Social Inequality Exam Solutions
Course Introduction
This course provides an in-depth exploration of the patterns, causes, and consequences of social inequality in contemporary societies. Students will examine how disparities based on class, race, gender, ethnicity, and other social markers impact access to resources, opportunities, and power. The course covers major theoretical perspectives on inequality, as well as empirical research on topics such as poverty, education, labor markets, and health. Emphasis is placed on understanding structural mechanisms that produce and sustain inequality, the interconnections among different forms of stratification, and possible policy interventions. Throughout the course, students engage in critical analysis of case studies and current events to better understand the complexities and social implications of inequality.
Recommended Textbook
The Family Diversity Inequality and Social Change 1st Edition by Philip N. Cohen
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Page 2
Chapter 1: A Sociology of the Family
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is an example of a family tie formed by emotional connections?
A) a family friend who you refer to as "auntie"
B) your parents
C) adopted parents
D) a coworker who you see on a daily basis
Answer: A
Q2) How have theoretical approaches to understanding the family shaped the sociological understanding of family over time?
Answer: Changes in the definition of family and understandings about family structure have coincided with the emergence and evolution of sociological theory about families.These theoretical approaches have provided sociologists with tools and approaches for making sense of families,including changes in family structure,cultural influences in the definitions of families,and the increasing role of the state and market in determining family relations.
Q3) What are some of the strategies sociologists use to avoid bias in their research?
Answer: Sociologists avoid bias by relying on large,publicly funded,nationally representative studies.They also rely heavily on peer review.
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3
Chapter 2: The Family in History
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Sample Questions
Q1) Families began having fewer children in the nineteenth century.Which of the following was NOT a contributor to this change?
A) widely available information about birth control
B) couples wanted fewer children
C) decreased infant death rate
D) couples learned how to prevent pregnancy
Answer: A
Q2) The 1950s brought increased motivation for young people to marry,as the result of all of the following social forces EXCEPT:
A) government incentive.
B) moral and religious pressure.
C) cultural shifts in authority.
D) economic opportunities.
Answer: B
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Chapter 3: Race,Ethnicity,and Immigration
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Sample Questions
Q1) The 1967 Supreme Court case Loving v.Virginia declared what unconstitutional?
A) laws against homosexuality
B) laws preventing immigration
C) polygamy
D) laws against interracial marriage
Answer: D
Q2) Which minority group is least likely to marry outside its own race?
A) American Indian
B) Asian American
C) Latino
D) Black
Answer: D
Q3) Which group is gradually losing its dominant numerical status in proportion to other racial-ethnic groups?
A) White
B) American Indian
C) Asian / Pacific Islander
D) Black
Answer: A
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Families and Social Class
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is true about social class and parenting?
A) Parents usually guide their children into values that will improve their chances of social mobility.
B) Parents usually guide their children to value the traits that will prepare them to stay at the same social class level.
C) Children of working-class and poor parents tend to be more assertive.
D) Social class does not affect parenting practices very much.
Q2) Parents who work in jobs that require creativity and divergent thinking are more likely to raise their children to value
A) obedience and promptness.
B) art and music.
C) creativity and divergent thinking.
D) education.
Q3) The Gini index is
A) a measure of wealth.
B) a measure of inequality.
C) a tool for understanding poverty.
D) a measure of social mobility.
Q4) Discuss the poverty line,its origins,purpose,strengths,and weaknesses.
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Chapter 5: Gender
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Sample Questions
Q1) The ways in which parents dress their children are important because
A) it helps to turn biological sexual identities into social gender identities.
B) everyone wants to wear the latest styles.
C) physical activity level helps determine the types of clothing available for children.
D) personal expression matters more than any other element in forming gender identity.
Q2) Which of the following countries does NOT include the category of "Other" on questions about gender,thereby preventing transgendered people from being granted rights?
A) Pakistan
B) India
C) United States
D) Nepal
Q3) A sexual identity
A) is never a source of anxiety for humans.
B) develops once children start to interact with others.
C) is assigned to all children at birth.
D) will have little impact on one's future relationships.
Q4) Hypothesize two potential benefits to androgyny for males.
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Chapter 6: Sexuality
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to some social scientists,human sexual behavior in modern society is LEAST influenced by
A) evolutionary adaptation.
B) cultural variations.
C) symbolic understandings.
D) our capacity for change.
Q2) Disliking someone because they identify as lesbian,bisexual,or gay is referred to as A) heterosexism.
B) stigmatization.
C) homophobia.
D) antipathy.
Q3) "Shotgun" weddings decreased as A) acceptance of single parenthood increased.
B) acceptance of teen sex increased.
C) fewer teens engaged in premarital sex.
D) abortions increased.
Q4) Consider whether the sexual double standard will decrease in the future,using examples from the text.
Q5) Summarize the role of social networks on STD rates.
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Chapter 7: Love and Romantic Relationships
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Sample Questions
Q1) The first national singles database for connecting online was
A) OKCupid.com.
B) MarryMe.net.
C) Match.com.
D) ChristianMingle.com.
Q2) Which of the following groups is most likely to date within their racial-ethnic group?
A) Native Americans
B) African Americans
C) Asian Americans
D) Hispanic Americans
Q3) According to the text,developing a relationship has become more variable and individualized because
A) a formal dating system no longer exists.
B) dating partners rarely discuss their relationship with others.
C) only young people are involved in building relationships.
D) there is only one acceptable social script for relationships.
Q4) Support or refute the following statement: "Because we are socialized to fall in love with a certain type of person,romantic love is a myth."
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Chapter 8: Marriage and Cohabitation
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is NOT a symbolic interactionist interpretation of wedding planning and wedding ceremonies?
A) Weddings help individuals adjust to a new identity.
B) The "wedding industrial complex" is an exploitative aspect of the engagement experience.
C) Weddings socialize people into their roles.
D) Engagement rings can be an expression of love, equality, or wealth.
Q2) At this time in the United States,what fraction of people who marry have cohabited first?
A) 2/3
B) 1/2
C) 1/4
D) 1/6
Q3) Marriage rates have:
A) fallen slightly since the 1960s.
B) gradually risen since the beginning of American history.
C) dramatically decreased since the 1960s.
D) gradually decreased since the 1960s.
Q4) Outline the trends in two forms of endogamy or exogamy practiced by modern Americans.
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Chapter 9: Families and Children
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Sample Questions
Q1) Jackson,age 10,just received his first cellular phone.What does this mean in relation to his parents?
A) He is less likely to think they are cool.
B) His parents will be more likely to know what he is doing.
C) He will feel no change in his sense of freedom.
D) He will feel disconnected from his parents.
Q2) Falling rates of abortion may be due in part to which trend?
A) decreased use of contraception
B) increased access to abortion services
C) better insurance coverage for abortions
D) attacks on abortion providers
Q3) Many adults influence the life of a child.The adults who have the most direct influence are
A) teachers
B) coaches
C) those who live with them
D) stepparents
Q4) This chapter begins by considering the social meaning of "starting a family." What are the different ways that the family,the market,and the state all intervene in how people define "starting a family"?
11
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Chapter 10: Divorce,Remarriage,and Blended Families
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Sample Questions
Q1) Differentiate between the refined divorce rate and the divorce-marriage ratio.
Q2) On average,postponing marriage means couples are:
A) more financially secure.
B) less educated.
C) more unstable in their lives.
D) less emotionally developed.
Q3) According to the text,people who marry today have a ________ percent chance of getting divorced.
A) 31-40
B) 41-50
C) 51-60
D) 61-70
Q4) Consider times when divorce may be positive for children.
Q5) One out of ________ children live in a blended family.
A) three
B) four
C) five
D) six
Q6) Explain the short- and long-term impact of divorce reform on divorce rates.
Q7) Explain why definitions are important to blended families.
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Chapter 11: Work and Families
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Sample Questions
Q1) Mr.Johnson works a paid job and Mrs.Johnson primarily performs unpaid labor,such as taking care of the home and the children.What is one consequence of this situation?
A) Mr. and Mrs. Johnson have an egalitarian relationship.
B) Mr. Johnson is more likely to help out at home.
C) Mrs. Johnson's work is not recognized because it has no direct dollar value.
D) Mrs. Johnson gains the skills to take care of herself in the case of divorce.
Q2) What percentage of women with a high school education quit their jobs when they have their first child compared with those who have a college degree?
A) 1 in 2; 1 in 8
B) 1 in 12; 1 in 3
C) 3 in 5; 2 in 3
D) 1 in 8; 1 in 3
Q3) In the United States,care work is much more _____________ than it is in many other countries,which tend to have more _____________ solutions.
A) family-based; bureaucratic
B) public; private
C) affordable; expensive
D) market-based; state-based
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Page 13
Chapter 12: Family Violence and Abuse
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Sample Questions
Q1) Consider reasons black women may report higher rates of family violence than white women,excluding race.
Q2) Distinguish common couple violence,intimate terrorism,violent resistance,and mutual violent control.
Q3) The homicide rate among children under the age of 5 has decreased by _____________ percent.
A) 10
B) 15
C) 20
D) 25
Q4) Elder abuse is reported by approximately _____________ percent of the population over 60.
A) 5
B) 10
C) 15
D) 20
Q5) Summarize what is known about the prevalence and perpetrators of elder abuse.
Q6) Explore possible reasons why most child abuse occurs at the hands of mothers.
Q7) Consider the role of peer pressure in rape and sexual assault during college.
Q8) List the characteristics of the most common victims of family violence.
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Chapter 13: The Future of the Family
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Sample Questions
Q1) Consider ways that families have lower inequality than in the past.
Q2) In 1972,_____________ percent of the population identified as Catholic or Protestant.
A) 54
B) 66
C) 72
D) 90
Q3) _____________ percent of adults 55 and older live with their grandchildren.
A) 7
B) 14
C) 21
D) 28
Q4) Until the 1980s most parents believed that _____________ should be kept secret.
A) same-sex parents
B) divorce
C) single parents
D) adoption
Q5) Discuss the health advantages of being married.
Q6) Liberal policies toward family diversity have primarily included what goals?
Q7) List the types of families that now make up more than half the U.S.population.
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