Social Inequality Final Exam
Course Introduction
This course examines the structures, causes, and consequences of social inequality in contemporary societies. Students will explore the distribution of resources, opportunities, and privileges across lines of class, race, gender, ethnicity, and other social categories. Through theoretical frameworks, empirical research, and case studies, the course analyzes how systems of power and stratification shape individual life chances and social outcomes. Topics include poverty and wealth, educational and occupational disparities, health inequalities, and the impact of public policy on social justice. By the end of the course, students will be equipped to critically evaluate the roots and ramifications of inequality, as well as consider pathways toward greater social equity.
Recommended Textbook
New Society 8th Edition by Robert J. Brym
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Chapter 1: Introducing Sociology
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Q1) Briefly describe the three levels of social structures that surround and penetrate us,and provide an example for each.
Answer: Levels: Microstructures,macrostructures,global structures
Examples: Families,patriarchy,economic relations between countries
Q2) Antonio believes that he should make the money and control the finances while his wife,Maria,should raise the children and keep the house clean.Which macrostructure most likely influences Antonio's views?
A) globalization
B) class conflict
C) patriarchy
D) capitalist economy
Answer: C
Q3) Which of the following is the most appropriate level of analysis for symbolic interactionists?
A) microlevel social settings
B) social classes
C) social institutions
D) macrolevel structures
Answer: A
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Chapter 2: Research Methods
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Q1) A researcher conducts a very carefully designed experiment on the relationship between time spent viewing violent video games and the incidence of violent behaviour.The researcher then generalizes these results to the broader gaming community.If the research accurately reflects behaviours in the broader gaming community,then what can be said about this experiment?
A) It has spurious results.
B) It has external validity.
C) It has sampling.
D) It has internal validity.
Answer: B
Q2) According to research outlined in the text,which statement best describes the relationship between education,income,and gender?
A) Data suggest the effect of education on income for men and women is about the same.
B) Data support the contention that schooling is a spurious variable.
C) There may be a causal link between education and gender income differentials.
D) There is no causal link between education and gender income differentials.
Answer: C
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4
Chapter 3: Culture
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Q1) According to the text,what does recent Canadian data on cultural diversification show?
A) There are now more Muslims in Canada than Christians.
B) More than one-fifth of Canada's population will be nonwhite by 2017.
C) About 95 percent of Canadian immigrants are from outside Europe and the United States.
D) About 95 percent of Canadian immigrants are from Europe and the United States.
Answer: B
Q2) Advertising tries to make us feel as though certain commodities will make us more desirable.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) The generational gap between youth and adults is an example of cultural fragmentation.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Chapter 4: Socialization
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Q1) Musa was raised in a neighbourhood that was rife with drive-by shootings and gang violence.When visiting his cousins in an up-scale neighbourhood,a car drives by and backfires.Musa immediately drops to the ground and covers his head.Which sociological concept best explains Musa's actions?
A) primary socialization
B) self-fulfilling prophecy
C) societal influences
D) Thomas theorem
Q2) What is one of the most important factors contributing to the growing flexibility of self?
A) resocialization
B) increasing levels of education
C) globalization
D) spread of self-help groups
Q3) The last residential school for Canadian Aboriginal children closed in 1956.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Sociologists maintain that socialization is a life-long process.Do you agree? What kinds of evidence can be offered to support your position?
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Chapter 5: Gender and Sexualities
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Q1) Jason,my four-year-old son,likes to play with a doll I gave him,tucking her in each night and having tea with her every morning.My husband keeps giving him trucks to distract him from the doll,but Jason doesn't seem interested in the vehicles.What is my husband trying to do?
A) encourage gender-specific behaviours
B) encourage social behaviours
C) encourage constructive behaviours
D) encourage natural behaviours
Q2) According to the text,what is the essential lesson to be drawn from the David/Brenda case?
A) Social learning of gender begins very early in life.
B) Gender identity is mainly a biological imperative.
C) Sexuality is constructed around an individual's biological attributes.
D) Gender is not necessary for a person's identity.
Q3) Explain what is meant by the new sexual ethic.Provide examples from the media and your experiences that illustrate this new sexual ethic.
Q4) Explain the difference between transgendered persons and transsexuals.
Q5) Explain the difference between one's sex and one's gender.
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Chapter 6: Communication and Mass Media
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Q1) Which of the following is a limitation of deterministic theories of media influence on the issue of elite control of media?
A) News agencies may rely heavily on corporate and government sources but this does not stop journalistic criticism.
B) They are few examples of mainstream journalists who oppose government and big business.
C) Deterministic theories do not consider the socializing function of mass media.
D) Journalists find very little to criticize in the corporate and political realm.
Q2) An example of bottom-up surveillance on social media is an employer accessing profiles on Facebook in order to monitor the behaviour of employees.
A)True
B)False
Q3) What significant technology did Johannes Gutenberg invent?
A) telegraph
B) World Wide Web
C) printing press
D) personal computer
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Chapter 7: Social Stratification
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Q1) What are the two major components making up Marx's concept of the mode of production?
Q2) To be a social worker in Canada,a person must be a graduate of a school accredited by the social work association,complete the association's written examination,and maintain membership in the association.According to Weber,what term best describes this association's practices?
A) social blockage
B) social closure
C) occupational restriction
D) occupational licensing
Q3) An organization called the Economic Council for the Status of Women runs a national advertisement campaign with the slogan,"For every $1.00 of allowance you give your son,give your daughter 75 cents." Which form of inequality best describes what this campaign is addressing?
A) social
B) sexual
C) gender
D) income
Q4) Identify and describe the four types of occupational mobility.
Q5) Identify and explain the four types of capital as proposed by Pierre Bourdieu.
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Chapter 8: Gender Inequality
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Q1) After her mother got hired full-time as a sales clerk,Jennifer noticed that her mom was still doing the majority of the household chores.When Jennifer asked her why Dad wasn't helping out more,her mom replied "Dad's job is more mentally draining and that's why he makes the big money." Which theory could be used to understand this situation?
A) human capital
B) sex-role socialization
C) time availability
D) relative resource
Q2) A young woman working at a minimum-wage job has trouble paying her rent,and sells some of her possessions;later her power is shut off,and eventually she gets evicted and must live on the street.Which term best describes her situation?
A) resource deprivation
B) inequality of opportunities
C) conflicting responsibilities
D) worker exploitation
Q3) Most young men and women say they expect to share domestic responsibilities equally.Given what you now know from reading the text,discuss what the likely reality for these young couples will be and why.
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Chapter 9: Race and Ethnic Relations
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Q1) Ana Celia Zentella's research in the United States identified that Puerto Ricans are sometimes accused of "acting white." For example,this can happen when they learn to speak English without a Spanish accent or when they dress to fit into "corporate America." What aspect of ethnic identity do these Puerto Ricans demonstrate?
A) Ethnicity can be hidden.
B) Ethnicity can be embarrassing.
C) Ethnicity is an achieved status.
D) Ethnicity is an ascribed status.
Q2) Many schools have implemented a multicultural week into their curriculum and activities focus on the presentation of the objective elements of ethnicity.Which of the following would be addressed during this week?
A) a sense of belonging,or a shared "we feeling"
B) dish,dance,dialect,and dress of various groups
C) labels and definitions applied by different ethnic groups
D) categorization into ethnic groups based on self-identification
Q3) Describe and explain the difference between civic nationalism and ethnic nationalism.
Q4) Define institutional racism and list the three forms that it can take.
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Page 11
Chapter 10: Development and Underdevelopment
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Q1) Since 2000,a number of Central and South American countries have elected anti-neoliberalist governments.How has this sentiment been reflected in their economic development plans?
A) They nationalized their key resource industries.
B) Some have bolstered their armed forces to attack the drug cartels.
C) They solidified the position of large agribusiness to strengthen the export of crops.
D) Most of them moved quickly to deregulate the marketplace.
Q2) Dependency theory shows how European colonizing powers blocked the emergence of industrial capitalism in the Global South.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The "Asian Tigers" (South Korea,Taiwan,and Singapore)have experienced rapid growth and industrialization in recent decades.Which statement best explains their successful development?
A) They followed neoliberal policies.
B) They established large export-processing zones.
C) They had strict,state-led,economic regulation of capitalism.
D) They were not all that different from Western industrialized countries.
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Page 12
Chapter 11: Families
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Q1) Which province in Canada has exceptionally high rates of cohabitation?
A) Ontario
B) British Columbia
C) Manitoba
D) Quebec
Q2) The care of children in foraging societies was the responsibility of an individual household.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Nina had just moved into the area and was talking with her neighbour.When Nina asked her how long she had lived there,Estelle responded,"The minute they instituted the no-fault divorce." When did Estelle move in?
A) 1968
B) 1975
C) 1985
D) 1988
Q4) Same-sex parents are able to foster and adopt children through the Children's Aid Society.
A)True
B)False
Page 13
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Chapter 12: Work and Occupations
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Q1) Rafal has his own business and loves the independence.He is able to make his own decisions and build a client base he enjoys working with,and he loves the challenge of being his own boss.What aspect of his business does Rafal enjoy the most?
A) intrinsic rewards
B) extrinsic rewards
C) opportunities for advancement
D) resulting income
Q2) According to the text,when evaluating their job satisfaction,who do female workers tend to compare themselves to?
A) to friends and relatives
B) to men and women
C) to other women
D) to men
Q3) Whose originated the concept of worker alienation?
A) Max Weber
B) Karl Marx
C) George Ritzer
D) Harry Braverman
Q4) Discuss the pros and cons of McDonaldization.
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Chapter 13: Education
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Q1) Children of economically disadvantaged households fare just as well in school as children from affluent home environments.
A)True
B)False
Q2) When applied to education,the concept "American Dream" refers to the notion that it is possible for any motivated and hardworking young person to be successful in the education system,leading to socioeconomic success and upward social mobility in adulthood.Is this a myth or is it reality? Discuss,incorporating evidence drawn from this chapter.
Q3) What are the issues involving the creation of gender and racial identities in education?
Q4) According to the text,what influence did religion have in Canadian education by the 1960s?
A) Religion was the central focus of Canadian schools.
B) Religion was becoming less and less influential in education.
C) Schools were tending to become even more religious.
D) Schools became strictly nonreligious.
Q5) Compare the nature of moral educational before the late 1960s with what came afterward.What was the main difference in morality?
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Chapter 14: Religion
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Q1) According to the text,when Canadians are asked about actual membership in religious groups,about 30 percent claim to belong to churches.
A)True
B)False
Q2) According to the text,religion may one day disappear.
A)True
B)False
Q3) In comparison to Canada,the United States is seen as being ostentatiously nationalistic.Americans ritualistically perform pledges of national allegiance,troop the colours,wave the flag,sing the national anthem,and celebrate national holidays.What term best helps us distinguish their fervour and national pride from Canadian's more modest displays of national pride?
A) civil religion
B) civil pride
C) national faith
D) national spirit
Q4) Imagine that you were designing a questionnaire to ascertain the "religiosity" of your sociology classmates.What questions would you ask,and why?
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Chapter 15: Deviance and Crime
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Q1) According to the text,how effective is deterrence?
A) There is ample proof that harsh deterrents reduce crime.
B) Deterrence does not work at all.
C) Mild deterrents have little effect upon recidivism.
D) Deterrence is ineffective when criminals are irrational.
Q2) What does Wortley and Tanner's research on gang membership in Toronto reveal?
A) Groups and group membership are sharply declining.
B) Most gang members join so they can commit crimes.
C) Most gang members do not commit crimes.
D) Groups are growing at an alarming rate.
Q3) A lower-class visible minority male steals $100 from a local variety store in order to buy groceries for his family.He is arrested,convicted,and sent to jail for six months.A white male steals $100 million from his investors to pay for his luxurious homes and lavish parties.He is arrested but not convicted.Using what you've learned in this chapter,explain this.
Q4) Why do crime stories figure so prominently in the media?
A) Overall crime is increasing.
B) Nobody wants to hear "good news."
C) Violence sells more media products.
D) Violent crime is considered highly newsworthy.
Page 17
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Chapter 16: Population and Urbanization
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Q1) Beyond the city limits northwest of Toronto,perched on the Niagara Escarpment,lies Caledon: a rural community where many city dwellers have relocated to escape the urban lifestyle.Which term identifies this trend in relocation?
A) urban drift
B) urban rebellion
C) counter-urbanization
D) rural-urbanization
Q2) Women are among those most likely to settle in gentrified areas of the inner city.Why?
Q3) During the last decade of the twentieth century,migrants from other provinces flocked to Calgary and Vancouver,but few were attracted to Toronto.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Toronto,Vancouver,and Calgary all have rapidly growing populations,and all for the same reasons.
A)True
B)False
Q5) What five major elements comprise the corporate city?
Q6) Why is Don Mills important in the study of suburbs?
Page 18
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Chapter 17: Sociology and the Environment
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Q1) What is meant by the assertion that environmental concern appears to follow an economic contingency logic? Why might this be?
Q2) According to your text,what plays a substantial role in influencing the environmental attitudes and behaviours of people?
A) scientific reports
B) popular films
C) environmental journals
D) educational programs
Q3) Brian learned that an international logging company was going to be clear cutting an old growth forest of Douglas fir trees in Cathedral Grove.He and other members of the "Friends of the Grove" group organized a "Crime Against Nature" protest,scheduling it for the day the loggers were to start work and issuing a press release.The day of the protest,representatives from four major news outlets showed up.Why?
A) It was a slow news day.
B) Environmental issues are associated with controversy and dramatic moments.
C) The media has a mandate to cover human interest stories.
D) It was an international rather than domestic logging company.
Q4) What is the polluter pays principle?
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Page 19
Chapter 18: Health and Aging
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Q1) At the dinner table,conversation focused on Canada's recent government proposal to increase immigration numbers.Robert's father was opposed,stating "They're just going to be a drain on our healthcare system." Robert interjected that they will probably be healthier than a number of Canadian-born citizens.Why would Robert assert this?
A) Potential immigrants are more interested in holistic medicine than organized healthcare.
B) Immigrants tend to have overall healthier lifestyles.
C) Immigrants generally come from countries with healthcare systems superior to that found in Canada.
D) Potential immigrants must meet a minimum health standard prior to being allowed into Canada.
Q2) Whitefeather's statuses include being elderly,Aboriginal,and female.What hypothesis might be applied to her?
A) age as leveller
B) compression of morbidity
C) multiple jeopardy
D) multiple discriminators
Q3) Why are physicians considered to be the gatekeepers to our health-care system?
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Chapter 19: Politics and Social Movements
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Q1) The Council of Canadians and the Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives have worked on several campaigns to gain political support for issues like a guaranteed annual income for Canadians and poverty reduction strategies.What kind of group are these organizations?
A) social conscience groups
B) moral entrepreneurs
C) lobbies
D) public opinion groups
Q2) What is the ultimate seat of power in Canadian society?
A) the state
B) the Prime Minister's office
C) the Supreme Court of Canada
D) public opinion
Q3) Which term refers to a citizen's right to a certain level of economic security and public participation?
A) civil citizenship
B) economic citizenship
C) political citizenship
D) social citizenship
Q4) What was the Occupy Wall Street movement,and what did it achieve?
Page 21
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Chapter 20: Globalization
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Q1) Where are the movies made that are most likely to be featured in a Canadian movie theatre?
A) Denmark
B) Canada
C) Britain
D) the United States
Q2) In class,Shareen was asked to give an example of globalization of production.Which of the following would be her response?
A) Boeing sells jet planes to companies in Japan.
B) Hospitals outsource the reading of x-rays to technicians in India.
C) Caterpillar and Komatsu both sell earthmoving equipment around the globe.
D) Coca-Cola sells their soft drinks around the world.
Q3) Which type of activist would be involved in top-down globalization?
A) agricultural workers in the global south who are employed by Western companies
B) groups promoting globalized capitalism and free trade
C) social protesters who want to stop the spread of corporations around the world
D) angry consumers boycotting specific products that they think are too expensive
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Chapter 21: Networks, Groups, and Bureaucracies
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Q1) What major global trend has overtaken business organizations over the past 40 years?
A) Corporate and management environments have become more laissez-faire.
B) U.S.and Japanese corporate management styles have diverged.
C) Corporate and management environments have become more authoritarian.
D) U.S.and Japanese corporate management styles have converged.
Q2) In her essay "Group Minds",Doris Lessing asserts,"When we're in a group,we tend to think as that group does.It is the hardest thing in the world to maintain an individual dissident opinion as a member of a group." Do you agree or disagree with her?
Discuss,using examples from the text and your own personal experiences.
Q3) What are the four main criticisms that sociologists have levelled against bureaucracies?
Q4) In bureaucracies,bigger is not always better.Which statement helps to explain why?
A) Too many people needing supervision means sometimes people are unproductive.
B) The infrastructure of a large organization goes to maintaining itself,not to production.
C) The possibility arises to form more dyadic relationships and cliques.
D) Sometimes the dollars spent on the organization greatly outweigh the profits.
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