conclusions.
E) is an extremely reliable technique.
Q3) Professor Smith was interested in reporting the reality of the experiences of teenage runaways living on the streets in their own terms.Smith is probably most interested in: A) being a complete participant.
B) grounded theory. C) ethnography.
D) hermeneutics.
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Chapter 19: Qualitative Research: Specific Methods
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Q1) Which of the following statements is/are true abouocus groups?
A) The larger the number of participants, the better.
B) The group dynamics may bring out information that may not have emerged in individual interviews.
C) Representativeness is a common strength of this method.
D) The data that emerge are likely to be less voluminous and more systematic than structured survey data.
Q2) Which of the following statements is true about the emic and etic perspectives?
A) They both emphasize maintaining your objectivity.
B) They both deemphasize maintaining your objectivity
C) You must adopt one perspective or the other, rather than try to adopt both postures.
D) It is difficult, yet possible, to assume both the emic and the etic perspectives.
Q3) The qualitative researcher in the role of participant-as-observer participates fully with the group under study but does not disclose his or her role as researcher.
A)True
B)False
Q4) How does qualitative interviewing differ from quantitative survey interviewing?
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Chapter 20: Qualitative Data Analysis
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Q1) Describe how coding,memoing,and concept mapping are used in qualitative analysis.
Q2) Define what is meant by variable-oriented analysis and what is meant by case-oriented analysis.Give an example of a research project in which you would use variable-oriented analysis and one where you would use case-oriented analysis.
Q3) If a researcher examined Jeremy's story from the prior question and then looked at other people "like" Jeremy in order to develop a theory about job loss and veterans,the researcher would be
A) using inductive reasoning.
B) using a cross-case method approach.
C) developing grounded theory.
D) using inductive reasoning and a cross-method approach and developing grounded theory.
Q4) Semiotics is a social science because
A) meanings are inherent in signs.
B) meanings reside in people's minds.
C) a particular sign may have a particular meaning to a particular person.
D) we have agreements about the meanings associated with particular signs.
Q5) Identify at last one way that computer programs analyze qualitative data.
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Chapter 21: Quantitative Data Analysis
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Q1) A bivariate table is read by comparing the independent variable subgroups with one another in terms of a given attribute of the dependent variable.
A)True
B)False
Q2) What is a codebook? Construct a codebook for the following questionnaire items:
(a) Gender
( ) male
( ) female
(b) Age at last birthday?
(c) How many brothers and sisters do you have? (Count only those who are now alive.Include stepbrothers and stepsisters and children adopted by your parents.)
(d) What is your marital status?
( ) married
( ) widowed
( ) divorced
( ) separated
( ) never married
Q3) What is the purpose of data cleaning? How is it done?
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Chapter 22: Inferential Data Analysis
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Q1) Inferential statistics are used primarily for describing samples.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Explain the difference between statistical significance,relationship strength,and substantive significance.
Q3) When two groups are significantly different on a dependent variable at the .05 level of significance,it means that there is a five-percent difference between them.
A)True
B)False
Q4) How would you interpret a finding from an experiment in which a costly and time-consuming intervention to reduce school dropout had a statistically significant outcome with a Cohen's d effect size of .20? What if the effect size were .80,but the outcome were not statistically significant due to a low sample size?
Q5) If a Cohen's d effect size exceeds .6,the finding is statistically significant.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 23: Inferential Data Analysis
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Q1) One of the best ways to determine which hypotheses have been tested is to firsind which variables are significantly related.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Identify four different tests of statistical significance and the conditions under which each would be used.
Q3) Describe the controversy regarding statistical significance testing with population data.
Q4) If your statistical power is .60,then your probability of a Type II error is .40.
A)True
B)False
Q5) An a priori statistical power analysis can be used to determine how large a sample to select.
A)True B)False
Q6) Define statistical power and explain its utility in planning research as well as in interpreting the implications of findings that are not statistically significant.
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Chapter 24: Writing Research Proposals and Reports
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Q1) The presentation of data analyses in research reports should provide a maximum of detail without being cluttered.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Reports of qualitative research studies are more likely to use more creative and varied literary styles than reports of quantitative studies.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The literature review section of a research proposal should:
A) include minute details about every relevant previous study.
B) show how the proposed research will relate to, yet go beyond, the previous studies.
C) mention a few relevant studies, but not many of them.
D)list each previous study in chronological order.
Q4) Discuss the characteristics that distinguish weak from strong literature reviews in research proposals and research reports.
Q5) Describe how qualitative research reports often differ from quantitative ones.
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