Social Inequality Test
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Course Introduction
Social Inequality explores the structures, causes, and consequences of unequal distribution of resources, power, and opportunities across different groups within societies. The course examines major theories and approaches in understanding how factors such as class, race, gender, ethnicity, age, and sexuality shape experiences and opportunities. Through critical analysis of empirical research, students investigate the historical development and current manifestations of inequality, its impact on individuals and groups, and the ways in which policies and social movements have sought to reduce disparities. The course encourages students to reflect on their own positions in relation to social hierarchies and to consider transformative solutions for fostering a more just and equitable society.
Recommended Textbook
New Society 8th Edition by Robert J. Brym
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Chapter 1: Introducing Sociology
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Q1) Shawn is an adolescent boy who is confused about his sexual identity as a heterosexual,but he is aware that his family is unaccepting of alternative sexual identities.In an attempt to resolve this confusion,he joins an online forum for young homosexuals so that he can experiment with an alternate sexual identity.Which unresolved social issue in today's society does Shawn's behaviour reflect?
A) prosperity versus inequality
B) autonomy versus constraint
C) manifest functions versus latent functions
D) diversity versus uniformity
Answer: B
Q2) Which Canadian sociologist is noted for a dramaturgical approach to symbolic interactionism?
A) S.D.Clark
B) John Porter
C) Erving Goffman
D) Margrit Eichler
Answer: C
Q3) Identify and describe the great sociological puzzles of our time.
Answer: Postindustrialism and globalization
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Chapter 2: Research Methods
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Q1) Students who work at part-time jobs get lower grades than those who do not work.In methodological terms,what kind of variable are students' grades?
A) mediating
B) independent
C) dependent
D) confounding
Answer: C
Q2) Making unconscious mistakes in classifying or selecting observations is now commonly discussed as being a danger to good methodological procedure.What term denotes this practice?
A) selective data manipulation
B) observer bias
C) researcher prejudice
D) unconscious discrimination
Answer: B
Q3) In Canada,the long-form census is mandatory.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Culture
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Q1) Which statement best describes consumerism?
A) It is a lifestyle marked by sharing and an emphasis on democracy.
B) It is a lifestyle in which people define themselves by what they eat.
C) It is a lifestyle marked by behavioural refinement,style,and grace.
D) It is a lifestyle that involves people defining themselves by what they buy.
Answer: D
Q2) Maria va a emailiar Juan.What social phenomenon does "emailiar" in this Spanish sentence illustrate?
A) the importance of technology
B) the globalization of English
C) the changing communications of youth
D) the dominance of consumerism
Answer: B
Q3) According to the text,what are the three main human survival tools that make culture possible?
Answer: Abstraction,cooperation,production
Q4) Define ethnocentrism and provide examples of its manifestations.
Answer: Judging another culture exclusively by the standards of our own culture;the text makes reference to Aboriginal peoples,Muslims,and India.
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Chapter 4: Socialization
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Q1) What term refers to associations of people,scattered across the country or the world,who interact via the computer on subjects of mutual interest?
A) global communities
B) virtual communities
C) computer-mediated communities
D) deep net communities
Q2) What is one of the most important factors contributing to the growing flexibility of self?
A) resocialization
B) increasing levels of education
C) globalization
D) spread of self-help groups
Q3) There are four identifiable generations in Canada.
A)True
B)False
Q4) According to feminist sociologists,people are not born knowing how to express masculinity and femininity but rather learn the conventional expressions.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 5: Gender and Sexualities
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Q1) What are sexual scripts? Using examples from your own experiences,illustrate how sexual scripts have influenced your behaviour.
Q2) According to the text,what do sexual scripts tell us?
A) how to be a matchmaker
B) when females ovulate
C) people's sexual orientation
D) how to behave sexually
Q3) Social constructionists argue that gender is the product of biological properties and not the product of social structure and culture.
A)True
B)False
Q4) One night a young boy has an opportunity to catch a glimpse of his mother undressing through a slim crack in her bedroom door and he gets an erection.Thereafter he has erotic fantasies about his mother.Which theorist would classify this as an important stage of sexual development?
A) a Freudian theorist
B) a culturalist theorist
C) an essentialist theorist
D) a constructivist theorist
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Chapter 6: Communication and Mass Media
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Q1) Which of the following is NOT a major form of decoding that is used by audience members when interpreting media messages?
A) They may accept the intended meaning.
B) They may reject the intended meaning.
C) They may negotiate the intended meaning.
D) They may misrepresent the intended meaning.
Q2) According to Herman and Chomsky's analysis of the media,what is the "propaganda model"?
A) The media is an open forum where diversity of opinion is prevalent.
B) The media serves at the beck-and-call of the viewers' interests.
C) The media are not controlled by any specific socioeconomic interest.
D) The media filters content to reduce or eliminate subversive views.
Q3) In the propaganda model of the media put forward by Edward S.Herman and Noam Chomsky,what are their five main arguments?
Q4) In Canada,the newspaper industry is becoming increasingly concentrated with fewer corporate owners.
A)True
B)False
Q5) List three benefits of social media and discuss.
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Chapter 7: Social Stratification
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Q1) A young man from a humble inner-city background works part-time to get a good education,starts a high-tech company,earns millions of dollars,buys the local NHL franchise,and later becomes a member of Canada's parliament.What term best explains why he was able to take this career path?
A) social ambition
B) social mobility
C) forward mobility
D) status gain
Q2) Low-income cutoffs are calculated for communities of various sizes and for families of various sizes within those communities.
A)True
B)False
Q3) A very large proportion of the poor in Canada are made up of the working poor.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Relative poverty is when someone barely has enough to stay alive.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Identify and describe the four types of occupational mobility.
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Chapter 8: Gender Inequality
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Q1) Despite decades of effort,workplaces are still highly gender segregated and this fact contributes significantly to the wage gap between men and women.Explain how gender segregation in the workplace negatively affects the earning power of women.
Q2) According to the text,what happened to the employment rate for women with children under the age of six between 1976 and 2012?
A) It remained relatively stable.
B) It increased approximately 20%.
C) It steadily increased until 1999,then started to decline.
D) It more than doubled.
Q3) Why do many sociologists criticize sex-role socialization theory for explaining gender inequality in paid work?
A) It suggests that change is inevitable.
B) It is overly deterministic.
C) It is a demand-side explanation.
D) It is based on jobs that no longer exist.
Q4) List and discuss two popular individual-centred explanations that are used when analyzing gender differences in unpaid work.
Q5) What is precarious employment?
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Chapter 9: Race and Ethnic Relations
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Q1) According to the text,what kind of prerogative do the English and French charter groups have in Canada?
A) They are able to set the terms under which others are admitted to the country.
B) Both charter groups use their influence to make a more equal society.
C) The English are unable to wield power over the other main charter group in Canada.
D) The French wield power to control the other main charter group in Canada.
Q2) Before 1962,Canadian immigration policy was based on the assumption that European immigrants were racially and culturally superior to all other potential immigrants.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Overtly racist ideas concerning the perceived superiority and inferiority of specific groups are less common now than in the past.Describe and explain three forms of racism that occur more frequently in Canada in the twenty-first century.
Q4) Define institutional racism and list the three forms that it can take.
Q5) Describe and explain the difference between civic nationalism and ethnic nationalism.
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Chapter 10: Development and Underdevelopment
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Q1) What term is given to "the pursuit of competitive enterprises for profit"?
A) economics
B) socialism
C) corporatism
D) capitalism
Q2) Which development theorist would describe development as a traditional society "taking off" after it came into contact with a developed society?
A) Milton Friedman
B) W.W.Rostow
C) David McClelland
D) Maynard Keynes
Q3) Country X is a newly industrializing country in the era of globalization and transnational trade.Whose economic approach should government mirror in order to stimulate the economy and benefit the citizens?
A) Keynes
B) Marx
C) Friedman
D) IMF
Q4) What is the Washington consensus?
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Chapter 11: Families
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Q1) According to Talcott Parsons,what functions does the family perform?
Q2) Same-sex parents are able to foster and adopt children through the Children's Aid Society.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which factor determined the composition of households in preindustrial societies?
A) labour requirements
B) religious beliefs and values
C) ideas of love and caring
D) family size
Q4) Alvin was arguing that women should be home raising the children rather than putting them into daycare while both parents work.His daughter Shirley replies that the reason so many women stay in abusive relationships is because of their financial dependence,which results from the fact that they are staying home to raise the children.What is Shirley asserting?
A) her belief that financial dependence results in abusive relationships
B) a critique of the functionalist perspective
C) an anti-family values perspective
D) a justification of gender-based inequality
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Chapter 12: Work and Occupations
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Q1) An immigrant dentist found that he had to take some additional courses and pay the Canadian Dental Association $10,000 before he could practise in Canada.He had no problem with taking the courses,but he did not have $10,000 to pay the association.What was the intended effect of this payment requirement?
A) It created professional dominance for dentists.
B) It created intrinsic rewards for dentists.
C) It created a nonstandard job opportunity.
D) It created a labour-market shelter.
Q2) As company size increases,workers' feelings of isolation and powerlessness decrease.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which statement best describes a 30-year trend in union membership in Canada?
A) Union representation of contract workers has grown.
B) Unions have grown rapidly in nonstandard work.
C) Membership has increased among females.
D) Union membership has declined significantly.
Q4) McDonaldization is a term attributed to Max Weber.
A)True
B)False
Page 14
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Chapter 13: Education
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Q1) Even though females are enrolled in postsecondary education in greater numbers than males,many still find themselves being guided toward education leading to nursing,social work,and education careers.What term best identifies the reinforcement of these roles for women?
A) job typing
B) gender traditionalism
C) nurturing primordialism
D) job coaxing
Q2) Which group of children will fare better in school because of an advantaged home environment?
A) immigrant children
B) affluent children
C) intelligent children
D) Asian children
Q3) Canadians rate our public schools favourably and believe that teachers and principals do a very good job.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Define and explain the significance of the hidden curriculum in education.
Q5) Explain how school choice is growing in Canada.
Page 15
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Chapter 14: Religion
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Q1) According to the text,what trend is evident among U.S.mega-churches?
A) They have not been able to compete with TV evangelists.
B) They have been closing and their properties are being sold.
C) They can no longer make ends meet because of poor attendance.
D) They make it more difficult for smaller congregations to attract members.
Q2) Abimbola's father refused to attend church services with his family because he believed that church goers were the most racist and prejudiced group of people in society.According to Gorsuch and Aleshire,what would Abimbola assert?
A) I agree,Dad;all attendees are racially prejudiced.
B) Dad,not all are prejudiced,but most are.
C) Dad,it's only the church members who don't attend services who are racist and prejudiced.
D) Dad,the people who are marginally involved tend to be more racist and prejudiced.
Q3) Who wrote The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism?
A) Karl Marx
B) Max Weber
C) Talcott Parsons
D) Émile Durkheim
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Chapter 15: Deviance and Crime
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Q1) What percentage of crime is unearthed through the efforts of police?
A) no more than 5 percent
B) no more than 10 percent
C) no more than 15 percent
D) no more than 20 percent
Q2) What are the consequences of media crime reporting for the average Canadian?
A) Canadians overestimate the amount of crime in their communities.
B) Canadians take drastic measures to be safer.
C) Canadians are reassured that the police are effective.
D) Canadians underestimate the amount of crime in their neighbourhoods.
Q3) According to Robert Merton,pioneer of control theory,deviance and crime occurs when young people experience weak ties to the conventional world.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Why are mala prohibita crimes socially controversial?
A) They are not considered crimes.
B) They lack consensus.
C) Convictions are hard to get.
D) Their punishments vary.
Q5) Discuss strain theory and its variations.Give examples.
Page 17
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Chapter 16: Population and Urbanization
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Q1) Allyson recently got a new job in her field by relocating from the city's centre to an urban area 30 kilometres out,where she has cheaper rent and all the social amenities such as shopping,fitness,recreation,and entertainment centres.Which term best describes this area?
A) ring city
B) rim city
C) peripheral city
D) edge city
Q2) What was the term coined by Louis Wirth that described the city way of life as one that is economically efficient but socially destructive?
A) urbanism
B) industrialization
C) population control
D) gentrification
Q3) Gentrification is a "stay in the city" rather than a "back to the city" movement.
A)True
B)False
Q4) What five major elements comprise the corporate city?
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Chapter 17: Sociology and the Environment
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Q1) Brian learned that an international logging company was going to be clear cutting an old growth forest of Douglas fir trees in Cathedral Grove.He and other members of the "Friends of the Grove" group organized a "Crime Against Nature" protest,scheduling it for the day the loggers were to start work and issuing a press release.The day of the protest,representatives from four major news outlets showed up.Why?
A) It was a slow news day.
B) Environmental issues are associated with controversy and dramatic moments.
C) The media has a mandate to cover human interest stories.
D) It was an international rather than domestic logging company.
Q2) Harold is an environmentally conscious individual,and every December he keeps his exterior Christmas lights to a minimum.This year he found a half-price sale on outdoor high-efficiency LED Christmas lights,purchased 20 packages,and decorated every tree and shrub in his yard.What has impacted Harold's behaviour?
A) corporate sales and greenwashing
B) reframing of environmental issues
C) the effect known as Jevon's paradox
D) front-of-the-mind issue of trying to out-decorate his neighbours
Q3) What is corporate greenwashing? Why would companies be inclined to practise it?
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Chapter 18: Health and Aging
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Q1) What is the predominant form of health care in Canada?
A) self-care and informal care
B) care from doctors,clinics,and hospitals
C) bureaucratic and institutional
D) in-home nursing care,paid for by families
Q2) Simon makes a point of visiting his great-grandparents,Boris and Olga,every week to do some household chores that they are no longer capable of doing because they're in their late 80s.He routinely enquires about their health and has noticed a difference in the responses they each offer.According to the text,what would he most likely be noticing?
A) Boris is extremely less healthy than Olga is.
B) Olga complains about her heart problems,and Boris suffers greatly from allergies.
C) Boris has extreme difficulty doing any physical activity,and Olga is as spry as she was two decades earlier.
D) Olga talks about her bad back and high blood pressure,Boris about his diabetes regimen.
Q3) In 1920,Canadian men lived to around age 60.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 19: Politics and Social Movements
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Q1) Which statement summarizes a belief of elite theorists?
A) Small groups occupy the command posts of society.
B) Power is widely distributed among small groups of people.
C) Everyone has a chance to become a member of the ruling class.
D) Only the educated elite should have the right to govern.
Q2) Who is credited with initiating the Occupy Wall Street movement?
A) sociologist C.Wright Mills
B) Kalle Lasn,editor of Adbusters
C) feminist Andrea Dworkin
D) Mike Davis,Marxist writer and political activist
Q3) In a class presentation on "Violence against Women," Geena argued that intimate partner violence is the result of a societal patriarchal ideology and the accompanying male domination within a family.Which feminist stance provides the basis for Geena's position?
A) radical feminism
B) liberal feminism
C) socialist feminism
D) postmodern feminism
Q4) Describe the basic tenets of resource-mobilization theory.Is it applicable to Canada? Why?
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Chapter 20: Globalization
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Q1) Corporations fail when it comes to using social dissent to sell more consumer products.
A)True
B)False
Q2) What is the largest contributor to greenhouse gas emissions?
A) individual car usage
B) agricultural production
C) air-conditioning use
D) air travel
Q3) Explain how Cuba is an exception to most of what is represented by globalization.
Q4) One of the biggest driving forces behind globalization is outsourcing (or some may refer to it as "off-shoring")-the relocating of manufacturing,production,or distribution duties to other countries.What impact does this practice have on workers in both countries?
Q5) Cuba's agricultural system was forced to adopt more sustainable methods after the end of the Cold War and the collapse of the U.S.economy.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 21: Networks, Groups, and Bureaucracies
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Q1) Which of the following was NOT addressed in Weber's definition of bureaucracy?
A) impersonal rules
B) extensive paperwork
C) hierarchy of officials
D) salaries
Q2) The Crooked River Trail Runners are a network of people who come together to participate in races,have an annual party,and give out awards to top competitors.What kind of group is this?
A) primary group
B) social category
C) running club
D) social group
Q3) Which statement best reflects Max Weber's perspective of bureaucracies?
A) They are the least efficient secondary group.
B) They are the most efficient secondary group.
C) They are a force destructive to social solidarity.
D) They contribute to social solidarity.
Q4) What is groupthink? Give an example.
Q5) What are the four main criticisms that sociologists have levelled against bureaucracies?
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