Social Science Research Methods
Final Exam Questions
Course Introduction
Social Science Research Methods introduces students to the fundamental principles and techniques used in social science research. The course covers the entire research process, from formulating research questions and hypotheses, to designing studies, collecting and analyzing data, and interpreting results. Emphasis is placed on both qualitative and quantitative approaches, including surveys, experiments, interviews, and observational methods. Students will learn about ethical considerations, sampling strategies, and the use of statistical tools to analyze data. By the end of the course, students will be equipped to critically evaluate published research and design their own studies to investigate social phenomena.
Recommended Textbook Methods in Behavioural Research 2nd canadian Edition by Paul C. Cozby
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Chapter 1: Scientific Understanding of Behaviour
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Q1) An important component of the scientific approach is peer review.Which of the following is NOT a reason for employing peer review? It aims to
A) ensure that only the best research is published.
B) ensure that research with major obvious flaws will not be part of scientific literature. C) allow publication of only those findings with which other researchers agree.
D) ensure that the best ideas are supported by research,and allows others to build upon the research thereby further advancing the field of study.
Answer: C
Q2) The statement,"The average intelligence test score of children living in the Nation's capital city is 108" is an example of a(n)________ of behaviour;the statement "Children from smaller families have higher intelligence test scores than children from larger families" is an example of a(n)________ of behaviour.
A) explanation;description
B) description;description
C) explanation;explanation
D) description;explanation
Answer: B
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Chapter 2: Where to Start
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Q1) A scientist should consider a hypothesis to be supported if A) observed data are consistent with the hypothesis.
B) there is a general belief that the hypothesis is probably correct.
C) it is not possible to falsify the hypothesis.
D) they receive financial support for research to be conducted into the hypothesis.
Answer: A
Q2) Why is it inadvisable to use Wikipedia as the only source of information when conducting a review of the scientific literature?
A) Most of the contents of Wikipedia are factually incorrect.
B) Wikipedia is not intended nor considered a credible source for academic research.
C) None of the articles written in Wikipedia contain enough depth of information to be of interest to scientific researchers.
D) The primary goal of Wikipedia is to be a source of entertainment,and not a source of information.
Answer: B
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Chapter 3: Ethical Research
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Q1) Which of the following is NOT a member of the Tri-Council in Canada,from which the Tri-Council Policy Statement (TCPS)derives its name?
A) National Research Council Canada (NRC)
B) Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC)
C) Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada (SSHRC)
D) Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR)
Answer: A
Q2) Ultimately,who is most directly responsible for ensuring that a research project conducted within a university conforms to the ethical guidelines outlined in the Tri-Council Policy Statement (TCPS)?
A) The Vice President (Research)of the university
B) The chair of the Research Ethics Board (REB)of the university
C) The federal government
D) Individual researchers conducting the research project
Answer: D
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Chapter 4: Research Design Fundamentals
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Q1) A study examined the relationship between years spent smoking and attitudes toward quitting by asking participants to rate their optimism for the success of a treatment program.If there were a negative relationship between these variables,what should the results of the study be like?
A) The more years spent smoking,the more optimistic for success.
B) The fewer years spent smoking,the less optimistic for success.
C) The more years spent smoking,the less optimistic for success.
D) The fewer years spent smoking,the fewer participants they could find.
Q2) A researcher investigated the relationship between alcohol intake and reaction time in a driving simulation task.Participants drank either one ounce or three ounces of alcohol and were then measured on braking speed at a simulated red light.The dependent variable was the
A) amount of alcohol.
B) braking speed.
C) red light.
D) degree of intoxication.
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Chapter 5: Measurement Concepts
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Q1) Toney is developing a questionnaire to measure an individual's anxiety in new situations.If the items on the questionnaire are each intended to directly assess the various aspects of the clinical definition of anxiety,then measure is said to have A) reactivity.
B) correlational validity.
C) convergent validity.
D) content validity.
Q2) A reliability coefficient determined by the correlation between scores on half of the items on a measure with scores on the other half of the measure is an example of _____ reliability.
A) test-retest
B) item-total
C) alternate half
D) internal consistency
Q3) A measure is reactive if the measurement
A) is unobtrusive.
B) occurs in a laboratory setting.
C) changes the behaviour being studied.
D) is unreliable.
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Chapter 6: Observational Methods
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Q1) In systematic observation studies,reliability is indicated by A) high agreement among observers.
B) a high FICS score.
C) high validity.
D) low reactivity.
Q2) A researcher wants to test the assertion that female Olympic athletes committed suicide more often than male Olympic athletes.The appropriate method to use would be a(n)
A) archival research study.
B) survey.
C) naturalistic observation study.
D) field experiment.
Q3) Dr.Smith participates in a police ride-along program in order to examine the day-to-day activities of police officers.This method of gathering information may best be described as
A) archival research.
B) content analysis.
C) naturalistic observation.
D) an informational approach.
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Chapter 7: Asking People About Themselves: Survey Research
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Q1) The sampling ________ is the actual set of people who might be included in the sample after the population is defined.
A) size
B) set
C) frame
D) control
Q2) When respondents answer in agreement with all questions,this is referred to as _____.However,if respondents answer in disagreement to all questions,this is referred to as _____.
A) social desirability;social undesirability
B) loading;unloading
C) positive wording;negative wording
D) yea-saying;nay-saying
Q3) In general,the lower the response rate for a survey,the
A) more likely biases exist to distort the findings.
B) less likely biases exist to distort the findings.
C) more confidence one has in generalizing the results.
D) more confidence one has that respondents are telling the truth.
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Chapter 8: Experimental Design
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Q1) A researcher wants to find out how much fins increase swimming speed.If an independent groups design is used,the researcher would manipulate the variable by A) randomly assigning half the swimmers to the no-fin condition and half to the fin condition.
B) having all swimmers first swim without fins,then swim with fins.
C) having half the swimmers first swim without fins and then with fins,and having the other half swim first with fins and then without fins.
D) having some swimmers swim with fins,some swimmers swim with only one fin,and some swimmers swim with no fins.
Q2) If a repeated measures experiment produces 50 scores in treatment 1 and 50 scores in treatment 2,then the experiment must have employed
A) 50 participants.
B) 100 participants.
C) 25 participants.
D) 200 participants.
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Chapter 9: Conducting Studies
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Q1) The electroencephalogram (EEG)is used as a measure of
A) brain activity.
B) muscle tension.
C) anxiety.
D) sexual arousal.
Q2) A researcher conducts his study with a small number of participants in order to reveal whether the instructions and procedures are clearly understood.This procedure is an example of a
A) manipulation check.
B) double blind study.
C) pilot study.
D) demand characteristic.
Q3) Which type of manipulations of variables are operationally defined using instructions and stimulus presentations?
A) Staged
B) Straightforward
C) Stimulus
D) Physical
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Chapter 10: Complex Experimental Designs
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Q1) A researcher states that "anxiety decreased performance irrespective of the participants' motivation levels." This statement tells you that there was a(n)
A) main effect of anxiety.
B) interaction between anxiety and motivation.
C) main effect of motivation.
D) Type I error.
Q2) A researcher designs a study where participants are randomly assigned to one of two conditions.Each participant is then measured under two different circumstances.This is an example of a(n)_____ design.
A) independent groups
B) repeated measures
C) mixed factorial
D) IV x PV
Q3) An IV x PV design has
A) two manipulated variables.
B) two non-manipulated variables.
C) one manipulated and one non-manipulated variable.
D) one manipulated and one measured variable.
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Chapter 11: Research Designs for Special Circumstances
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Q1) A city council finds that printing voting pamphlets in several languages has resulted in an increase in the number of voters who speak these languages.The city council must now determine if the resources spent in printing the pamphlets is worth the cost.In terms of program evaluation,this would be an example of
A) needs assessment.
B) efficiency assessment.
C) outcome evaluation.
D) process evaluation.
Q2) A researcher asks students to record in a journal,every hour,the emotions they have experienced.She finds that over time,the descriptions become shorter and less detailed.What may be responsible for this change in performance?
A) Regression towards the mean
B) Testing
C) Instrument decay
D) History
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Chapter 12: Understanding Research Results:
Describ-Ingvariables and Relationships Among Them
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Q1) The _____ is a general term that refers to the strength of association between variables.
A) statistical index
B) effect size
C) standard deviation
D) linear degree
Q2) Why would a researcher employ structural modelling?
A) It is the only appropriate statistical techniques to use when a third variable is present.
B) It allows a researcher to test how well data fit a theoretical model that describes the relationship among variables.
C) It allows the researcher to partial out the influence of a third variable.
D) It is a more impressive statistical technique than correlation or regression.
Q3) A(n)_____ allows a researcher to statistically control for the influence of a third variable.
A) criterion assessment
B) effect size
C) multiple correlation
D) partial correlation
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Chapter 13: Understanding Research Results:
Statistical-Inference Basics
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Q1) _____ is/are used to tell you the probability that your results would be obtained again if you repeated the study on many occasions.
A) Descriptive statistics
B) Inferential statistics
C) The research hypothesis
D) The null hypothesis
Q2) Which significance level would minimize the probability of a Type I error?
A) .25
B) .10
C) .05
D) .01
Q3) A researcher was interested in differences in attitudes about marriage between men and women.She predicted that women would have different attitudes about marriage than men.What would be the null hypothesis?
A) Women have more positive attitudes than men.
B) Men have more positive attitudes than women.
C) There is no difference between men and women in their attitudes toward marriage.
D) Gender and attitude are not related.
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Chapter 14: Generalizing Results
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Q1) One way to assess whether pretesting creates a generalization problem is to A) not use a pretest.
B) include pretesting versus no pretesting as a variable in a factorial design.
C) ask participants whether pretests were a problem.
D) use a double-blind technique.
Q2) When the results of a study can be generalized to other subject populations,the study is said to have
A) statistical validity.
B) internal validity.
C) external validity.
D) construct validity.
Q3) When a researcher attempts to replicate precisely the procedures of a study to see whether the same results are obtained,he has conducted which type of replication?
A) Abstract
B) Conceptual
C) Direct
D) Procedural
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