Social Psychology Final Exam Questions
Course Introduction
Social Psychology is the scientific study of how individuals think, feel, and behave in social contexts. This course explores the ways in which social influences, group dynamics, cultural norms, attitudes, and interpersonal relationships shape human behavior. Students will examine key topics such as conformity, persuasion, prejudice, social identity, aggression, prosocial behavior, and group decision-making. Through theoretical frameworks, experimental findings, and real-world applications, the course provides a comprehensive understanding of the fundamental principles governing social interactions and the psychological processes underlying them.
Recommended Textbook
The Personality Puzzle 6th Edition by David C. Funder
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Chapter 1: The Study of the Person
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Q1) Personality psychology has a variety of theoretical perspectives that are sometimes seen as competing with each other. Regarding this diversity, a major theme of this textbook is:
A) The personality puzzle will never be solved.
B) The One Big Theory (OBT) can account for everything in personality.
C) Great strengths are usually great weaknesses.
D) A single basic approach must be chosen on the basis of rigorous data analysis.
Answer: C
Q2) The unique mandate of personality psychologists is to attempt to ________.
A) identify and measure individual differences in ability and behavior
B) determine the effect of the social environment on behavior
C) explain whole, functioning persons and real life concerns
D) prevent or treat psychological personality disorders
Answer: C
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Chapter 2: Clues to Personality: the Basic Sources of Data
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Q1) If a personality psychologist is interested in the actual answer to a personality test question, then the participant's response is considered S data.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) Biases in judgment essentially occur at random.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) The fact that behavior is frequently determined by multiple causes presents the most significant disadvantage for ________ data.
A) B
B) L
C) I
D) S
Answer: B
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Chapter 3: Personality Psychology As Science: Research
Methods
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Q1) Both correlational studies and experimental studies attempt to measure the associations between variables.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) A research strategy that involves gathering as many different measurements as you can of a particular construct and determining if those measurements correlate is called
A) construct validation
B) aggregation validation
C) generalization
D) internal validation
Answer: A
Q3) Reliability and validity are actually both aspects of a broader concept called
A) factorial invariance
B) psychometric integrity
C) measurement equivalence
D) generalizability
Answer: D
Page 5
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Chapter 4: Personality Traits, Situations, and Behavior
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Q1) The situationist argument holds that ________.
A) a thorough review of the literature reveals that there is a limit to how well one can predict behavior from personality
B) situations are more important than personality traits for determining behavior
C) our everyday intuitions about people are fundamentally flawed
D) all of the above
Q2) In his book Personality and Assessment, Mischel argues that ________.
A) traits are the only factors that influence human behavior
B) situations do not reliably predict consistent behavioral trends
C) behavior is too inconsistent to predict using broad personality traits
D) personality traits transcend the immediate situation and moment, and they provide the most consistent guide to a person's actions
Q3) Attractiveness is associated with what trait?
A) openness to experience
B) self-monitoring
C) extraversion
D) conscientiousness
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Chapter 5: Personality Assessment I: Personality Testing
and Its Consequences
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Q1) If you were shown an inkblot and asked to describe what you saw, you would be taking the ________.
A) MMPI
B) CPI
C) Rorschach test
D) Thematic Apperception Test
Q2) The factor analytic technique of test construction is designed to________.
A) identify individuals who are attempting to lie or sabotage a test
B) identify groups of test items that seem to be alike
C) identify items that mean the same thing to the respondent as they do to the researcher
D) create projective tests
Q3) The California Psychological Inventory (CPI) was designed to ________.
A) assess individuals with psychological disorders
B) assess normal individuals
C) identify the Big Five personality factors
D) assess Jung's psychological types
Q4) Describe the purpose of factor analysis. How is this technique used in personality psychology and what are its limitations?
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Chapter 6: Personality Assessment Ii: Personality Judgment in
Daily Life
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Q1) Music preferences seem to reflect personality characteristics.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The finding that more observable traits yield better interjudge agreement suggests that peer judgment is based more on ________ than on ________.
A) a manufactured reputation; the target's self-judgments
B) a manufactured reputation; direct behavioral observation
C) direct behavioral observation; a manufactured reputation
D) stereotypes; expectancies
Q3) When Sam argues that all interpretations of reality are equally accurate, he is advocating the ________ philosophical position.
A) realist
B) positivist
C) empiricist
D) constructivist
Q4) Convergent validation is seldom an effective tool for evaluating personality judgments.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 7: Using Personality Traits to Understand Behavior
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Q1) Joe is a 15-year-old who abuses drugs on a regular basis. Research using the Q-sort suggests that as a child, Joe probably would have been described as ________.
A) quiet and shy
B) overcontrolled and inhibited
C) easily victimized and rigid
D) emotionally unstable and immature
Q2) What is the best summary of the current state of knowledge about personality types?
A) Knowing a person's personality type adds to our ability to predict his or her behavior beyond what can be predicted by knowing how the person stands on the traits that define the typology.
B) Although types add little for psychometric purposes of measurement and prediction, they still may have value as aids in education and theorizing.
C) There are five basic personality types, each corresponding to one of the Big Five personality traits.
D) Compared to the trait approach, the typological approach is completely useless for explaining or describing people or behavior.
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Chapter 8: The Anatomy and Physiology of Personality
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Q1) What symptom is associated with Capgras syndrome?
A) the spontaneous production of curse words
B) wild emotional swings in response to loved ones
C) an inability to experience fear
D) a failure to feel an emotional response to loved ones
Q2) What is the best description of the role that testosterone plays in personality?
A) It acts as a direct cause of frustration.
B) It acts as an energizing factor that accentuates existing behavioral tendencies.
C) It acts as a dampening factor that reduces existing behavioral tendencies.
D) It seems to directly influence levels of agreeableness in men but not in women.
Q3) What neurotransmitter is NOT typically associated with the substantia nigra?
A) dopamine
B) norepinephrine
C) serotonin
D) oxytocin
Q4) Drugs like Prozac and Paxil primarily work on the dopamine system.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 9: The Inheritance of Personality: Behavioral
Genetics and Evolutionary Theory
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Q1) Kara is placing a personal ad in the local paper. According to evolutionary predictions about mate selection, she will most likely mention her ________ when describing herself.
A) physical attractiveness
B) future goals
C) financial resources
D) personality traits
Q2) In the past, some psychologists have concluded that shared family environments have little or no effect on personality development. Recent research has cast doubt on such conclusions by finding that ________.
A) molecular geneticists identified the specific alleles associated with each of the Big Five personality traits
B) the shared family environment actually has a larger effect on personality than does shared nonfamily environment (i.e., school)
C) the shared environment was related to certain aspects of personality when personality was measured through direct behavioral observation
D) the shared environment was related to personality when personality was measured through self-report data
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Chapter 10: Basics of Psychoanalysis
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Q1) Freud initially used hypnosis in therapy and later used free association.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Explain the procedures and purpose of psychoanalytic therapy from the perspective of Freud's views of the psyche. Is there research that suggests whether this approach is beneficial?
Q3) Baby Jessica's parents respond to her every need as soon as she cries. Freud would predict that, as an adult, Jessica will ________.
A) be well adjusted
B) be passive
C) rebel against authority figures
D) become sexually promiscuous
Q4) According to Freud, the superego develops during the ________ stage of psychosexual development, and the ego develops during the ________ stage.
A) penile; vaginal
B) vaginal; penile
C) phallic; anal
D) oral; genital
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Chapter 11: The Workings of the Unconscious Mind:
Defenses and Slips
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Q1) Trisha, who is on a diet, passes a bakery and sees a chocolate cake in the window. She immediately wants to go in and get the cake, but then realizes that eating the cake will only destroy her diet. When she then feels guilty for even thinking about breaking her diet, Trisha is experiencing ________.
A) psychic conflict
B) delay of gratification
C) sublimation
D) reaction formation
Q2) According to the textbook, there has only been one research study in support of the concept of reaction formation.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Use psychoanalytic theory to explain sexist and/or racist humor. Make sure to explain why these jokes seem to work for some people but not for others.
Q4) Terror management theory is concerned with anxiety related to threats of modern-day terrorism.
A)True
B)False
13
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Chapter 12: Psychoanalysis After Freud: Neo-Freudians, Object
Relations, and Current Research
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Q1) In Jungian terms, the recurring images repeated in dreams, myths, and literature are called ________.
A) animas
B) social interests
C) personas
D) archetypes
Q2) Paul is always concerned about how he appears to others and thus wears a carefully chosen public "face" in every situation. According to Jung, Paul has ________.
A) effectively mediated the tension between the animus and anima
B) become obsessed with his persona
C) created a False archetype
D) overcompensated for his sense of inferiority
Q3) Freud's phallic stage corresponds to Erikson's stage of ________.
A) industry vs. inferiority
B) basic trust vs. mistrust
C) initiative vs. guilt
D) autonomy vs. shame and doubt
Q4) Identify and discuss the four principles of object relations theory. How is attachment theory similar to object relations theory?
Page 14
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Chapter 13: Experience, Existence, and the Meaning of Life:
Humanistic and Positive Psychology
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Q1) Which tenant of self-determination theory appears to be its boldest prediction?
A) the clear distinction between hedonia and eudaimonia
B) the selfishness that results from subjective well-being
C) the universality of the needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness
D) the physical illnesses that results from hedonia but not subjective well-being
Q2) What Buddhist term refers to the idea that all things are in flux and impermanent?
A) anatta
B) anicca
C) nirvana
D) Eigenwelt
Q3) Andrew watched himself in the mirror and was overcome with the remarkable insight that he was observing himself in the mirror. Andrew is experiencing ________.
A) self-actualization
B) Mitwelt
C) Eigenwelt
D) angst
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Chapter 14: Cultural Variation in Experience, Behavior, and Personality
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Q1) Nima moved to the United States when she was 5 years old, and she gradually adopted the language, attitudes, and styles of American culture. The process through which Nima became Americanized is known as ________.
A) enculturation
B) acculturation
C) accommodation
D) assimilation
Q2) What conclusion emerges from item response theory (IRT) analyses that are used to evaluate the validity of cross-cultural comparisons of common personality measures?
A) Mean level comparisons across countries and cultures are straightforward.
B) Personality variability is greater in collectivist countries as compared to individualistic countries.
C) Mean level comparisons across countries might be difficult due to item-responding differences.
D) Most people use personality items in the same way regardless of culture.
Q3) Define the newly proposed dimensions of honor, face, and dignity. What conditions are thought to facilitate the development of honor, face, and dignity cultures?
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Chapter 15: Learning to Be a Person: Behaviorism and Social Learning Theories
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Q1) Which of the following is NOT an optimal way to administer punishment?
A) Provide multiple alternatives to the punishment-inducing behavior.
B) Be clear and specific about what behavior you are punishing.
C) Administer a punishment after the individual has had time to reflect on his or her behavior.
D) Condition a secondary punishing stimulus.
Q2) According to Mischel, what is the most important aspect of personality and cognition?
A) Personality traits are subordinate to cognitive processes.
B) Cognitive processes are subordinate to personality traits.
C) The many systems of personality and cognition interact.
D) Systems of personality and cognition operate in a serial process.
Q3) Opponent processes in the body can counteract some of the effects of depressants.
A)True B)False
Q4) Identify and describe the three philosophical ideas that are fundamental to behaviorism.
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Chapter 16: Personality Processes: Perception, Thought,
Motivation, and Emotion
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Q1) Given that Rory works hard on his golf game and pursues excellence, he should score high in which of McClelland's primary goals?
A) achievement
B) domination
C) mastery
D) performance
Q2) Jeff has decided to go on a diet, but unfortunately Jeff's mother has made his favorite dessert, apple pie. After a big dinner, his mother brings out the pie and Jeff cannot resist having two pieces. In Epstein's terminology, Jeff's ________ won out over his ________.
A) subjective stimulus values; self-regulatory systems
B) affective system; cognitive system
C) experiential system; rational system
D) phenomenology; consciousness
Q3) Which of the following is a characteristic of the rational system?
A) It operates through logic.
B) It operates through emotion, insight, and wisdom.
C) It operates through unconscious processes.
D) It resembles Freud's primary processes thinking.
Page 18
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Chapter
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Q1) What emotions are thought to occur when a stranger harms aspects of your me self?
A) anger and distress
B) shame and guilt
C) sadness and anxiety
D) fear and terror
Q2) Sarah moved from a small town in Ohio to New York City and has since learned a lot about herself. According to the realistic accuracy model, she has expanded the amount of information available at the ________ stage of the RAM.
A) accuracy
B) utilization
C) relevance
D) detection
Q3) Describe how the realistic accuracy model can be applied to self-knowledge. How does this model explain why accurate self-knowledge can be difficult to achieve?
Q4) According to the text, accurate self-knowledge is a hallmark of mental health.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 18: Disorders of Personality
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Q1) According to the textbook, Adolf Hitler exhibited many of the classic signs of which personality disorder?
A) histrionic
B) antisocial
C) narcissistic
D) borderline
Q2) People who have ego-syntonic personality disorders ________.
A) are accurately aware of their disorder
B) lose their identities
C) are low in ego control and ego resiliency
D) do not think anything is wrong
Q3) Hallucinations are associated with schizoid personality disorder but not schizotypal personality disorder.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Explain how the Big Five traits can be used to organize the DSM personality disorders. Provide at least four concrete examples of how certain personality disorders might reflect constellations of extreme scores on particular Big Five traits. What are some of the advantages of this approach for understanding personality disorders?
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Chapter 19: Conclusion: Looking Back and Looking Ahead
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Q1) The ________ approach focuses on individual differences that make every person unique.
A) trait
B) cognitive
C) humanistic
D) learning
Q2) All of the personality approaches are both right and wrong in some respects.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Draw on what you have learned about personality psychology to support the argument that the most important choices you make in life are the environments that you select.
Q4) There are actually multiple ways to structure an introduction to personality psychology.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Why is it important to maintain an awareness of alternative approaches to the study of personality?
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