Social Change Study Guide Questions
Course Introduction
Social Change explores the processes and factors that drive transformation in societies over time. The course examines theories of social change, historical and contemporary examples, and the roles that institutions, technology, movements, culture, and policy play in shaping change at local, national, and global levels. Students will analyze how social change impacts identities, social structures, and power relations, as well as the challenges and opportunities it presents for addressing issues such as inequality, justice, and sustainability. Through critical reflection and case studies, learners will gain a deeper understanding of how individuals and groups contribute to, resist, and are affected by social transformation.
Recommended Textbook
New Society 8th Edition by Robert J. Brym
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Chapter 1: Introducing Sociology
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Q1) Both functionalism and conflict theory are concerned with macrolevel aspects of society,but they differ in their focus.Briefly explain the difference in focus between them.
Answer: Functionalism focuses on how balance and equilibrium is established in society to create social stability.Conflict theory focuses on conflict between groups in society and on social problems such as inequality.
Q2) Which statement best summarizes the contribution of ancient and medieval civilizations to today's social ideas?
A) They came together to decide the best way to organize society.
B) They independently developed the same sociological theories.
C) They determined that there was value in empirical social research.
D) They outlined the ideal/utopian society.
Answer: D
Q3) The unresolved social issues we currently face fall under three headings.List and briefly describe each one.
Answer: Autonomy versus constraint;prosperity versus inequality;diversity versus uniformity
Q4) List and discuss the three enemies of scientific knowledge. Answer: Tradition,authority,and secrecy
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Chapter 2: Research Methods
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Q1) Fatima meets with an immigrant woman without legal status to discuss a potential research project.The immigrant talks about her daily life and how she works without being identified by the authorities.However,Fatima is frustrated to hear how the immigrant was able to come to this country without going through the legal procedures that Fatima's parents had to go through.According to the text,why should Fatima NOT study this immigrant?
A) The immigrant may be identified and deported.
B) Fatima lacks objectivity.
C) The immigrant may disclose information harmful to other immigrants.
D) Fatima may reveal insights into her life.
Answer: B
Q2) Which sociological concept is associated with the "member test of validity," a method for reducing the problems in participant observation bias?
A) Hawthorne effect
B) ethnocentrism
C) creating meaning
D) unobtrusive measures
Answer: A
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Chapter 3: Culture
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Q1) Jason questions whether anyone can take on the job of prime minister without prioritizing their own self-interests.What cultural phenomenon is his skepticism a part of?
A) governmentality
B) politicization
C) postmodernism
D) modernization
Answer: C
Q2) Which of the following best demonstrates our ability to adhere to norms?
A) the ability to cooperate
B) reflexes and responses to stimuli
C) the ability to make sounds
D) the ability to make meaning
Answer: A
Q3) The generational gap between youth and adults is an example of cultural fragmentation.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Chapter 4: Socialization
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Q1) What is the dominant lesson that can be learned from the Stanford prison experiment?
A) One's self-concept is poorly developed in young adults.
B) One's self-concept is weakly related to social circumstances.
C) One's self-concept is strongly related to social circumstances.
D) One's self-concept is strongly developed in young adults.
Q2) "David was bullied as a child,so I think he is going to be mad after he finds out that we pressured Frank to participate in the prank last night." What social practice is reflected in this statement?
A) informed regret
B) informed remorse
C) taking the role of the other
D) taking the role of the injured party
Q3) As identified in the text,which technique is associated with resocialization?
A) scheduling
B) initiation rites
C) status elevation
D) brainwashing
Q4) Explain the influence of total institutions.How might someone resist authority within a total institution?
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Chapter 5: Gender and Sexualities
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Q1) A young,monogamous,gay couple are open-minded about sex and have an "anything goes" policy respecting their attitudes about sex.However,they have limits to their sexual expression and to that of others: sex is for consenting adults;and sex should not be about power and dominance.What term best categorizes the attitude of these people?
A) sexual opportunism
B) sexual liberalism
C) sexual exhibitionism
D) sexual pluralism
Q2) Michael was extremely confused and asked Michelle to explain as simply as possible what gender was.Which statement would Michelle assert to help Michael understand?
A) Gender is what we are born with.
B) Gender is what we are because our culture makes us that way.
C) Gender is what we enact.
D) Gender is what dictates who we are sexually attracted to.
Q3) The author suggests that it is inaccurate to think of sexuality in terms of the strict dichotomy of heterosexual and homosexual.What are the four criteria the author prefers,and why?
Q4) Explain the difference between transgendered persons and transsexuals.
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Chapter 6: Communication and Mass Media
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Q1) An award-winning journalist had factual information that a local mining company had been exceeding allowable Canadian standards for environmental pollution.Despite the story's excellent sources and factual accounts,the newspaper editor pulled the story before it could run.According to Herman and Chomsky,why would the editor most likely have refused to publish the story?
A) Newspapers generally do not publish stories that are political in content.
B) The facts could not be appropriately checked for accuracy.
C) The mining company contributes a lot of advertising revenue to the paper.
D) The mining company would sue the newspaper.
Q2) What is the impact of the concentration of corporate ownership and control of media in Canadian society on the freedom of the press and the diversity of opinion?
Q3) Which term is used to signify the fact that humans now live in a world dominated by mass media?
A) Internet era
B) global village
C) electronic connection
D) World Wide Web
Q4) List and discuss three drawbacks of social media.
Q5) What is a prosumer? Discuss,making connections to your personal experiences.
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Chapter 7: Social Stratification
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Q1) Neo-Marxists such as Eric Olin Wright argue that Marx's ideas about inequality cannot be updated to apply to the late-twentieth century.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Identify and describe the four types of occupational mobility.
Q3) Welfare assistance in Ontario and across Canada is equivalent to the dollar figure set by the after-tax low-income cutoff figure.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Identify and explain the four types of capital as proposed by Pierre Bourdieu.
Q5) Robert has worked hard and put in a lot of hours as a lawyer.Recently,his boss offered him partnership in the law firm where he works.Which term best describes Robert's status as a new partner in the law firm?
A) public status
B) achieved status
C) set status
D) ascribed status
Q6) What are the two major components making up Marx's concept of the mode of production?
Page 9
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Chapter 8: Gender Inequality
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Q1) Which of the following would be most likely to display a gender-egalitarian perspective?
A) Ethel,a 55-year-old retired hairdresser
B) Suzanne,a 20-year-old female,raised in a household with a stay-at-home mom and a work outside the home dad
C) Ricardo,an 18-year-old male,raised by a working mom
D) John,a 45-year-old executive,after a training course on employment equity
Q2) What are the effects of social policies such as family-friendly policies in the workplace,and employment and pay equity,on the lives of women? Who benefits? Who doesn't?
Q3) Chronic stress often leads to anxiety,depression,and a variety of physical ailments.
A)True
B)False
Q4) According to the text,which statement best describes nonstandard work?
A) Nonstandard jobs generally provide greater pay,benefits and job security.
B) Women in the labour force are much more likely than men to be nonstandard workers.
C) Nonstandard work is becoming less common.
D) Nonstandard employment implies a unionized workforce.
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Chapter 9: Race and Ethnic Relations
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Q1) The school board abolished an old regulation that no students from Country X would be admitted.The regulation had been put in place because the board had believed (at the time)that people from Country X were less intelligent and unable to achieve appropriate academic standards.What is the reasoning for this old regulation an example of?
A) prejudice
B) normative theory
C) frustration-aggression
D) primordialism
Q2) Many schools have implemented a multicultural week into their curriculum and activities focus on the presentation of the objective elements of ethnicity.Which of the following would be addressed during this week?
A) a sense of belonging,or a shared "we feeling"
B) dish,dance,dialect,and dress of various groups
C) labels and definitions applied by different ethnic groups
D) categorization into ethnic groups based on self-identification
Q3) Describe and explain the difference between objective and subjective definitions of ethnicity.
Q4) Define institutional racism and list the three forms that it can take.
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Chapter 10: Development and Underdevelopment
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Q1) List the early historical factors that drastically impeded the Global South's ability to develop in the modern era.
Q2) Milton Friedman's economic ideas greatly impacted neoliberal policies of development.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Andre passionately argues that the lack of development in the less-developed countries is not due to their deficiencies but is rather the result of historical and structural relations between countries.Which theory would Andre use to support his perspective?
A) bio-environmental theory
B) modernization theory
C) dependency theory
D) neoliberal theory
Q4) Canada was initially a collection of colonial colonies until it achieved its independence in 1867.How did Canada become a prosperous country in spite of its colonial past?
Q5) What is the Washington consensus?
Q6) What is popular resistance? Will it succeed?
Q7) Outline the basic tenets of a neoliberal approach to development.
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Chapter 11: Families
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Q1) What does social reproduction mean in terms of the roles of families in culture?
A) It refers to the various ways in which social groups identify kin relations.
B) It means that families conduct social life and biologically reproduce themselves.
C) It is a broad range of behaviours that maintain social life.
D) It means that mothers provide the care in order that their babies will grow and thrive.
Q2) According to your text,when did womanhood become equated with motherhood?
A) in foraging societies
B) in preindustrial Europe
C) in the 19th century
D) in the 20th century
Q3) What are the two key problems with the functionalist perspective on family?
Q4) Which term refers to the traditional system of male domination of families?
A) conservatism
B) patriarchy
C) liberalism
D) matriarchy
Q5) What are some sociological insights that offer support for same-sex couples raising children?
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Chapter 12: Work and Occupations
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Q1) The Industrial Revolution occurred in Canada at roughly the same time as in the United States and Western Europe.
A)True
B)False
Q2) According to labour-market segmentation theory,what do a person's chances of getting a good job depend on?
A) They depend on where you live: a rural or urban locale.
B) They depend on where you enter the labour market.
C) They depend on the economic forecast when you are seeking employment.
D) They depend on the economic conditions at the time of your birth.
Q3) An increasing number of employers are initiating a web-based application process to procure employees.What are the advantages and disadvantages of this method for both the employer and the employee? Have you,or someone you've known,applied for a job online? What was the outcome?
Q4) What are the effects of technology in the service sector? Choose a job and explain the changes that have occurred since computers were introduced.
Q5) Apply the concepts of extrinsic and intrinsic rewards to a specific job that you,a friend,or a family member has held.
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Chapter 13: Education
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Q1) In the past,high prestige was attached to humanistic fields (such as philosophy and English),but this has changed in favour of powerful professions such as medicine,law,and business.
A)True
B)False
Q2) During World War II,the U.S.Army trained people to be pharmacists in two weeks,whereas today it takes a university degree to qualify for work in this occupation.What term best identifies a trend for higher educational requirements in occupations?
A) paraprofessionalism
B) credential inflation
C) occupational gate-keeping
D) creeping credentialism
Q3) Which form of educational organization has youths grouped into the same school and exposed to the same curriculum,and has relatively large numbers directed to higher education?
A) status striving
B) elite mobility
C) contest mobility
D) mass education
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Chapter 14: Religion
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Q1) In the Indian state of Orissa live the Dongria tribe,who believe that the Dongria Mountain they live on is their god.Which sociological category does their mountain divinity fit into?
A) supernatural
B) sacred
C) profane
D) religious
Q2) Today in places such as Iran and the United States,there is an increased fusion between politics and religion.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Durkheim has argued that religion functions primarily to integrate societies.What is the role of religion in fostering social cohesion in Canada? Could religion be seen as a dysfunction? Why?
Q4) The American "civil religion" has contributed to the breaking down of religion in the United States.
A)True
B)False
Q5) How does "deprivation" account for religiosity?
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Chapter 15: Deviance and Crime
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Q1) The public,the police,and the media pay more attention to marijuana use than to alcohol and tobacco use.Which approach is concerned with research in this area?
A) structural functionalists
B) social constructionists
C) conflict theorists
D) labelling theorists
Q2) What disturbing trend in Toronto is highlighted by the shooting of Jane Creba?
A) More gang members are being killed.
B) More drug dealers are victims of homicide.
C) More innocent bystanders are being killed.
D) More females are victims of homicide.
Q3) According to Julian Tanner,why are Canadians are fascinated with their feelings toward crime and deviance?
A) We are overwhelmed by the fear of being victimized.
B) We rely on personal vigilance to keep us safe.
C) We are disproportionately preoccupied by our fears.
D) We consume vast amounts of media on these topics.
Q4) Discuss the statement: "All crime is,by definition,deviant behaviour,but not all forms of deviance are criminal."
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Chapter 16: Population and Urbanization
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Q1) What three important elements characterized preindustrial cities,and why are they significant?
Q2) What are the components of the postmodern city?
A) emergence of edge,multiethnic,and dual cities
B) a mixture of Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft
C) urbanism and postindustrial economy
D) suburbia,urban core,business district
Q3) Examine the causes of the rise of industrial cities and provide Canadian examples.
Q4) What effect have international trade agreements had on North American resource towns and farming communities?
A) They have been turned into vacation playgrounds or dumping grounds.
B) These agreements have had a minimal effect on these communities.
C) These communities have been transformed into fantasy theme areas.
D) The number of these communities is increasing in North America.
Q5) According to Louis Wirth,the city creates a distinct way of life that is socially destructive.
A)True
B)False
Q6) How might urbanization fuel large-scale violence in developing countries?
Page 18
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Chapter 17: Sociology and the Environment
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Q1) The tipping point is the critical point in an evolving situation that leads to a new and irreversible development.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Bailey was recently employed at a very popular fast-food restaurant and is learning his numerous responsibilities-one of which is removing the full bags from the multistream disposal unit on the restaurant floor.When he asked his manager where he was to put the bags with the recycling material,the manager replied,"Throw it in the back lot dumpster with the rest of the garbage." What is this company engaging in?
A) waste auditing
B) corporate greenwashing
C) eco-friendly practices
D) environmental stewardship
Q3) Explain the resource curse and the negative outcomes that might be experienced by a country rich in natural resources.
Q4) How does the way we treat the environment affect various groups in society,especially those who are not privileged or powerful? Explain fully with examples.
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Chapter 18: Health and Aging
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Q1) In 1920,Canadian men lived to around age 60.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Jack is a 67-year-old male who has constant pain caused by arthritis.He used to play guitar on the weekends in a seniors' band,but he can't play anymore because of his condition.What term best describes Jack's impairment?
A) debilitating illness
B) chronic condition
C) chronic pain syndrome
D) functional disability
Q3) According to your text,which of the following would be the best health tip,consistent with available evidence on the determinants of health?
A) Practise safe sex.
B) Use sunscreen.
C) Don't become unemployed.
D) Keep physically active.
Q4) Why are physicians considered to be the gatekeepers to our health-care system?
Q5) List the three factors that have been linked to social inequalities and poor individual physical and mental health.
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Chapter 19: Politics and Social Movements
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Q1) Canada's socialist party (the NDP)has never formed the federal government or even had a representative in the federal cabinet.
A)True
B)False
Q2) A critic of Western culture says U.S.involvement in Iraq is nothing but a thinly disguised sham for American imperialism led by senior government officials,corporate contractors,and military leaders.Which theoretical perspective would endorse this analysis?
A) state-centred theory
B) power-balance theory
C) pluralist theory
D) elite theory
Q3) Which term refers to a citizen's right to a certain level of economic security and public participation?
A) civil citizenship
B) economic citizenship
C) political citizenship
D) social citizenship
Q4) What is the difference between power and authority?
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Chapter 20: Globalization
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Q1) What is the "Buffett rule" and why was it created?
Q2) Teena was grocery shopping with her friend Stacey and in the coffee section saw the label "fair-trade" coffee.When she asked Stacey what it meant,what did Stacey reply?
A) It's a public reaction to a 30-year increase in coffee prices.
B) It's an example of globalization from above.
C) It's an attempt to bring the cheapest coffee prices to market.
D) It's an attempt to improve the livelihood of coffee growers.
Q3) According to the text,what percentage of global crop land is planted with genetically engineered crops?
A) 5
B) 10
C) 15
D) 20
Q4) What has been a consequence of globalization in Mexico?
A) stagnating wages
B) trade wars
C) increased wages
D) slowing illegal immigration
Q5) What is the basis of neoliberal economic policies?
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Chapter 21: Networks, Groups, and Bureaucracies
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Q1) What did Solomon Asch's experiment in the mid-1900s investigate?
A) obedience
B) attitude formation
C) conformity
D) social networking
Q2) What did Solomon Asch's study require subjects to make judgments about?
A) length of lines
B) right and wrong answers
C) degrees of connectedness
D) levels of solidarity
Q3) At a rave party,a 15-year-old was drugged and then raped repeatedly by a number of the partygoers.Some onlookers snapped pictures that they subsequently posted on Facebook,and others just ignored what was happening.When a witness to the affair was contacted by police,his statement was,"I didn't know her.I assumed she was a willing participant.Besides,no one else was calling 911." What is the term used to describe his reaction to the event?
A) concrete feet syndrome
B) bystander apathy
C) intervention hesitation
D) reluctant witness syndrome
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