Social Inequality
Chapter Exam Questions
Course Introduction
This course examines the structures and dynamics of social inequality in contemporary societies, focusing on how factors such as class, race, ethnicity, gender, sexuality, and disability shape access to resources and opportunities. Through theoretical perspectives and empirical research, students will explore the origins, consequences, and reproduction of social hierarchies, as well as the intersectionality of various forms of disadvantage. The course also analyzes policy approaches and social movements that address inequality, fostering critical thinking about possible paths toward greater social justice and equity.
Recommended Textbook
Race in America 1st Edition by Matthew Desmond
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Race in the Twenty-First Century
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Q1) According to the historian Mae Ngai,laws and policies that made ethnic or racial identity a determining factor in the opportunity to immigrate during the 1920s resulted in:
A)decreasing racial identification for white immigrants
B)decreasing racial identification for Latino/a immigrants
C)decreasing racial identification for Caribbean islanders
D)decreasing racial identification for Asian immigrants
Answer: A
Q2) The current _______________ in the United States delineates five major groups.
A)homogenizing heading
B)ethnic variation
C)cultural schema
D)racial taxonomy
Answer: D
Q3) Which of the following is a key feature of symbolic power?
A)the ability to categorize and name
B)the ability to determine salaries and wages
C)the ability to draw upon social networks
D)brute force
Answer: A
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Chapter 2: The Invention of Race
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Q1) How did plantation owners strive to convince poor whites to overlook how they were exploited by the slave economy?
A)allowing all whites to have equal ownership over black slaves
B)giving poor whites opportunity for equal political participation
C)convincing poor white families to take pride in their whiteness
D)paying all white workers a fair and livable wage
Answer: C
Q2) From the end of the nineteenth century to the 1970s,thousands of Native Americans and African Americans,as well as people deemed mentally retarded or criminal,were sterilized against their will.This phenomenon was an example of what?
A)eugenics
B)Jim Crow laws
C)assimilation
D)polarization
Answer: A
Q3) What were two ways in which slaves rebelled against their masters?
Answer: Answers may include the following: Subtle resistance,such as playing dumb and working slowly,and more overt resistance,such as armed rebellion and fleeing the South.
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Chapter 3: Politics
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Q1) What do Emmett Till,Charlie Lang,Ernest Green,and Henry Bedford all have in common?
A)They all were involved the Democratic Party.
B)They all went to desegregated schools.
C)They all lobbied for the right to vote.
D)They were all victims of white terrorism.
Answer: D
Q2) What is a result of cases like Shaw v.Reno 1993)and Miller v.Johnson 1995),which outlaw only race-based gerrymandering?
A)The Court provides minority populations with an unfair electoral advantage.
B)The Court equalizes the electoral playing field.
C)The Court fails to recognize white majority districts as white districts,and whiteness is rendered invisible.
D)Minority politicians have a better chance of being elected.
Answer: C
Q3) Briefly explain one way in which many people of color still face voter discrimination today.
Answer: Answers will vary and may include the following: felon disenfranchisement and voter ID laws.
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Economics
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Q1) According to the textbook,Mexican immigrants who work in Nebraskan meatpacking plants primarily contend for jobs with:
A)semiskilled African Americans
B)immigrants from Somalia
C)poor whites
D)Native Americans
Q2) What does the concept "homosocial reproduction" mean?
A)People of color are less likely to condone homosexual relations than whites.
B)People in homosexual relationships tend to have higher salaries.
C)Authorities tend to fill positions of power with people like themselves.
D)People in lower-level positions tend to recruit people like themselves for coworkers.
Q3) What was the result of Reaganomics on the poorest fifth of Americans?
A)Their income dropped an average of 10 percent.
B)Their income increased an average of 15 percent.
C)Their employment rate increased an average of 20 percent.
D)Their employment rate decreased an average of 2 percent.
Q4) Explain the two sides of the debate surrounding the claim that high levels of immigration lead to racial disparities in income levels.Which side do you find most convincing and why?
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Chapter 5: Housing
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Q1) What is one consequence of environmental racism?
A)disproportionately high rates of health problems such as cancer and lung disease
B)lack of access to good jobs requiring an advanced education and providing benefits
C)lack of opportunity for cultural enrichment
D)access to only poor quality homes with unsafe structures
Q2) A banker that refused to give financially qualified buyers a mortgage because their desired home was in a nonwhite area marked as too risky for a loan was engaged in what discriminatory practice?
A)property covenants
B)redlining
C)blockbusting
D)gatekeeping
Q3) How do lack of housing assistance,stagnating incomes at the bottom of the wage distribution,and rising housing costs affect racial inequality?
Q4) What are four characteristics of suburbs that are designed to prevent interaction with those that live in the city?
Q5) Explain two consequences of residential segregation,as identified in Chapter 5.
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Chapter 6: Crime and Punishment
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Q1) In the 1960s,when politicians mentioned cleaning up "violence in the streets," to what were they primarily referring?
A)gang wars in Chicago
B)a slew of murders,usually involving men attacking single females
C)riots and civil disobedience by civil rights protestors
D)muggings and catcalling
Q2) What are the two reasons why most of the prison boom cannot be explained by rising crime rates?
Q3) How did the white public justify the existence of lynch mobs?
A)Lynch mobs were not seen as justifiable by the general public.
B)Lynch mobs were justifiable because they supposedly did not kill many people.
C)Black lynch mobs attacked whites in equal numbers to those blacks attacked by white lynch mobs.
D)Lynch mobs supposedly kept white women safe from black male rapists.
Q4) The authors of the textbook write,"Post-September 11 America is set apart not by the presence of terrorism but by the victims of it." Explain this quote in one sentence,and provide one piece of evidence to support your interpretation.
Q5) In what way did lynch mobs uphold white patriarchy?
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Chapter 7: Education
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Q1) Which of the following has been identified as a potential problem for the efficacy of affirmative action policies?
A)Sociologist William Julius Wilson argues that minority students from the most privileged families reap the lion's share of the benefits afforded by affirmative action.
B)Sociologist Prudence Carter argues that affirmative action policies increase the risk of students' feeling pressured to "act white."
C)Policymakers have argued that higher-education enrollment is not a state concern.
D)Universities have not been encouraged to also use affirmative action policies in faculty hiring.
Q2) In what way might Margaret Mead's classic ethnographic study,Coming of Age in Samoa: A Psychological Study of Primitive Youth for Western Civilization,illustrate the whiteness in education?
A)by describing the people in the study as uniform and homogenous
B)by being taught to white students only
C)by attempting to understand the complexity of lived experience
D)by reflecting on her own position as a white ethnographer
Q3) Explain the concept of a "model minority."
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Page 9
Chapter 8: Aesthetics
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Q1) Black Entertainment Television BET)is an example of what concept?
A)cultural appropriation
B)narrowcasting
C)highbrow culture
D)racist aesthetic
Q2) As a style of music,the blues evolved from spirituals in response to what?
A)the popularity of minstrelsy
B)the racial domination of African Americans by whites
C)the nonracist aesthetic
D)the events of the Civil Rights Movement
Q3) An artistic depiction of American society that doesn't include nonwhites or any signs of racial domination is an example of what?
A)white aesthetic
B)racist aesthetic
C)antiracist aesthetic
D)highbrow culture
Q4) How might concerns about cultural authenticity of certain art forms ultimately stifle the evolution of that type of art?
Q5) How is The Brady Bunch an example of the white aesthetic in television?
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Chapter 9: Associations
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Q1) Homophily:
A)is a matter of pushing "enemies" away
B)is a matter of pulling friends in
C)applies to race and ethnicity but not to religion
D)contributes to social decapitalization
Q2) Showing the importance of religious associations,analysts have found that whites who attend multiracial religious services _____ than those who attend all-white or majority-white services.
A)live in less segregated neighborhoods
B)donate to the NAACP more frequently
C)vote Democratic as opposed to Republican more frequently
D)harbor less prejudice toward nonwhites
Q3) When people think about members of hate groups,they typically envision a certain type of person.What are the stereotypes about who joins hate groups? What did sociologist Kathleen Blee,who studies hate group joiners,find in her work about the members of these groups?
Q4) Provide two examples of how religious organizations promote and preserve racial and ethnic identities.
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Chapter 10: Intimate Life
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Q1) Describe the patterns of interracial marriage rates since the 1967 Supreme Court case Loving v.Virginia declared anti- miscegenation laws unconstitutional.
Q2) According to sociologist Anne Rawls,whites and blacks may occupy the same geographic space,but not the same ________________ space.
A)dynamic
B)socio-racial
C)interactional
D)community
Q3) How can the communication styles of blacks and whites cause misunderstandings,frustrations,and hostilities between groups?
Q4) When sociologist Heather Dalmage,a white woman married to a black man,writes that "I no longer take white privilege for granted" because of her experiences,she is specifically referencing:
A)how her husband has been able to access "white privilege" since their marriage
B)how her social network and friends stigmatize her relationship
C)her experience of being victimized by interpersonal and institutional racism
D)her own prejudices about social life
Q5) What is "racial authenticity," and why is it important?
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Chapter 11: Toward Racial Democracy
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Q1) When the membership of a racial justice social movement is itself multiracial:
A)the social movement usually fails to achieve its goals
B)the goals of the movement are reflected in its composition
C)other social movements use the membership base to advance goals of intersectionality
D)pan-ethnic groups form powerful alliances within the movements
Q2) Multiracial social movements:
A)have a long history in the United States
B)are usually less effective than movements primarily composed of people of one race
C)demonstrate that changing people as individuals is easier than changing institutions
D)are based on the color-blind ideology
Q3) If a person seeks to expand his or her cultural awareness by changing his or her social settings and experiences,that person is:
A)engaging in indirect institutional change
B)engaging in indirect individual change
C)engaging in direct institutional change
D)engaging in direct individual change
Q4) How does "racial intelligence" provide foresight in new situations?
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