Social Cognition Exam Solutions
Course Introduction
Social Cognition explores the processes by which individuals perceive, interpret, and respond to the social world. This course examines how people form impressions of others, attribute causes to behavior, and develop attitudes and stereotypes. Topics include the influence of cognitive biases, the role of emotion in judgment, theory of mind, empathy, and the neural underpinnings of social perception. Students will engage with research findings and real-world applications to deepen their understanding of how social information shapes thought and behavior in everyday life.
Recommended Textbook
Applied Social Psychology 3rd Edition by Jamie A. Gruman
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17 Chapters
989 Verified Questions
989 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Defining the Field of Applied Social Psychology
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66 Verified Questions
66 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Personal values do not influence many decisions of an applied social psychologist as the discipline itself is concerned with objectivity.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) What is NOT true of Milgram's (1970)obedience research?
A) The participants had multiple opportunities to shock the learner.
B) In at least one situation studied by Milgram, all participants applied the maximum level of shock to the learner.
C) Evidence was found that suggested similar levels of obedience in men and women.
D) The research findings demonstrated the power of the situation in shaping behavior.
Answer: B
Q3) The social situational determinants of an individual's behavior within the field of social psychology are referred to as levels of analysis.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Chapter 2: Social Psychological Theory
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Sample Questions
Q1) The theory of planned behavior suggested new relationships among phenomena such as behavioral control and behavioral intentions.This served which function of a theory?
A) description
B) organization
C) direction
D) intervention
Answer: C
Q2) With regard to research on cognitive dissonance theory,it is NOT true that research has shown that
A) there are differences in people's levels of preference for consistency
B) there are cultural differences in beliefs about the importance of attitude-behavior consistency
C) even people with a low preference for consistency have been found to change their attitudes to match their behaviors
D) only people with low self-esteem alter their attitudes to match their behaviors
Answer: D
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Research Methods in Applied Social Psychology
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65 Verified Questions
65 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is meant by descriptive research? Describe the objective of this type of research,and explain when it is used.
Answer: Descriptive research refers to explanatory studies in which the aim is to describe the phenomenon in question in an effort to identify important variables.The objective of descriptive research is to observe variables and summarize the observations by using descriptive statistics,such as means,frequencies,and percentages.Descriptive research is typically used when one wants to describe the characteristics of a population or phenomenon being studied.
Q2) With respect to data collection,which is true?
A) Compared with in-person survey respondents, Web survey respondents tend to yield higher-quality data.
B) A question such as, "Do you believe the death penalty should be legal," generally should be located near the end of a survey.
C) Collecting demographic information is not useful.
D) The more demographic information collected, the higher the quality of data attained.
Answer: B
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Chapter 4: Intervention and Evaluation
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which is true of the eating disorder program designed by Stice and his colleagues (e.g.,Stice et al.,2008)?
A) Participants were young women who met the criteria of having some form of eating disorder.
B) The program activities focused on undermining the thin ideal.
C) The key program activities involved exposure to persuasive messages (e.g., presented by live and video role models).
D) The program activities endorsed the beauty aspect of the thin ideal.
Q2) Intervention hypotheses are central to which step in the design and delivery of a program?
A) problem identification
B) problem solution
C) delineation of the causes of the problem
D) goal setting
Q3) As highlighted in the text,the path from social psychological knowledge to influencing social policy is seldom straightforward.Describe two factors that preclude the direct use of knowledge in policy decision making.
Q4) Name and describe the two main types of program evaluation.
Q5) List three possible reasons why some interventions may prove to be ineffective.
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Chapter 5: Applying Social Psychology to Clinical and Counseling Psychology
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51 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to self-presentation theory,which of the following relationships is most accurate?
A) High negative outcome expectancies lead to high self-presentational motivation.
B) High positive outcome expectances lead to low self-efficacy.
C) Low self-efficacy leads to high self-presentational motivation.
D) High negative outcome expectancies lead to social anxiety.
Q2) The Penn Resiliency Program described in the "Focus on Intervention" in Chapter 5 ("Clinical and Counseling")was based on which two components?
A) pessimistic and optimistic attributional styles
B) therapy and counseling
C) cognitive restructuring and skills acquisition
D) role modeling and role plays
Q3) Helplessness,otherwise referred to as negative outcome expectancy describes pessimistic attributions in which people who are prone to depression believe that they cannot do or say anything to change their unfortunate circumstances.
A)True
B)False
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Page 7
Chapter 6: Applying Social Psychology to Sports Teams
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51 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Two important principles of team goal setting are (1)selecting the team goals and (2)evaluating,providing feedback,and reevaluating the team goals for effectiveness.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Team performance,coach satisfaction,and motivation are three important consequences or outcomes of chemistry.
A)True
B)False
Q3) "A dynamic process which is reflected in the tendency for a group to stick together and remain united in the pursuit of its instrumental objectives and/or for the satisfaction of member affective needs" is the definition of which of the following constructs?
A) motivation
B) satisfaction
C) morale
D) cohesion
Q4) Research on sports teams suggests that team goal setting plays a key role in performance outcomes.Three types of goal orientation are noted in the text.Name and describe two types.
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Chapter 7: Applying Social Psychology to the Media
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Sample Questions
Q1) Agenda setting refers to the idea that the media can shape what issues we think about or what issues we think are important.
A)True
B)False
Q2) In Hicks's (1965)experiment in which children watched a film of people acting aggressively toward a bobo doll,what happened when the children were subsequently given a chance to play in the same setting they saw on film?
A) Only male children demonstrated aggression toward the bobo doll.
B) All children who watched the film demonstrated aggression toward the bobo doll.
C) Male children demonstrated aggression toward the bobo doll immediately after viewing the film and again 6 months later.
D) No one demonstrated aggression toward the bobo doll.
Q3) How a story is framed can influence people's interpretation of an issue.Define framing,and describe two effects of framing.
Q4) Identify three ways of reducing the harmful effects of exposure to violent sexual material.
Q5) The text describes two main types of frames.Describe both in detail.
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Page 9
Chapter 8: Applying Social Psychology to Health
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to the window of vulnerability model (Lau,Jacobs Quadrel,& Hartman,1990),
A) the influence of parents on their children's health behaviors is unimportant in later years of life
B) a critical period of vulnerability occurs when the individual sets up a permanent home with a significant other
C) a critical period of vulnerability occurs when the individual resides with a sibling
D) a critical period of vulnerability occurs when the individual does not move out of the parent's home
Q2) Informational appeals are based on the idea that people will be more likely to pay attention to a message and to subsequently act to change their health behavior if their related fears are activated.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Cues to action are events or messages that act as triggers to get people to adopt healthy behaviors.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 9: Applying Social Psychology to Education
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59 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Describe Festinger's social comparison theory.
Q2) According to ______ theory,we infer our own attitudes and beliefs based on observing our own actions.
A) self-perception
B) self-handicapping
C) social comparison
D) social learning
Q3) What is meant by self-serving strategies? Give an example of a type of self-serving strategy.
Q4) Peer-assisted learning (PAL)is a general term that encompasses a broad variety of strategies where students are acquiring knowledge and skills through interactions with other students but mostly with tutors or teachers.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Explain what is meant by the term self-fulfilling prophecy.
Q6) Distinguish between bullying and cyberbullying,and list three negative effects of bullying.
Q7) Explain the premise of achievement goal theory.
Q8) Differentiate between self-handicapping and procrastination.
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Chapter 10: Applying Social Psychology to Organizations
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69 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Explain what is meant by a halo effect,and explain its link to a similar-to-me effect.
Q2) The process of assigning a cause to a behavior is called the attribution process.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Because we cannot assimilate everything we see,any characteristic that makes a person,object,or event stand out will increase the probability that it will be perceived.This refers to the concept of ______.
A) perceptual bias
B) the halo effect
C) selective perception
D) attribution bias
Q4) Which of the following is NOT described in Kelley's (1973)covariation model as a type of information that people rely on in trying to explain reasons for behavior?
A) consistency
B) severity
C) distinctiveness
D) consensus
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Chapter 11: Applying Social Psychology to the Criminal Justice System
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60 Verified Questions
60 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Kassin and Kiechel (1996)conducted an experiment in which a participant was accused by the experimenter of carrying out an act that led to the loss of data.What did NOT characterize the research?
A) The participant was accused of hitting the wrong key on a computer.
B) In one condition, a confederate reported having seen the participant engage in the harmful act.
C) Initially, all participants denied that they had engaged in the harmful act.
D) Eventually, virtually all of the participants confessed to having engaged in the harmful act.
Q2) The chapter on applying social psychology to the criminal justice system described that rather than focusing exclusively on the personal characteristics of the individual offender,other environmental or situational factors may be at work.Describe two situational factors that may be considered determinants of criminal activity.
Q3) Describe the social ecological perspective used to examine criminal acts.
Q4) Adolescence-limited offenders
A) compose approximately 25% of adolescents
B) experience few developmental risk factors, such as punitive parenting
C) usually show an onset of antisocial behavior in preadolescence
D) are characterized by the display of violent offenses
Page 13
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Chapter 12: Applying Social Psychology to the Community
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Sample Questions
Q1) A researcher wanted to know if white shoppers might be inclined to stay away from visible-minority salespeople.The researcher set up a hidden camera in a store in which both white and black salespeople were employed and counted the number of white shoppers who initiated conversations with the white and black salespeople.This type of study is best described as ______.
A) a field simulation
B) lab research
C) an experiment
D) unobtrusive research
Q2) Lobbying,or applying pressure to public officials in order to influence change,is called ______.
A) social action
B) popular education
C) citizen participation
D) public advocacy
Q3) With community psychology,groups need research to take action.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Describe the social exchange theory referred to in the text.
Q5) Explain what is meant by the term intersectionality.
Page 14
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Chapter 13: Applying Social Psychology to the Environment
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60 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Qualitative research has demonstrated that some of the reasons people may be ambivalent about recycling and rarely recycle are that
A) they know that the norm is that most people don't recycle
B) they find recycling disgusting and inconvenient
C) they believe that recycling is a passing fad
D) they are psychologically unresponsive to social traps
Q2) Common psychological problems,such as depression and anxiety,have been shown to increase when social support is absent or inadequate.
A)True
B)False
Q3) In Chapter 13 ("Environment"),an intervention by Schultz (1998)was described in which he highlighted norms as means of increasing recycling.Which of the following proved to be most effective in encouraging greater recycling?
A) providing feedback on recycling
B) providing a plea to recycle
C) providing role models who demonstrated active recycling
D) providing information about the process of recycling
Q4) Describe the defensible space theory.
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15
Chapter 14: Applying Social Psychology to Diversity
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Sample Questions
Q1) Research on reducing stereotypes has shown that teaching children to de-categorize results in
A) increases in prejudice
B) increases in prejudice but decreases in stereotypes
C) more positive perceptions of diverse ethnic groups
D) less positive perceptions of diverse ethnic groups
Q2) Which of the following is NOT a component of the coalition-building approach to conflict resolution?
A) social norms that facilitate positive intergroup interaction
B) high acquaintance potential
C) individual attitudes
D) a facilitator who is skilled in conflict resolution
Q3) Gender is a product of ______.
A) physiology
B) sociocultural influences
C) diversity
D) normative influences
Q4) Explain what is meant by diversity.
Q5) Describe the theory of relative deprivation.
Q6) Define racism,and describe two types.
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Chapter 15: Applying Social Psychology to Personal Relationships
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Sample Questions
Q1) Explain what is meant by social network approval,and describe its role in establishing a relationship.
Q2) In individualistic cultures,where community cooperation is valued more than individual distinction,a potential mate is especially prized for practical virtues,such as possessing money and household management skills.
A)True
B)False
Q3) A friend of yours notices that a very attractive student frequently sits in one area of the library.Hoping for a chance to get to know the student,your friend begins to study in the same area.Your friend is (probably unwittingly)applying the ______.
A) primacy effect
B) proximity effect
C) secondary effect
D) familiarity effect
Q4) Explain the physical attractiveness stereotype.
Q5) Identify three attachment styles associated with infants.
Q6) Identify and describe two factors that influence attraction.
Q7) Explain the role of proximity and familiarity in establishing relationships.
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Chapter 16: Applying Social Psychology to the Classroom
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Sample Questions
Q1) Chapter 16 ("Classroom")discusses three forms of self-perception.Explain how two of the three self-perceptions may affect students in the classroom environment.
Q2) Growing up in an individualistic culture predisposes people to look for personal internal explanations for behavior.
A)True
B)False
Q3) According to the principle of the self-serving bias,we have a tendency to attribute our positive outcomes to internal causes (e.g.,our traits or characteristics)but to attribute our negative outcomes to external causes (e.g.,chance or difficulty of a task).
A)True
B)False
Q4) With the fundamental attribution error,people tend to focus on the influence of situational causes and downplay personal causes of other people's behavior.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Explain what is meant by cognitive errors,and list two types.
Q6) Identify three types of errors that result from self-perception.
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Page 18
Chapter 17: Applying Social Psychology to the Good Life: Balancing Optimism and Pessimism
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Sample Questions
Q1) Problem-focused coping involves behaviors and cognitions that do not directly address the source of stress; instead,they aim to reduce the individual's level of emotional distress.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Differentiate between internal and external attributions.
Q3) In Chapter 17 ("Applying Social Psychology to the Good Life"),Gruman,Lumley,and Gonzales-Morales (2016)presented a balance framework in relation to optimism and pessimism.Identify the four ways that the authors suggest balance be considered.
Q4) Global attributions are made when people believe that the cause of an event will be limited to that area of life.
A)True
B)False
Q5) An attribution refers to giving credit for something good to someone from your in-group and laying blame for something bad on someone from your out-group.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Describe pathway thinking and agency thinking.
Page 19
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