Social Influence and Behavior Exam Review
Course Introduction
This course explores the psychological principles and mechanisms underlying social influence and human behavior. Students will examine how individuals and groups shape attitudes, beliefs, and actions through processes such as conformity, compliance, persuasion, and group dynamics. The course incorporates both classic and contemporary research, offering insights into the ways social contexts affect decision-making, identity, and interpersonal interactions. Real-world applications are emphasized, including the impact of media, marketing, leadership, and social movements on collective and individual behavior.
Recommended Textbook
Social Psychology 4th Edition by Tom Gilovich
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18 Chapters
1080 Verified Questions
1080 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: An Invitation to Social Psychology
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Sample Questions
Q1) What do the results of the "Milgram Experiment" and Darley and Batson's "Good Samaritan" study have in common?
A) They both highlight the power of the situation in determining behavior.
B) They both highlight how people respond differently to the same situation.
C) They both highlight cultural differences in behavior.
D) They both highlight universality in behavior across cultures.
Answer: A
Q2) Judy is always complimenting people with whom she works. Bob, one of Judy's best friends, thinks that Judy is genuinely thoughtful and friendly. Sarah, who does not know Judy well, thinks that Sarah is shallow and fake. This example suggests how friendship influences
A) behaviors.
B) personality.
C) construals.
D) folk theories.
Answer: C
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3
Chapter 2: The Methods of Social Psychology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Dr. Goldstein hopes to reveal that although some of the findings presented in her class may seem obvious, students would not have predicted them accurately. To do so, she asked her students to take a guess about the results of a study before describing the outcome. Many of the students' predictions were wrong. Dr. Goldstein is demonstrating what to her students?
A) the prediction bias
B) the hindsight bias
C) external validity
D) internal validity
Answer: B
Q2) The independent variable in an experiment is
A) manipulated and is the hypothesized cause of a particular outcome.
B) measured and is the hypothesized effect.
C) based on self-selection.
D) an indication of the degree of the relationship between two variables.
Answer: A
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Chapter 3: The Social Self
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Sample Questions
Q1) Although Emil generally thinks of himself as both a good student and a good son, while visiting with his mom over the holidays he is thinking more about being a good son. That this good son aspect of his identity is more on his mind when he is with his mom illustrates the idea of
A) the ought self.
B) the actual self.
C) self-schemas.
D) the working self-concept.
Answer: D
Q2) Experimental evidence on self-discrepancy theory shows that being induced to think that your actual self resembles your ________ self increases ________.
A) ideal; anxiety
B) ought; guilt
C) ought; sensitivity to negative outcomes
D) ideal; sensitivity to positive outcomes
Answer: D
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Chapter 4: Social Cognition: Thinking About People and Situations
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Sample Questions
Q1) Many members of a street gang believe privately that their initiation process is too harsh and dangerous. However, they do not express these beliefs because they assume that everyone else thinks the initiation process is just fine. This scenario exemplifies
A) pluralistic ignorance.
B) group rationalization.
C) counterfactual conformity.
D) the framing effect.
Q2) Liam, the photography editor of a national magazine, is looking through a series of pictures to find a model who seems strong and competent. Given research findings on physical appearance and snap judgments, Liam should select a model whose face has A) large eyes.
B) high eyebrows.
C) an angular chin.
D) a high forehead.
Q3) How accurate are snap judgments? Take a position one way or the other and support it with two pieces of evidence.
Q4) Describe the planning fallacy and summarize research on why this fallacy occurs.
Q5) Describe top-down processing and bottom-up processing.
Page 6
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Chapter 5: Social Attribution: Explaining Behavior
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Sample Questions
Q1) Someone with an optimistic explanatory style is likely to make which types of attributions for success?
A) internal, stable, specific
B) internal, stable, global
C) internal, unstable, global
D) external, unstable, specific
Q2) Which of the following questions best reflects what attribution theory seeks to explain?
A) How often does Tina engage in binge drinking?
B) Why did Larissa break up with Tom?
C) What did Bob say in response to Jim's insult?
D) Where is Juan most likely to find a date for the dance?
Q3) Kyle, a male student, and Megha, a female student, both failed their geography exams. According to research by Dweck and colleagues, Kyle is likely to attribute his failure to his ________, whereas Megha is likely to attribute her failure to her
A) parents; teachers
B) teachers; parents
C) lack of ability; lack of effort
D) lack of effort; lack of ability
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Chapter 6: Emotion
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is an emotion? Explain how emotions differ from other states such as moods and emotional disorders.
Q2) Biting the tongue signals embarrassment in India but not in the United States. This is an example of a(n)
A) focal emotion.
B) emotion accent.
C) display rule.
D) appraisal process.
Q3) Which of the following approaches to understanding emotion assumes that the components of emotion allow adaptive responses to threats to survival?
A) the physiological approach
B) the evolutionary approach
C) the interdependent approach
D) the cultural approach
Q4) Your sister comes to you because she has been feeling blue. Generate an action plan she can use to become happier. Connect your recommendations to the results of research studies showing that these work.
Q5) Describe how the appraisal processes give rise to the experience of emotion.
Q6) Give two examples of how emotions can influence moral judgments.
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Chapter 7: Attitudes, Behavior, and Rationalization
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Sample Questions
Q1) In the 1930s, a time when anti-Asian sentiments were common, Richard LaPiere toured the United States with a young Chinese couple. Together they visited numerous hotels, auto camps, restaurants, and cafes. LaPiere compared the attitudes of people who managed these various establishments with how well (or poorly) these people actually treated the Chinese couple. The text used this study to introduce an important point, namely, that the effect of ________ than people think.
A) attitudes on behavior is weaker
B) norms on attitudes is stronger
C) attitudes on behavior is stronger
D) norms on attitudes is weaker
Q2) Research on cognitive dissonance teaches a broad and important lesson about how to influence someone else's attitudes. Specifically, if you want people to ________ the broader value or message behind what you got them to do, then you should use the ________ amount of incentive or coercion necessary to induce compliance.
A) reject; smallest
B) ignore; largest
C) accept; smallest
D) accept; largest
Q3) Describe three ways that researchers measure attitudes.
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Page 9
Chapter 8: Persuasion
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following scenarios best illustrates how audience characteristics tend to impact persuasion?
A) When Tommy feels sad, he is more likely to attend to pessimistic messages than to optimistic messages.
B) When Tommy feels sad, he is more likely to attend to optimistic messages than to pessimistic messages.
C) When Tommy feels sad, he is less likely to be persuaded.
D) When Tommy feels sad, he is more likely to be persuaded.
Q2) The process by which small attacks on our beliefs help counteract larger attacks on our beliefs is called
A) thought forewarning.
B) thought polarization.
C) attitude habituation.
D) attitude inoculation.
Q3) Jennifer smokes cigarettes. Describe how selective attention and selective evaluation may make Jennifer resistant to antismoking messages.
Q4) Define metacognition and describe how it influences persuasion.
Q5) Give three examples of how the media can shape our conception of social reality.
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Chapter 9: Social Influence
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to the norm of reciprocity,
A) people should agree to others' requests.
B) people rarely return favors.
C) people should benefit those who benefit them.
D) emotions lead to compliance.
Q2) In the original Milgram experiment, the experimenter asked participants to shock someone else whenever that person made a mistake on a learning task. The results of this experiment showed that people
A) learned better when they were punished.
B) did not experience distress when other people were in pain.
C) were unwilling to advance science if it meant hurting someone else.
D) were willing to inflict pain on strangers.
Q3) Compared with people who grow up in independent cultures, people who grow up in interdependent cultures are ________ susceptible to ________ social influence.
A) more; normative but not informational
B) more; informational and normative
C) less; normative but not informational
D) less; informational and normative
Q4) Define conformity, compliance, and obedience and provide an example of each.
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Chapter 10: Relationships and Attraction
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Sample Questions
Q1) Larry suspects that his girlfriend wants to break up with him. Being a rather mean-spirited fellow, Larry tells his girlfriend that if she breaks up with him, she will be alone and will never find another boyfriend. To manipulate his girlfriend, Larry is drawing his girlfriend's attention to the ________ component of Caryl Rusbult's investment model of commitment.
A) investment
B) alternative partners
C) rewards
D) passion
Q2) Tamara has been married to Josh for seven years. They have three children, own a house together, and have many mutual friends. According to the investment model of commitment, Tamara may be hesitant to end her marriage, even if she is dissatisfied, because of
A) her idealization of her partner.
B) the availability of potential alternative partners.
C) the magnitude of her investment.
D) her belief that divorce is immoral.
Q3) Evaluate the claim that people tend to have the same attachment style across all of their relationships. Describe research from the textbook to support or refute this claim.
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Page 12
Chapter 11: Stereotyping, Prejudice, and Discrimination
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following scenarios illustrates "basking in reflected glory"?
A) feeling happy when you receive an A on your paper
B) congratulating a friend on a job well done
C) exaggerating how much effort you put into a group project
D) wearing your school's T-shirt whenever its football team wins
Q2) Research on the principle of paired distinctiveness has shown that people tend to ________ how often a negative behavior is performed by members of a minority group and ________ how often a negative behavior is performed by members of a majority group.
A) underestimate; overestimate
B) overestimate; underestimate
C) overestimate; overestimate
D) underestimate; underestimate
Q3) Imagine that you want to design an IAT to assess prejudice toward people who are overweight. Describe how you might design such a test, and explain what response patterns would indicate greater prejudice.
Q4) Define modern racism and give an example of one method that researchers have used to measure it.
Q5) Give an example of the outgroup homogeneity effect and explain why it occurs.
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Chapter 12: Groups
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Sample Questions
Q1) Who will likely perform better on an upcoming test?
A) Shannon, who is studying primarily alone
B) Kelly, who is studying only in a group of ten
C) Brad, who is studying only in a group of two
D) There will be no difference in test performance regardless of the context of studying.
Q2) In order to prevent the occurrence of groupthink, a group leader should
A) refrain from making his or her opinion known at the beginning of the discussion.
B) decrease the group's exposure to opinions of nongroup members.
C) dismiss group members who are critical of the prevailing opinion.
D) increase the cohesiveness of the group.
Q3) Which of the following events best illustrates the disastrous effects of groupthink?
A) the Johnson administration's eventual decision to decrease the number of troops fighting in Vietnam
B) the Kennedy administration's decision to conduct the Bay of Pigs invasion
C) the Japanese government's decision to bomb Pearl Harbor
D) All of the above are correct.
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Chapter 13: Aggression
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Sample Questions
Q1) How do approaches focused on restorative justice differ from traditional criminal justice approaches?
A) Offenders are encouraged to take responsibility for their crimes, make reparations, and engage in a respectful dialogue with victims.
B) Offenders are punished for their crimes in direct proportion to the suffering or damage that they caused.
C) Offenders and victims are separated and denied any opportunity to communicate.
D) Victims are given the power to determine the appropriate punishment for offenders.
Q2) Aggression that is motivated by feelings of anger and hostility is called ________ aggression, whereas aggression that is motivated by a desire to gain status or to acquire wealth is called ________ aggression.
A) reactive; relational
B) instrumental; hostile
C) hostile; instrumental
D) relational; reactive
Q3) Define culture of honor and describe its influence on aggression.
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Chapter 14: Altruism and Cooperation
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Q1) Stephen notices that Jenny is sitting by herself in the cafeteria, crying. Watching her cry makes Stephen feel upset, so he goes over to try to comfort her. Stephen's behavior is likely motivated by the ________ motive for helping others.
A) affiliative
B) personal distress
C) empathic concern
D) reciprocity
Q2) The collective beliefs, evaluations, and impressions other people hold about an individual are referred to as his or her ________.
A) personal construal.
B) reputation.
C) self-schema.
D) interaction history.
Q3) Drawing on research described in the textbook, evaluate the idea that religion makes people more altruistic.
Q4) Describe how pluralistic ignorance impacts altruism and explain why seeing other people's facial expressions can reduce the effects of pluralistic ignorance.
Q5) Describe the tit-for-tat strategy and evaluate its effectiveness.
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Chapter 15: Application Module-Social Psychology and Health
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Sample Questions
Q1) Describe research that supports the role of perceived control in promoting good physical health.
Q2) Which of the following is NOT likely a mechanism by which optimism is associated with better physical health?
A) Optimists are more likely to engage in good health practices.
B) Optimists are more likely to respond to stress with less HPA axis activity.
C) Optimists are less likely to need to rely on others for support.
D) Optimists are more likely to develop good social support networks.
Q3) Explain how differences in the social and physical environments of upper- and lower-SES neighborhoods can contribute to health disparities.
Q4) Diana and Julie are asked to give presentations at work with only ten minutes to prepare. Diana has a good friend in the audience, whereas Julie does not. Who is likely to become the most stressed during the presentation?
A) Julie
B) Diana
C) They are likely to feel equally stressed.
D) Neither is likely to feel stressed.
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Chapter 16: Application Module- Social Psychology and Personal Finance
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Sample Questions
Q1) Rhonda and June are both planning a trip to Las Vegas. Rhonda saved up for six months to pay for the trip, whereas June was given plane tickets and hotel lodging as a bonus from her employer. In both cases, the purchase of the trip is nonrefundable. Two days before the trip, Rhonda and June both develop bronchitis and have a strong desire to cancel the trip. Given this situation, which of the following is true?
A) Rhonda is more likely to cancel the trip, whereas June is more likely to go through with the trip because she will feel obligated to honor the gift she received.
B) Rhonda is more likely to cancel the trip, because purchasing the trip on her own gives her a greater sense of control.
C) Rhonda is less likely to cancel the trip, because she will be reluctant to waste her money, even though she will not likely enjoy the vacation due to her sickness.
D) Rhonda is less likely to cancel the trip, because she will have developed a tendency toward risk seeking after purchasing her tickets.
Q2) Explain what is meant by mental accounting and describe the disadvantages of mental accounting for financial decision making.
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Page 18
Chapter 17: Application Module- Social Psychology and Education
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Q1) In research conducted by Geoffrey Cohen and colleagues (2009), minority students were asked to write about their most important values at the beginning of middle school. What was the result of this intervention?
A) The students began to show an entity theory of intelligence.
B) The students whose values were unrelated to academics saw their grades decline.
C) The students' grades improved over two years.
D) The students reported better social relationships but not improved grades.
Q2) Which of the following may account for the above-average performance on academic tasks by many people from Asian cultures?
A) Asians are genetically smarter than Europeans and Americans.
B) Asians are less likely to be affected by stereotype threat than Europeans and Americans.
C) Asian culture emphasizes an incremental view of intelligence, leading people to work harder to succeed.
D) Asian culture emphasizes an entity view of intelligence, leading people to be more confident in their strengths.
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Chapter 18: Application Module- Social Psychology and the Law
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Sample Questions
Q1) Eyewitness errors have been found to be involved in more than ________ percent of cases of wrongful convictions.
A) 50
B) 25
C) 75
D) 90
Q2) The goal of the ________ motive is to punish the deed that was committed; the goal of the ________ motive is to prevent future crimes.
A) deterrence; just desserts
B) attribution; deterrence
C) just desserts; deterrence
D) just desserts; compensatory
Q3) Challenge the idea that eyewitness testimony is accurate and reliable. Describe two research findings that support your argument.
Q4) All of the following are true of death-qualified jurors EXCEPT they are more
A) concerned about crime.
B) skeptical of civil liberties that protect the rights of the accused.
C) likely to convict the suspect.
D) distrusting of police.
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