Social Psychology
Final Exam
Course Introduction
Social Psychology explores how individuals think, feel, and behave in social contexts, examining the influence of others on attitudes, perceptions, and actions. This course delves into topics such as social cognition, conformity, persuasion, group dynamics, prejudice, aggression, and interpersonal relationships. Students will engage with foundational theories, classic experiments, and contemporary research to understand how social factors shape behavior and identity. Through lectures, discussions, and practical activities, the course encourages critical analysis of social phenomena and their relevance to everyday life and broader societal issues.
Recommended Textbook
Introducing Psychology Brain Person Group 4th Edition by Stephen M. Kosslyn
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Section 1: Introduction to the Science of Psychology:
History and Research Methods
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Sample Questions
Q1) Psychology is a science because it relies on a specific type of method for allowing us to learn more about human behavior.This method is referred to as the:
A)method of inquiry.
B)Socratic method.
C)scientific method.
D)method of problem solving.
Answer: C
Q2) What advice might John B.Watson have offered to psychologists of his time?
A)"Focus on observable behavior."
B)"Life is an effort to overcome inferiority."
C)"We cannot know others until we know ourselves."
D)"Remember that what we accomplish is due to the composition of our genes."
Answer: A
Q3) A case study examines in detail ________.
A)a single participant
B)multiple instances of a situation
C)a set of questions put to participants
D)the relationship between two variables
Answer: A
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Chapter 1: Section 2: Introduction to the Science of Psychology:
History and Research Methods
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Sample Questions
Q1) Mei was sent to the school psychologist to be tested.Based on her IQ scores it was decided that she would do well in the gifted child program.This is an example of which goal of psychology?
A)describing behavior
B)explaining behavior
C)predicting behavior
D)controlling behavior
Answer: C
Q2) A correlation coefficient is a numerical measure of the __________________.
A)unintended changes in participants' behavior due to cues from the experimenter
B)relationship between two variables
C)behaviors of participants of different ages compared at a given time
D)behaviors of participants followed and periodically assessed over time
Answer: B
Q3) John Locke argued that ________.
A)all human knowledge stems from experience.
B)most of human knowledge stems from experience.
C)very little human knowledge stems from experience.
D)some of human knowledge is with us from the day we are born.
Answer: A
Page 4
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Chapter 2: Section 1: The Biology of Mind and Behavior: the Brain in Action
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Q1) Rashad is in the hospital and is about to undergo a brain-imaging process that involves placing him inside a magnetic field so that a computer can create three-dimensional images of his brain.What procedure is he about to undergo?
A)electroencephalography (EEG)
B)magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
C)computed tomography (CT)
D)positron emission tomography (PET)
Answer: B
Q2) To say that both genes and environment are important ________.
A)is completely accurate
B)is completely inaccurate
C)is partially correct depending on the given person and situation
D)is true, yet it fails to clarify that they are different aspects of a single system
Answer: D
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5
Chapter 2: Section 2: The Biology of Mind and Behavior:
Brain in Action
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Q1) Ever since he suffered a brain injury by falling from a ladder, his wife has continued to tell the doctor that his personality has changed.He used to be fun loving and care-free, but he is now more critical and yells at his children for seemingly little reason.Zack is likely to have suffered damage to the _______ of his cortex.
A)occipital lobe
B)parietal lobe
C)temporal lobe
D)frontal lobe
Q2) A specialized cell that makes up the nervous system that receives and sends messages within that system is called a _________.
A)glial cell
B)neuron
C)cell body
D)myelin sheath
Q3) The thalamus is often compared to a(n)________.
A)switching center
B)fast food menu
C)stop sign
D)bus stop
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Chapter 3: Section 1: Sensation and Perception: How the World Enters the Mind
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Q1) Closing your eyes and then touching your nose with your forefinger most accurately illustrates which of the following?
A)vestibular sense
B)kinesthetic sense
C)somasthetic sense
D)anomalous cognition
Q2) Bottom-up processing is initiated by ________.
A)knowledge
B)expectation
C)the stimulus
D)belief
Q3) All of the following are associated with attractiveness for faces except ________.
A)smooth skin
B)symmetry
C)female hormones
D)male hormones
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Chapter 3: Section 2: Sensation and Perception: How the
World Enters the Mind
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Q1) A study reviewed in your text investigated the effect of pheromone perfume on various behaviors in females.The results included all of the following except:
A)increase in number of males approaching them.
B)increased sexual intercourse.
C)increase in number of formal dates.
D)increased "petting."
Q2) Astronauts who spend too much time in outer space may ultimately jeopardize their ________.
A)vestibular sense
B)kinesthetic sense
C)somasthetic sense
D)anomalous cognition
Q3) Sound waves are simply ___________.
A)the vibration of the molecules of the air surrounding us
B)the impact of acoustrons in the air
C)a form of electronic radiation
D)none of these
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Page 8
Chapter 4: Section 1: Learning: How Experience Changes Us
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Q1) A Skinner box is most likely to be used in research on ______.
A)classical conditioning
B)operant conditioning
C)vicarious learning
D)cognitive learning
Q2) Pavlov placed meat powder in the mouths of the dogs, and they began to salivate. Pavlov's student noticed that after a few days the dogs began to salivate at the sound of the student's footsteps.The salivation to the sound of the footsteps was a _______.
A)primary reinforce
B)positive reinforcer
C)conditioned response
D)secondary reinforcer
Q3) When the CS is repeatedly presented in the absence of the UCS (food, in this case), the CR will "die out" in a process called ______________.
A)CR fading
B)extinction
C)habituation
D)generalization fading
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Chapter 4: Section 2: Learning: How Experience Changes Us
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Q1) The reappearance of a learned response after extinction has occurred is called ______.
A)counterconditioning
B)instinctive drift
C)spontaneous recovery
D)stimulus discrimination
Q2) After Little Albert acquired a conditioned fear of rats, Watson wanted to see how he would react to a white rabbit, cotton wool, and a Santa Claus mask.He was studying whether or not _____________________ had occurred.
A)behavior modification
B)stimulus discrimination
C)extinction
D)stimulus generalization
Q3) A child learns that whenever he eats all of his dinner he gets a cookie for dessert.This type of learning is BEST explained by _______________.
A)classical conditioning
B)operant conditioning
C)biofeedback theory
D)social learning theory
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Chapter 5: Section 1: Memory: Living With Yesterday
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Q1) Suppose Tamika looks up a number in the telephone book.After getting a busy signal, a minute or so later she tries to call again - but has already forgotten the number! This example illustrates the limited duration of________ memory.
A)sensory
B)short-term
C)echoic
D)implicit
Q2) Jamal is trying to buy something over the phone.He asks his partner to read him his credit card number.However, when he tries to repeat it to the sales clerk on the other end of the line, he can't remember all the numbers.Jamal is coming up against ______.
A)the decay of numerical memory
B)the extinction of auditory traces
C)George Miller's magic number 7, plus or minus 2
D)the limits of procedural memory
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Chapter 5: Section 2: Memory: Living With Yesterday
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Q1) Memories for general facts and personal information are called _________.
A)episodic memory
B)procedural memories
C)declarative memories
D)factual memory
Q2) Which of the following distinguishes sensory memory (SM)from short-term memory (STM)?
A)STM holds only a small amount of separate pieces of information
B)STM holds a large amount of separate pieces of information
C)SM holds a large amount of separate pieces of information
D)STM holds a small amount of uniform information
Q3) People tend to forget negative affect associated with autobiographical memories more quickly than they forget positive affect.What enhances this effect?
A)Keeping the memory private
B)Left frontal lobe activity
C)The age of the person
D)Frequently discussing the memories with a variety of people
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12
Chapter 6: Section 1: Language, Thinking, and Intelligence:
What Humans Do Best
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following groups of children is most likely to have the most similar IQ scores?
A)identical twins reared apart
B)same-sex fraternal twins
C)siblings reared together
D)identical twins reared together
Q2) According to your textbook, researchers generally agree that solving a problem well implies ________.
A)in a reasonable amount of time
B)nothing about the time it takes
C)that problems are all easy
D)that problems are usually too difficult
Q3) John B.Carroll argued that ________.
A)the relations among test scores are neatly structured into a three-tiered hierarchy
B)test scores can be categorized
C)intelligence is two-factored
D)intelligence is a single factor
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Page 13
Chapter 6: Section 2: Language, Thinking, and Intelligence:
What Humans Do Best
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Q1) In problem solving, the term rule of thumb refers to ______________.
A)heuristics
B)algorithms
C)mnemonic devices
D)cognitive shortcuts
Q2) The fact that microenvironments influence intelligence suggests that ________.
A)only genetic factors determine what is viewed as an appealing environment
B)it is impossible to understand how the environment impacts intelligence
C)even though identical twins have more genes in common than do siblings, both groups tend to have similar microenvironments
D)your genes help shape aspects of the environment itself
Q3) Researchers typically stress that a key aspect of intelligence is ________.
A)the ability to speak different languages
B)the Y chromosome
C)the ability to adapt to the environment
D)only accurate for males
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14
Chapter 7: Section 1: Emotion and Motivation: Feeling and Striving
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Q1) A famed psychologist claims that motivated behaviors result from an effort to reduce tension caused by bodily needs such as hunger or thirst.This psychologist's philosophy most closely matches ______ theory.
A)reciprocity
B)homeostatic
C)needs
D)drive
Q2) Which level of Abraham Maslow's hierarchy is epitomized by the U.S.Army's slogan "Be all that you can be"?
A)safety
B)self-esteem
C)belongingness
D)self-actualization
Q3) Jose's medically ideal weight is 250 pounds.He would be considered to be obese when and if he weighed ________ pounds.
A)275
B)300
C)320
D)330
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Chapter 7: Section 2: Emotion and Motivation: Feeling and Striving
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Q1) An instinct is a tendency that is ________.
A)learned
B)conditioned
C)inherited
D)easily controlled
Q2) Which of the following behaviors is not an example of drive theory?
A)getting some food when you are hungry
B)going to sleep when you are tired
C)getting something to drink when you are thirsty
D)going jogging when you are bored
Q3) Which of the following statements is true?
A)Emotions are generally unaffected by culture.
B)Positive and negative emotions are opposite sides of the same coin.
C)An emotion can have different types and different facial expressions.
D)Display rules are genetically received.
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16
Chapter 8: Section 1: Personality: Vive La Différence
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Q1) Mahmoud was just told that his father has cancer.Mahmoud's first response is that there must be a mistake and he demands that the doctor repeat his tests.Which defense mechanism is at work here?
A)reaction formation
B)denial
C)repression
D)undoing
Q2) Carolyn took home some printer paper from the office.Later, she felt guilty for stealing it so she brought some paper to work to replace what she took.Freud would suggest that Carolyn's ________ was influencing her motives and behavior.
A)id
B)unconscious mind
C)ego
D)superego
Q3) A person's responses to a projective test are thought to reflect ____________.
A)current events
B)daydreaming themes
C)maladaptive patterns of behavior
D)what is going on in an individual's personality.
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Chapter 8: Section 2: Personality: Vive La Différence
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Q1) Which of Freud's personality structures can be thought of as housing the human conscience?
A)id
B)superego
C)consciousness
D)subconsciousness
Q2) According to Rogers, which of the following people is most likely to have a healthy personality?
A)someone with a strongly developed superego
B)someone with an extraverted personality
C)someone brought up with conditional positive regard
D)someone brought up with unconditional positive regard
Q3) According to Freud, when the realities of life are in conflict with someone's conscience or selfish desires, it results in a(n)________.
A)psychosis
B)an Electra complex
C)neurosis
D)an Oedipal complex
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18
Chapter 9: Section 1: Psychology Over the Life Span:
Growing Up, Growing Older, Growing Wiser
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Q1) Like any 4-month-old, Amy depends on her parents to feed her and to change her diapers.When Amy cries, her devoted parents quickly respond to her needs.According to Erikson, Amy is developing a sense of ___________.
A)trust
B)mistrust
C)autonomy
D)initiative
Q2) According to famed linguist Noam Chomsky, humans have an innate ability to understand and produce language through a device he called
A)Syntax synthesizer (SS)
B)Grammar grabber (GG)
C)Language Acquisition Device (LAD)
D)Language Learning System (LLS)
Q3) In a __________design, one group of participants is followed and assessed as the group ages.
A)cohort
B)longitudinal
C)behavior genetics
D)cross-sectional
19
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Chapter 9: Section 2: Psychology Over the Life Span:
Growing
Older, Growing Wiser
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Sample Questions
Q1) ________ psychology encompasses the study of human growth and change over the life span.
A)Social
B)Developmental
C)Applied
D)Health
Q2) Professor Sanchez is interested in studying development of motor skills.She collects data from 200 1-year-olds and follows and assesses them for a period of 5 years.What type of research design is Professor Sanchez using?
A)cohort design
B)longitudinal design
C)behavior genetics design
D)cross-sectional design
Q3) Which of the following teenagers is the most likely to become pregnant?
A)teenagers who are have an absent mother
B)teenagers with an absent father
C)teenagers without siblings
D)teenagers who live in suburbs
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Chapter
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Q1) Elizabeth hears that her neighbors' son just died.She decides to bring them dinner.This is an example of ________ social support.
A)enacted
B)indirect
C)direct
D)perceived
Q2) There are ________ stages of sleep.
A)two
B)three
C)four
D)five
Q3) Adelaida hears a rattling sound as she hikes through the desert.Her muscles tense and her blood pressure rises.According to Hans Selye, she is in the___________.
A)chronic stress phase
B)alarm phase
C)exhaustion phase
D)resistance phase
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Page 21
Chapter 10: Section 2: Stress, Health, and Coping: Dealing
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Q1) Imagine that you have just flunked a class.You evaluate this situation and decide that flunking a class is stressful and important enough to be upset about.Next you decide to repeat the class in summer school.You have made __________.
A)a primary appraisal only
B)both a primary and a secondary appraisal
C)a stress-related decision
D)a hassle-related decision
Q2) _________ is the term used to describe physical and psychological responses to events that are threatening or challenging.
A)Stress
B)Burnout
C)Dysphoria
D)Distress
Q3) What is the correct sequence of stages in the general adaptation syndrome?
A)resistance, alarm, exhaustion
B)exhaustion, resistance, alarm
C)alarm, exhaustion, resistance
D)alarm, resistance, exhaustion
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Chapter 11: Section 1: Psychological Disorders: More Than Everyday Problems
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Q1) Axis I of the DSM-IV-TR consists of_____________.
A)global assessment of functioning
B)clinical disorders and other conditions that may be a focus of clinical attention
C)psychosocial and environmental problems
D)personality disorders and mental retardation
Q2) Which of the following is a condition in which a person shows little or no emotion?
A)hallucinations
B)delusions
C)inappropriate affect
D)flat affect
Q3) As a serious dancer, Justine watches what she eats.She knows that she is underweight, but fears that if she starts eating more that she will get fat.In addition to a preoccupation with food she has also stopped menstruating.Her behaviors suggest that she might be suffering from ________.
A)anorexia nervosa
B)bulimia nervosa
C)compulsive exercise
D)phobic disorder
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Chapter 11: Section 2: Psychological Disorders: More Than Everyday Problems
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Q1) Paranoid schizophrenia is to disorganized schizophrenia as A)passive is to aggressive.
B)aggressive is to passive.
C)best prognosis is to worst prognosis.
D)worst prognosis is to best prognosis.
Q2) Andy has a tendency to align the tools in his toolbox so that they are placed in perfect symmetry.Andy's compulsion illustrates ________.
A)repeated doubts
B)hoarding
C)ordering
D)counting
Q3) Axis II of the DSM-IV-TR consists of_____________.
A)global assessment of functioning
B)clinical disorders and other conditions that may be a focus of clinical attention
C)psychosocial and environmental problems
D)personality disorders and mental retardation
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24
Chapter 12: Section 1: Treatment: Healing Actions, Healing
Words
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Sample Questions
Q1) As Celine begins to reveal more and more of her innermost thoughts and feelings to her therapist, she begins to feel good about him as well as accepted by him.She develops a sense of trust, particularly because he does not criticize her.What process is occurring?
A)unconditional positive regard
B)insight
C)rationalization
D)transference
Q2) Free association is a technique used in ______ therapy.
A)psychoanalytic
B)rational-emotive
C)person-centered
D)Gestalt
Q3) An advantage to group therapy is that groups ______.
A)are a source of social support
B)allow countertransference to occur
C)bestow unconditional approval on group members
D)allow an extremely shy person to feel more comfortable speaking up
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Chapter 12: Section 2: Treatment: Healing Actions, Healing
Words
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Sample Questions
Q1) Psychoanalysis was a therapy technique designed by ______.
A)Alfred Adler
B)Carl Rogers
C)Fritz Perls
D)Sigmund Freud
Q2) Some drugs that combat depression work by____________.
A)increasing the amount of serotonin in the brain
B)blocking dopamine receptors in the brain
C)inhibiting the function of the medulla and the pons
D)increasing the amount of acetylcholine in the brain
Q3) Edward starts to worry about telling his therapist about his drinking.He is afraid that the therapist will get mad at him like his mother used to.Edward has started relating to his therapist as he related to his mother.Edward is experiencing ________.
A)transference
B)countertransference
C)catharsis
D)resistance
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Page 26
Chapter 13: Section 1: Social Psychology: Meeting of the Minds
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Q1) Voluntarily yielding to social norms, even at the expense of one's own preference, is called ______.
A)obedience
B)submission
C)conformity
D)compliance
Q2) When there is an inconsistency between an attitude and a behavior or two attitudes, the end result is usually ________.
A)cognitive dissonance
B)attitudinal confusion
C)persuasion
D)the mere exposure effect
Q3) You observe a person at the grocery store get angry and yell at the cashier.Which of these attributions illustrates the fundamental attribution error?
A)the yeller is a mean, angry person
B)the cashier is overworked
C)the yeller has had a bad day
D)the cashier has had a bad day
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Chapter 13: Section 2: Social Psychology: Meeting of the Minds
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Q1) Malik failed his biology final, but attributes his failure to a bad test; his friend Roger, who's in a different biology final, also failed his biology final.Malik automatically assumes that Roger failed his biology class because he is stupid.Malik's beliefs are most consistent with the________.
A)self-serving bias
B)fundamental attribution error
C)belief in a just world
D)general attributional bias effect
Q2) In Milgram's initial study of obedience, ________ percent of subjects delivered the highest level shock.
A)2
B)30
C)49
D)65
Q3) Realistic conflict theory suggests that prejudice arises from ________.
A)learned behavior
B)competition over scarce resources
C)social categorization
D)self-fulfilling prophecies
28
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