Social Psychology Review Questions
Course Introduction
Social Psychology explores how individual thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the actual, imagined, or implied presence of others. The course examines key concepts such as social perception, group dynamics, conformity, attitudes, persuasion, prejudice, and interpersonal relationships. Students will analyze classic and contemporary research, applying psychological principles to real-world social issues and scenarios. Emphasis is placed on understanding the methods and ethical considerations involved in social psychological research, as well as developing an appreciation for how social context shapes human behavior.
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Personality 9th Edition by Jerry M. Burger
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1024 Verified Questions
1024 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: What Is Personality
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Sample Questions
Q1) A psychologist explains a woman's fear of snakes in terms of her unconscious fear of her father. This psychologist is using which approach to personality?
A) Psychoanalytic
B) Trait
C) Humanistic
D) Behavioral/social learning
Answer: A
Q2) Behavioral psychologists try to apply personality research to practical concerns by A) controlling the way people process information.
B) identifying characteristics of individuals in the workplace.
C) creating environments to increase the frequency of desired behaviors.
D) facilitating people in the development of their self-concept.
Answer: C
Q3) List by name the six general approaches to personality. Using an example of someone you know who is aggressive, discuss how each of the six explain that person's behavior.
Answer: NOT ANSWERED
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Chapter 2: Personality Research Methods
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Sample Questions
Q1) A researcher compares people who have gone to college with those who have not. He predicts and finds that people with a college education are less likely to smoke or drink than those who never went. In this example, the researcher is using A) randomly assigned participants.
B) a manipulated independent variable.
C) a nonmanipulated independent variable.
D) a correlation coefficient.
Answer: C
Q2) When scores from a test correlate with other measures of the same construct, researchers can determine the test's
A) face validity.
B) congruent validity.
C) construct validity.
D) discriminant validity.
Answer: B
Q3) Most personality research begins with an assessment.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Page 4
Chapter 3: The Psychoanalytic Approach: Freudian Theory, Application,
and Assessment
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Q1) Information about where you parked your car or the name of your uncle is probably stored in which part of the mind, according to Freud's topographic model?
A) Conscious
B) Preconscious
C) Unconscious
D) Subconscious
Answer: B
Q2) According to Freud, to make sense of a patient's dream, a therapist needs to understand the
A) dream's manifest content.
B) dream's latent content.
C) part of the dream recalled best by the dreamer.
D) parts of the dream that recur in many different dreams.
Answer: B
Q3) In the interpretation of dreams, Freud called what the dreamer sees and remembers the latent content of the dream.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Page 5
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Chapter 4: The Freudian Approach: Relevant Research
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Q1) List and describe the techniques used to increase hypnotic responsiveness. Explain why it can be said that hypnosis is largely a participant variable.
Q2) Which of the following best summarizes research on the frequency of male and female characters in dreams?
A) Both men and women have more male than female characters in their dreams.
B) Men have more male than female characters in their dreams, whereas women have more female than male characters in their dreams.
C) Men have more female than male characters in their dreams, whereas women have more male than female characters in their dreams.
D) Men have more male than female characters in their dreams, but women have approximately equal numbers of male and female characters in their dreams.
Q3) Give a description of your own of the defense mechanisms used by children and contrast them with those used by adults. Give examples of different individual differences in defense mechanisms.
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Chapter 5: The Psychoanalytic Approach: Neo Freudian
Theory, Application, and Assessment
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Q1) According to Erikson, a person in middle adulthood is most likely to be dealing with which of the following issues?
A) Whether or not to commit to a romantic relationship
B) Whether or not to take an active role in the lives of young people
C) Whether or not to feel guilty about facing challenges
D) Whether or not to feel satisfaction with choices made in life
Q2) Briefly sketch the life of Alfred Adler, stating how his life experiences may have influenced his theory. Discuss Adler's contribution to psychoanalytic theory and identify the main points of his approach, including the roles of inferiority, birth order, and other basic factors that influence personality development in Adler's view.
Q3) Compared to Freudian theory, neo-Freudian theories are more likely to
A) identify fewer differences between men and women.
B) attribute differences in the personalities of men and women to instincts.
C) identify more differences between men and women.
D) attribute differences between the personalities of men and women to cultural forces.
Q4) Adler's assessment of middle children was positive.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 6: Neo Freudian Theories: Relevant Research
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Q1) According to research on attachment theory, a mother who is attentive and responsive to her infant is most likely to develop a ______ relationship with the child.
A) secure
B) anxious-ambivalent
C) avoidant
D) dependent
Q2) Researchers often organize the many kinds of coping strategies into categories. One of the most useful distinctions drawn by these researchers is between _____ and _____ strategies.
A) conscious; unconscious
B) childish; adult
C) active-role; avoidance
D) primary; secondary
Q3) In one longitudinal study spanning over 20 years, 12 month-old infants with a secure attachment style
A) were no more secure in adult romantic relationships than avoidant infants.
B) had fewer close friends and many acquaintances.
C) were more socially competent in elementary school.
D) experienced one deep romance after another.
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Page 8
Chapter 7: The Trait Approach: Theory, Application, and Assessment
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Sample Questions
Q1) Raymond Cattell argued that in their efforts to understanding the basic structure of personality, psychologists should
A) begin with a theory about the basic structure of personality.
B) examine personality characteristics shared by everyone as well as those found in only a few people.
C) allow empirical data analyses to describe the basic structure of personality to us.
D) examine only one type of personality data.
Q2) Rather than examine a large number of personality variables that may or may not be related to how well people perform in the workplace, many researchers now address the questions of job performance and personality
A) by using the personality dimensions identified in the five-factor model.
B) by categorizing workers by personality types.
C) by using the several psychogenic needs developed by Murray.
D) by responses to work interests on self-report inventories.
Q3) Trait psychologists believe that one can take any person and place him or her somewhere in a set of categories.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 8: The Trait Approach: Relevant Research
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Sample Questions
Q1) Define and distinguish among three aspects of emotion that can be examined like personality traits. Describe the characteristics of each aspect of emotion in terms of predictable behavior patterns. What aspects of emotion are related to health and why?
Q2) Researchers find that people who are high in _______ typically achieve more than the average person.
A) affect intensity
B) dispositional optimism
C) social anxiety
D) emotional expressiveness
Q3) In one study presented in the textbook, participants were asked to engage in a five-minute "get acquainted" conversation. The researchers found in this study that
A) shy people made little attempt to be polite to the other person.
B) socially anxious people were less likely to agree with the other person.
C) shy people attempt to minimize the amount of evaluation by the other person.
D) all of the above
Q4) How did the construct of the Type A personality develop? State specific findings regarding how Type A is related to achievement motivation. What are the driving habits? What are the concerns?
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Page 10
Chapter 9: The Biological Approach: Theory, Application, and Assessment
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Q1) Eysenck argued that extraverts and introverts differ only in their behavior and not in their physiological makeup.
A)True
B)False
Q2) According to the evolutionary psychology perspective, the process of social exclusion leads to anxiety because
A) people fear that others will punish them.
B) experiencing anxiety serves an important survival function.
C) each of us is reminded of a traumatic experience in childhood.
D) all of the above
Q3) Some psychologists argue that we should utilize different learning procedures to meet the needs of each student's temperament. This approach is based on which model?
A) Eysenck's model of personality
B) The five-factor model
C) The "goodness of fit" model
D) Evolutionary personality model
Q4) List and discuss three arguments made by Eysenck for the biological basis of personality. Do they each have merit? State why or why not.
Page 11
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Chapter 10: The Biological Approach: Relevant Research
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Q1) For extraverts, friends often serve as an important buffer against stress. This finding supports the idea that extraverts
A) are generally more anxious than introverts.
B) often find interacting with friends an unpleasant experience.
C) are less sensitive to information about rewards than introverts.
D) have higher positive affect due to greater social activity.
Q2) One team of investigators examined where extraverts and introverts sat in the library. They based their predictions on which of the following notions?
A) Extraverts enjoy people more than introverts do.
B) Introverts are more likely to study in the library than extraverts.
C) Extraverts and introverts have different levels of preferred arousal and different sensitivity to stimulation.
D) Introverts are less spontaneous than extraverts.
Q3) Research finds that, compared to introverts, extraverts tend to A) be happier, but only on weekends.
B) be less happy.
C) have higher levels of subjective well-being and happiness.
D) be just about as happy, but they enjoy different things.
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Chapter 11: The Humanistic Approach: Theory, Application, and Assessment
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Q1) Each of the following except one has been identified as a strength of the humanistic approach. Which one?
A) Clearly defined concepts
B) Focus on the healthy side of personality
C) Impact on psychotherapy practices
D) Influence in disciplines other than psychology
Q2) Which of the following is true about Maslow's need hierarchy?
A) Lower-level needs must be completely satisfied before we turn to higher-level needs.
B) Most people eventually satisfy their need for self-actualization.
C) The order in which needs varies from culture to culture.
D) The way people satisfy a particular need varies across cultures.
Q3) A father tells his son that he loves him when the child is good, but says "I do not like you right now" when the child misbehaves. The father is engaging in
A) denial.
B) conditional positive regard.
C) classical conditioning.
D) an anxiety-reduction technique.
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Page 13
Chapter 12: The Humanistic Approach: Relevant Research
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Sample Questions
Q1) Researchers have found that
A) we can identify people who have relatively consistent tendencies to experience loneliness.
B) loneliness is synonymous with shyness.
C) loneliness can only be determined by measuring the actual number of hours a person spends alone.
D) loneliness is a problem only for those who say they have no friends.
Q2) How and why do feelings of self-worth fluctuate? Explain how contingencies of self-worth help people feel good about themselves in spite of failures.
Q3) Researchers find that most Americans spend
A) the majority of their time alone.
B) almost no time by themselves.
C) more time by themselves as they get older.
D) a lot of time alone until they become elderly.
Q4) Whether people enjoy or dislike time alone depends on A) their gender.
B) the number of siblings they grew up with.
C) how much social contact they have at work and during the day.
D) their preference for solitude level.
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Chapter 13: The Behavioralsocial Learning Approach:
Theory, Application, and Assessment
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Sample Questions
Q1) Every time a boy visited his grandfather, he would pass a house with a large dog in the yard that would bark and scare the boy. Years later, the boy becomes anxious whenever he visits his grandfather, even though the dog is no longer there. The boy learned to become anxious in this situation through which process?
A) Classical conditioning
B) Operant conditioning
C) Observational learning
D) Punishment
Q2) A woman complains to her therapist that lately she hasn't "felt like herself." The therapist plans to use a behavior therapy treatment by altering the rewards and punishments in the woman's environment. What is likely to be the first step the therapist takes in setting up this treatment?
A) Define the woman's problem in terms of observable behaviors.
B) Interview people the woman knows to determine the extent of the problem.
C) Obtain baseline data for how often and when the problem occurs.
D) Determine what in the woman's past has been responsible for causing this problem.
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Chapter 14: The Behavioral Social Learning Approach:
Relevant Research
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Q1) From your study of the textbook, with which of the following concepts is Rotter associated?
A) Learned helplessness
B) Observational learning of aggression
C) Classical conditioning
D) Locus of control
Q2) According to Rotter's original model, individual differences in locus of control are most likely to affect behavior when
A) the reinforcement values for all of the expected outcomes are about equal.
B) people have little information upon which to form specific expectancies for the situation.
C) success in the situation is largely up to the person rather than the situation.
D) there are important external forces controlling the situation.
Q3) Which of the following has research found to be true of internals?
A) They are more likely to complete their college degree than externals.
B) They are more ambitious than externals.
C) They show higher levels of performance in the workplace.
D) All of the above
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Chapter 15: The Cognitive Approach: Theory, Application, and Assessment
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Sample Questions
Q1) In effect, the Rep Test was designed to measure
A) personal constructs.
B) possible selves.
C) self-schemas.
D) the use of irrational beliefs.
Q2) According to Ellis, people have psychological problems because of faulty reasoning due to unconscious impulses.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Cognitive personality researchers have looked at each of the following kinds of mental representations except one. Which one?
A) Self-schemas
B) Possible selves
C) Personal constructs
D) Self-efficacy
Q4) Self-schemas help us to do all of the following except one. Which one?
A) process self-relevant information
B) organize information
C) describe oneself
D) avoid stereotyping
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Chapter 16: The Cognitive Approach: Relevant Research
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Q1) Aggressive scripts that have been practiced are the most likely to be ignored first.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Depressed and nondepressed participants in one study were given a list of words to recall. The researchers found
A) the nondepressed participants recalled more words.
B) the depressed participants recalled more words.
C) the depressed participants recalled more depression-related words, but the nondepressed participants recalled more of the other words.
D) differences between the two groups of participants only when the depressed participants knew what the researchers were looking for.
Q3) Researchers use the idea of negative cognitive style to
A) identify people at high risk for depression.
B) predict students who will have at least one episode of major depression.
C) determine those suffering more depressive symptoms after trauma.
D) all of the above
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Chapter 17: General Questions
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Q1) Which theorist's ideas about personality were probably influenced by the theorist's personal experiences with social inequality?
A) Jung
B) Horney
C) Murray
D) Bandura
Q2) A psychologist speculates that leaders in the business world are motivated by a sense of inadequacy. She argues that business executives need to make big deals and rise to the top of the corporate ladder to overcome feelings that they are less worthy than others. Which of the following is probably most compatible with her ideas?
A) Freud's theory of personality
B) Adler's theory of personality
C) Research on need for Achievement
D) Research on Type A people
Q3) Among the disadvantages of the case study method is
A) the possibility of subjective judgments.
B) the difficulty with determining relationships among variables.
C) the difficulty of examining certain concepts experimentally.
D) the problem of replicating a treatment.
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