Social Stratification
Final Test Solutions
Course Introduction
Social Stratification examines the structured inequalities that exist within societies and explores how resources, opportunities, and privileges are distributed among different social groups. The course analyzes the historical and contemporary dimensions of class, race, gender, and other axes of stratification, drawing on major theoretical frameworks and empirical research. Students will investigate the processes that reinforce or challenge social hierarchies, the impact of inequality on individuals and communities, and the sociopolitical mechanisms that shape mobility and social change. Through case studies and critical discussion, the course aims to deepen understanding of how stratification shapes everyday life and societal development.
Recommended Textbook
Social Problems 13th Edition by D. Stanley Eitzen
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19 Chapters
1521 Verified Questions
1521 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: The Sociological Approach to Social Problems
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Sample Questions
Q1) Discuss how each of the two main approaches to understanding social problems would explain a social problem like recidivism.
Answer: Ideal Answer: The ideal answer should include:
1. Define the two main approaches to studying social problems (person-blame and system-blame).
2. Define recidivism.
3. Outline how the person-blame approach explains recidivism.
4. Outline how the system-blame approach explains recidivism.
5. Conclude by giving an example of a sociological approach to solving recidivism using the system-blame approach.
Q2) Emergency food requests and people seeking emergency shelter are __________. A) increasing B) decreasing C) staying the same
D) not currently studied
Answer: A
Q3) There is __________ among sociologists as to what constitutes a social problem.
Answer: disagreement
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Page 3
Chapter 2 Wealth and Power: The Bias of the System
AMultiple-Choice
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to the text,the problems in U.S.society result from the distribution of power and the form of the economy.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) Critics argue that capitalism,because its objective is profit and not enhancing the human condition,promotes __________.
A) democracy
B) individual fulfillment
C) equality
D) inequality
Answer: D
Q3) Four or fewer companies control at least 60 percent of the light bulb market in the United States,which demonstrates a __________.
Answer: shared monopoly
Q4) If Smith serves on the board of Company A,Jones serves on the board of Company B,and Smith and Jones both serve on the board of Company C,then there is a __________ between Companies A and B.
Answer: direct interlock
Page 4
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Chapter 3: World Population and Global Inequality
AMultiple-Choice
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80 Verified Questions
80 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) What percentage of microloans is repaid?
A) 98 percent
B) 75 percent
C) 55 percent
D) 32 percent
Answer: A
Q2) The authors suggest that effectively reducing fertility involves __________.
A) providing women access to formal education
B) keeping women from having a voice in society
C) preventing women from engaging in activities outside the home
D) preventing women access to contraception
Answer: A
Q3) The richest 2 percent of adults own more than __________ percent of the world's household wealth.
A) 10
B) 30
C) 50
D) 90
Answer: C
Page 5
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Chapter 4: Threats to the Environment
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Sample Questions
Q1) Environmental problems are not confined within political borders so it is important to understand that __________.
A) innovation in energy production will not make a difference
B) if one country wastes finite resources, it impacts us all
C) altering the structural conditions that promote waste is useless
D) there is nothing the United States can do to help solve environmental issues
Q2) What percentage of fossil fuel is consumed by the United States?
A) 25 percent
B) 30 percent
C) 5 percent
D) 60 percent
Q3) If an owner of a company that produces a lot of waste wants to be able to keep polluting,what,according to the text,is that owner's best strategy?
A) Lobby and otherwise use the political system to ensure regulations are lax
B) Realize the pollution is too damaging, take responsibility for causing the pollution, and pay for the cleanup.
C) Do nothing.
D) Only pollute at night when fewer people will notice
Q4) On record,the hottest year on earth took place during the year __________.
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Chapter 5 Demographic Changes in the United States: The
Browning and Graying of Society
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Sample Questions
Q1) Since African Americans have been replaced as the U.S.'s largest minority group by Latinos,this demographic transition will __________.
A) force African Americans to learn Spanish as a second language
B) make the idea that race is just a "Black and White" issue obsolete
C) make all White people leave the United States and return to Europe
D) cause African Americans to join forces with Latinos
Q2) Which of the following is true of the effect that new immigration is having on the United States?
A) It is decreasing America's greatness.
B) It is increasing racial diversity.
C) It has eradicated racism.
D) The amount of employment opportunities has increased.
Q3) Which of the following is a sign of assimilation?
A) A family of immigrants hanging their native home flag in front of their house
B) A family of immigrants sending their children to an English-only school
C) A family of immigrants refusing to learn to speak English
D) A family leaving America
Q4) How did the Immigration Act amendments of 1965 impact immigration in the United States?
Q5) Why are elderly women more likely than men to live alone as widows?
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Chapter 6 Problems of Place: Urban Suburban and Rural
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80 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Suburbanization has been directly subsidized by the federal government.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The racist myth in the United States about Black inner-city neighborhoods is that __________.
A) these neighborhoods are actually the best places to raise children
B) historical discrimination has led to some of the extreme conditions in these neighborhoods
C) they leave the urban areas to follow Whites to the suburbs
D) they are run down because Blacks lack pride and middle-class values
Q3) If you are part of a population that resides in a small town or the open countryside,you would be considered to be living in a __________.
A) rural area
B) suburban area
C) metropolitan area
D) new urban sprawl
Q4) The process of White flight continues to increase class and race __________.
Q5) Over the past three decades,the __________ government has made huge cuts in dollars and services for central cities.
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Chapter 7: Poverty
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80 Verified Questions
80 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) When a prophecy is fulfilled because people's behavior conforms to the prediction,this is known as __________.
A) a self-fulfilling prophecy
B) blaming the victim
C) institutional discrimination
D) social Darwinism
Q2) A cultural inferiority argument is a type of __________ theory.
Q3) Which of the following are critiques of the government poverty measure?
A) It varies from region to region
B) It does not keep up with inflation.
C) Housing costs take up less of the family budget than food.
D) It has never changed.
Q4) __________ is a reason for the high poverty rate among women.
A) The lower intelligence of women
B) The high frequency of divorce
C) A small number of never-married women with children
D) Good job and earnings opportunities for women
Q5) Analyze how the basic tenets of capitalism explain the persistence of poverty.Is poverty an inherent part of capitalism?
Ideal
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Chapter 8: Racial and Ethnic Inequality
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80 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Explain the differences in White and minority income.
Q2) According to the text,rising poverty rates among Latinos have led many policymakers to conclude that they have joined inner-city African Americans to form a
A) hopeless underworld
B) hopeless underclass
C) useful coalition
D) racial-ethnic group
Q3) According to the authors of the text,"Racial classification in the United States is based on a Black-White dichotomy." What do they mean by this?
Q4) Gains in __________ are resulting in narrowing the gap between White and Black families.
Q5) The __________,proposed by Omi and Winant,suggests that the United States is organized along racial lines from top to bottom.
A) racial-formation theory
B) racial-conduct theory
C) ethnic-hypothesis theory
D) White-Black hypothesis
Q6) At least __________ hate crime(s)occur(s)on a college campus every day.
Page 10
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Chapter 9: Gender Inequality
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80 Verified Questions
80 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) In the course of a debate,Jonathan advances the __________ theory to explain workplace inequality by arguing that women bring different characteristics to their jobs in the form of education and experience than men do.
A) human capital
B) dual labor market
C) interactional
D) feminist
Q2) Identify and discuss the various aspects of the formal education system that contribute to gender inequality.
Q3) Sexism negatively affects men as well as women.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Dual labor market theory is an example of a(n)__________explanation of women's workplace inequality.
A) individual
B) structural
C) interactional
D) psychological
Q5) Clerical work is a part of the __________ segment of the labor market.
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Chapter 10: Sexual Orientation
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80 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Why would a homosexual hide his/her sexual orientation on the job?
A) One can still be fired for being gay.
B) Employers expect more work for less pay from gay employees.
C) Affirmative action legislation forces them to hide their orientation.
D) There may be fear of an unwarranted promotion.
Q2) The Judeo-Christian religious tradition of the United States __________.
A) is tolerant and welcoming of many different expressions of sexuality
B) has resulted in the moral condemnation of homosexuals by religious fundamentalists and others
C) uniformly lines up against homosexuality
D) has very little influence
Q3) __________ has a long tradition in Western society,largely because of the Judeo-Christian treatment of homosexuality as a heinous sin.
A) Heterophobia
B) Homophobia
C) Homophilia
D) Heterophilia
Q4) If,as Durkheim claimed,deviant behavior actually has positive consequences for society,what is the positive impact on society of homosexuality?
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Chapter 11: Disability and Ableism
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80 Verified Questions
80 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) People with disabilities often have difficulty finding partners because __________.
A) they can't access places where nondisabled people make social contacts
B) many have paid employment and very little free time
C) they are often isolated because they cannot leave their home
D) disabilities are so rare that nobody understands them
Q2) The __________ defines disability in terms of some physiological impairment due to genetics,accident,or disease.
A) psychological model
B) individual approach to disability
C) social model of disability
D) ontological model
Q3) Mary lost her arm as a result of a mountaineering accident and her brother John was born with mental retardation.Of Mary and John,__________ is likely to be more stigmatized in American society.
Q4) Discrimination in favor of the able-bodied is known as __________.
A) disabilaphobia
B) the able-bodied advantage
C) handicappism
D) ableism
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Chapter 12: Crime and Justice
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80 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) An act of force perceived by the powerful as threatening to the status quo is called __________.
A) violence
B) a crime
C) secondary deviance
D) racial profiling
Q2) Fewer than 10 percent of people charged with crimes ever go to trial.This is largely due to the process of __________.
A) court appeals
B) plea bargaining
C) habeas corpus
D) due process
Q3) What types of things differentiate the U.S.correctional system from the world's most humane prisons?
Q4) Plea bargaining especially benefits the poor and those of moderate means because it saves them the expense of a lengthy trial while at the same time ensuring their rights and more lenient treatment.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 13: Drugs
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81 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Despite the fact that marijuana is viewed as a __________,research has shown that it __________ lead to hard drug use.
A) Gateway drug; does not
B) narcotic; does not
C) recreational drug; does
D) legal drug; does
Q2) Marijuana,despite conflicting research evidence,is a __________ drug,which means it has a high potential for abuse and no accepted medical use.
A) gateway
B) cultural
C) Schedule 1
D) psychoactive
Q3) Mary is a scientist who is focused on developing a drug that will help people to overcome shyness.She is a(n)__________.
A) psychologist
B) pharmacologist
C) psychiatrist
D) sociologist
Q4) How do cultural factors and interest groups affect our drug policies?
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Chapter 14: The Economy and Work
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80 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) How and why have unions lost power? What may happen as a result?
Ideal
Q2) Juan does contract work for a publishing company.He is a contingent worker.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Displaced workers are those who __________.
A) have lost their jobs and are forced to move out of the country
B) face never being re-employed at jobs that pay the level of wages to which they have been accustomed
C) move to the United States due to civil war
D) work for a company which requires them to move every year or more
Q4) Homesourcing is __________.
A) illegal
B) working from home
C) good for people who needs employer sponsored insurance plans
D) the most common type of employment
Q5) Describe Taylorization and discuss the effect it has on the plight of American workers.
Q6) What did Adam Smith think about the role of government in the marketplace? Do his ideas still apply today?
Page 16
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Chapter 15: Families
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Sample Questions
Q1) The vast majority of __________ families are dual earners.
Q2) Child abuse can result in __________.
A) increased physical strength for the child
B) poorer mental health for the child
C) increased emotional resilience
D) greater motivation in school
Q3) The biggest change in household type since 1970 is with the rise of __________ households.
A) kinship
B) nonfamily
C) boomerang
D) immigrant
Q4) Over the last forty years the United States has seen the poverty rate of those over age 65 rise steadily.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Discuss society's response to disadvantaged children and the long-term implications of this.What,if anything,needs to be done?
Ideal
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Chapter 16: Education
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Sample Questions
Q1) In what ways are college opportunities affected by stratification? What would be the advantage of offering a free higher education to all who qualify?
Ideal
Q2) States currently do not equalize monies to minimize disparities between rich and poor school districts.
A)True
B)False
Q3) A powerful negative social label that affects a person's social identity and self-concept is a __________.
A) stigma
B) matrix of domination
C) master status
D) student subculture
Q4) __________ have been shown to be capable of eliminating the learning gap between middle-class and lower-class children at a very young age.
Q5) Discuss the way that family economic resources affect the quality of poor children's education.
Q6) In the past,the school year was developed around the __________ calendar.
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Chapter 17: The Healthcare System
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Sample Questions
Q1) In 2010,the largest healthcare companies combined for approximately __________ billion dollars in profits.
Q2) Which country spends the largest percentage of its gross national product for healthcare services?
A) the United States
B) Japan
C) Great Britain
D) France
Q3) Which of the following provides government healthcare for the poor?
A) Medicare
B) Medicaid
C) Blue Cross/Blue Shield
D) Health maintenance organizations
Q4) It is estimated that in 2010,__________ million people in the United States had no medical insurance.
A) 5
B) 20
C) 25
D) 50
Q5) Discuss the downside of managed care.
Page 19
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Chapter
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following articulates the relationship between unemployment and military recruiting?
A) There is no relationship between the two.
B) When unemployment rises, recruiting also improves.
C) When unemployment decreases, recruiting generally improves.
D) The relationship is too complex to measure.
Q2) How has the nuclear threat changed since World War II? Which country has the most nuclear weapons?
Q3) The post-9/11 policies and practices used against suspected terrorists,such as detaining suspects without filing charges against them,have raised no questions about the government's rights under the U.S.Constitution.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Globalization lessens the threat of international terrorism.
A)True
B)False
Q5) __________ is best classified not as a distinct enemy,but a methodology.
Q6) Discuss the role globalization plays in heightening the threat of international terrorism.
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Chapter 19: Progressive Plan to Solve Social Problems
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Sample Questions
Q1) Funds to finance a progressive agenda could come from __________.
A) decreasing taxes
B) eliminating corporate welfare
C) reducing the education budget
D) eliminating food stamps
Q2) Sociologists understand the deterministic view to __________.
A) be the most complete understanding of society
B) be an organization set up to provide social services for the poor
C) be too strong.
D) mean that individuals cannot make a difference
Q3) The 2010 Supreme Court decision to allow corporations and other organizations the right to give unlimited amounts of money to affect the political process is an example of how America has become a ___________.
A) plutocracy
B) democracy
C) socialist state
D) communist state
Q4) Discuss the meaning and implications of the "paradox of sociology."
Q5) As characterized by the text,Blue Dog Democrats are __________ in their political leanings.
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