Social Psychology Exam Questions
Course Introduction
Social Psychology explores the scientific study of how individuals think, feel, and behave in social contexts. This course examines topics such as social perception, attitudes, group dynamics, conformity, persuasion, prejudice, interpersonal attraction, and aggression. Students will analyze how situational factors, cultural influences, and group interactions shape human behavior, as well as the psychological processes underlying social influence and identity. Emphasis is placed on applying theoretical concepts to real-world issues and understanding research methods used in social psychology.
Recommended Textbook Research Methods in Psychology 10th Edition by John J Shaughnessy
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Introduction
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Q1) Identify two ways in which psychological science takes place in a moral context,and the resource that psychologists use to guide the moral conduct of their research.
Answer: The first way that psychological science takes place in a moral context concerns the ethical behavior of researchers.They must maintain a high level of integrity and avoid scientific misconduct such as data fabrication,plagiarism,selective reporting of findings,failure to acknowledge contributions of others,misuse of funds,and unethical treatment of those involved in research.The second way in which psychological science takes place in a moral context relates to ethical dilemmas associated with the research process.For example,researchers confront questions concerning the use of deception in research and the use of animals for experimentation.The APA ethical principles guide researchers' ethical behavior and are used to resolve ethical dilemmas.
Q2) Three ways in which we can characterize the context in which science occurs include
A) behavioral, cognitive, and neuroscience.
B) philosophical, hypothetical, and ethnocentric.
C) laboratory, field, and clinical.
D) historical, social/cultural, and moral.
Answer: D
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Chapter 2: The Scientific Method
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Q1) Four goals of research in psychology are
A) reliability, validity, experimentation, and theory construction.
B) description, prediction, explanation, and application.
C) description, correlation, experimentation, and theory construction.
D) observation, measurement, causal inference, and explanation.
Answer: B
Q2) Research suggests that when judging photos of people's faces,people demonstrate high levels of agreement regarding which faces appear trustworthy,but that these ratings don't correspond to whether the people in the photos are guilty or innocent of cheating on a test.This finding indicates that measurements can be __________,yet not ___________.
A) reliable; valid
B) precise; accurate
C) nomothetic; idiographic
D) basic; applied
Answer: A
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Chapter 3: Ethical Issues in the Conduct of Psychological Research
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Q1) Which of the following is not required of researchers in an informed consent procedure?
A) description of the nature of the research
B) reasons for why deception is used in the research
C) information that might influence participants' willingness to participate
D) all of these are required
Answer: B
Q2) The primary goal of debriefing participants at the end of a research session is to
A) make sure participants have completed the entire study.
B) learn about any errors in the research procedure.
C) ask participants for their ideas regarding future research.
D) make sure individuals feel good about their participation.
Answer: D
Q3) Presenting substantial portions of another person's work as your own is called A) secondary source.
B) plagiarism.
C) paraphrasing.
D) authorship credit.
Answer: B
Page 5
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Chapter 4: Observation
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Q1) Which of the following would be an example of coding a narrative record during the process of data reduction in qualitative data analysis?
A) calculating interobserver reliability
B) classifying behaviors from an observation record into different categories
C) displaying the data using a graph or a chart
D) obtaining a mean number of behaviors after classifying the behaviors into categories
Q2) Which of the following dependent variables is most likely to represent a ratio scale of measurement?
A) duration of eye contact
B) rank ordering of amount of eye contact
C) occurrence of eye contact (present/absent)
D) observers' ratings of the intimacy of eye contact
Q3) Of the following observational methods,which one does not use intervention by the researcher?
A) naturalistic observation
B) participant observation
C) structured observation
D) field experiment
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Chapter 5: Survey Research
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Q1) The distinguishing characteristic of the longitudinal design is that
A) samples from several population are tested once.
B) the same sample of respondents is surveyed more than once.
C) a sample of individuals is asked to complete an especially long survey.
D) different samples from a population are compared over time.
Q2) The primary advantage of free-response compared to open-ended questions is that free-response questions
A) are easier to score and code.
B) offer the respondent greater flexibility.
C) minimize the problem of expressiveness and spontaneity.
D) provide greater comparability of answers across respondents.
Q3) Correlational research is potentially limited when it comes to
A) applying the results of correlational studies to predict such issues as physical and psychological health-related problems.
B) establishing quantitative relationships between two sets of responses obtained in a survey.
C) interpreting causal relationships based on correlational studies alone.
D) using sophisticated statistical procedures in analyzing correlational studies.
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Chapter 6: Independent Groups Designs
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Q1) A researcher was interested in whether divorce and remarriage influence the extent to which children are sociable.At a nearby school,the researcher classified 5<sup>th</sup>-graders into one of three groups: intact parents (no divorce),divorced (single-parent families),and remarried parents.The researcher interviewed the 5<sup>th</sup>-graders and rated their sociability,and also asked them to complete a questionnaire that assessed their level of comfort in different social situations. Describe the dependent variable(s)in this study.
Q2) Researchers found a relationship between insults and aggressive behavior for 5-year olds.If they want to test the external validity of the conceptual relationship between insults and aggressive behavior for a sample of 35-year olds,they should A) test the findings in the real world rather than in a laboratory setting. B) use the same measure of aggression as was used with the 5-year olds. C) use age-appropriate insults and measures of aggression for the 35-year olds. D) use the same insults as was used with the 5-year olds.
Q3) Briefly outline the steps involved in order to make an inference about the effect of an independent variable using null hypothesis significance testing; be sure to indicate the conditions in which an independent variable is judged to be nonsignificant and when it is statistically significant.
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Chapter 7: Repeated Measures Designs
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Q1) A psychologist wishes to have participants rate two different sets of inkblots (labeled A and B)for their "emotionality." The inkblots differ in their use of color.Ten inkblots in set A are created in shades of gray; ten inkblots in set B use shades of red,blue,and yellow.The psychologist hypothesizes that color will influence participants' ratings of emotionality.Each participant will rate all twenty inkblots. What is the independent variable in this experiment?
Q2) An advantage of block randomization in the complete repeated measures design experiment is that
A) each condition of the experiment is represented an equal number of times at all stages of practice.
B) all trials of one condition are presented first, followed by all trials of a second condition, etc., making statistical computations easier.
C) one condition is assigned to one "block" of participants, a second condition is assigned to a second block of participants, etc.
D) stages of practice are randomly assigned to the different blocks of conditions.
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Chapter 8: Complex Designs
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Q1) The limits of the external validity of the effects of each of the two independent variables in a complex design are specified when
A) there is no interaction effect of the two variables and neither variable produces a main effect.
B) there is no interaction effect of the two variables but significant main effects for both variables.
C) there is no interaction effect of the two variables and one independent variable has a main effect but the other variable does not.
D) there is an interaction effect of the two variables and main effects of the variables may or may not be present.
Q2) The analysis plan and interpretation of the results of a complex design experiment involving two independent variables depends on
A) the total number of conditions in the experiment.
B) the number of statistically significant effects in the experiment.
C) whether either independent variable produces a main effect or not.
D) whether an interaction effect is or is not obtained in the experiment.
Q3) Distinguish between a main effect and an interaction effect in a complex design.
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Chapter 9: Single-Case Research Designs
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Q1) The major difficulty with the case study method as a basis for drawing cause-and-effect conclusions is that
A) coding of the results cannot be done reliably and validly.
B) the simultaneous use of several treatments and failure to control extraneous variables prevent causal inference.
C) excessive constraints on the external validity of the case study prevent causal inference.
D) biases of the researcher must dominate the interpretation of the results.
Q2) The fundamental characteristic of case studies is
A) the high degree of scientific control.
B) they contribute important testimonial evidence.
C) they are nomothetic approaches to science.
D) they lack a high degree of scientific control.
Q3) Idiographic research,as represented by the case study method,has the potential to reveal
A) causal mechanisms underlying behavior.
B) contradictory effects in well-controlled treatment studies.
C) nuances and subtleties of individual behavior.
D) definitive evidence for the effectiveness of a particular treatment.
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Chapter 10: Quasi-Experimental Designs and Program Evaluation
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Q1) Even when pretest scores are the same,on average,for treatment and comparison groups in a nonequivalent control group design,the two groups may not be equivalent because
A) the pretest measure is unlikely to be relevant to the dependent variable.
B) the posttest measure is unlikely to be the same as the pretest measure, and the two groups must be equivalent at the posttest.
C) the fact that the two groups are equal on the pretest measure does not ensure that the groups are equivalent on other characteristics relevant to the study.
D) the natural growth rates of two groups from different populations are likely to be the same, but the pretest estimate of equality may still be in error.
Q2) Experiments in natural settings are likely to differ from laboratory experiments on four critical dimensions: goals,control,external validity,and consequences.Briefly describe the nature of the difference for each of these four dimensions.
Q3) Distinguish between evaluation of outcome and evaluation of efficiency as these are used in program evaluation.
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Chapter 11: Data Analysis and Interpretation: Part
Idescribing Data, confidence Intervals, correlation
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Q1) Explain the phrase,"Correlation does not imply causation."
Q2) In general,the estimated standard error of the mean provides information about how well the sample mean estimates
A) the population variance.
B) the population mean.
C) the true standard error of the mean.
D) population variability.
Q3) Describe the advantages and disadvantages of the three measures of central tendency: mean,median,mode.
Q4) A negative correlation indicates that as values for one measure ___________,the values for the other measure ____________.
A) decrease; remain constant
B) increase; remain constant
C) increase; decrease
D) increase; increase
Q5) What does the "95" in a 95% confidence interval refer to?
Q6) Why is a confidence interval also called a "margin of error"?
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Chapter 12: Data Analysis and Interpretation: Part Iitests of Statistical
Significance and the Analysis Story
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Q1) The level of significance,or alpha,in psychological research is generally set at A) .01.
B) .05.
C) .10.
D) .50.
Q2) = 7.30,p = .01.On the basis of this information we may conclude that A) there were two independent groups in the experiment.
B) there were 42 total subjects in the experiment.
C) the results are statistically significant.
D) all of these
Q3) A researcher predicted that an independent variable would produce a difference between a treatment and a control group for the dependent variable.The statistical test resulted in a "statistically significant" difference.This finding
A) proves the null hypothesis is false.
B) supports the null hypothesis.
C) proves the researcher's hypothesis.
D) supports the researcher's hypothesis.
Q4) When a result is "statistically significant," why should we not immediately claim that our results are "important" (either scientifically or practically)?
Page 14
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Chapter 13: Communication in Psychology
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Q1) To avoid unbiased communication when referring to human participants in your study,you should describe them
A) in the most general terms.
B) using the word "subjects."
C) using specific descriptions.
D) using ethnic labels that make you comfortable.
Q2) One way that psychologists search the recent psychology research literature is by
A) reviewing textbooks.
B) searching the PsycInfo database.
C) browsing the self-help section of their local bookstore.
D) searching for reports that reach the media.
Q3) Perhaps the most common type of graph in psychology journals is the A) line graph.
B) frequency polygon.
C) frequency distribution.
D) pie chart.
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