Social Change Exam Solutions
Course Introduction
This course explores the processes, theories, and impacts of social change within societies, examining how shifts in values, norms, technologies, and institutions reshape communities over time. Students will analyze historical and contemporary movements, factors driving change such as globalization, social movements, and policy reforms, and the roles that individuals and groups play in fostering or resisting transformation. Through case studies and critical discussions, the course encourages a comprehensive understanding of the forces shaping societies and the implications for future social development.
Recommended Textbook
New Society 7th Edition by Robert J. Brym
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21 Chapters
2434 Verified Questions
2434 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Introduction to Sociology
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116 Verified Questions
116 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to the text, which of the following debates centres on our ability to act freely within certain limits?
A) neoliberalism versus socialism
B) autonomy versus constraint
C) manifest functions versus latent functions
D) blue-collar work versus white-collar work
Answer: B
Q2) Which of the following concepts is central to a functionalist approach?
A) social equilibrium
B) competing interests among people
C) men's dominance over women
D) face-to-face interaction
Answer: A
Q3) Both functionalism and conflict theory are concerned with macrolevel aspects of society, but they differ in their focus. Briefly explain the difference in focus between them. Answer: Functionalism focuses on how balance and equilibrium is established in society to create social stability, while conflict theory focuses on conflict between groups in society and on social problems such as inequality.
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3
Chapter 2: Culture
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Sample Questions
Q1) Alex was just given a lecture from his boss about being late for work and his overall lack of motivation. From a sociological perspective, which of the following terms best reflects this example?
A) employment sanction
B) social sanction
C) re-sanction
D) negative sanction
Answer: D
Q2) Some people may argue that Canada qualifies as the first thoroughly postmodern society.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) Postmodern culture has caused an overwhelming majority of Canadians to reject established religions for rites of passage.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Chapter 3: Socialization
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to the text, what does the study of gender socialization tell us?
A) Sex and gender are terms that are used interchangeably by sociologists.
B) Gender identity is overwhelmingly determined by whether a person is male or female.
C) Gender identity is fixed at birth and can be changed only by surgery.
D) What people think of as masculine or feminine is largely a product of socialization.
Answer: D
Q2) Lily's husband hates to wash dishes, so sometimes she lets the plates pile up to see if he will reach for the soap. However, she never offers to put the garbage out by the curb. Yesterday, when the truck went by, their garbage was still on the front porch. Maybe he is sending her a message, too. These are examples of how, as newlyweds, they are negotiating their roles as husband and wife. What would a sociologist call this process?
A) advanced socialization
B) anticipatory socialization
C) adult socialization
D) mature socialization
Answer: C
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Chapter 4: Gender and Sexuality
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to the text, which of the following would explain why we have little formal sex socialization in our society?
A) doing what comes naturally
B) our permissive sexuality
C) our rather prudish history
D) not finding it necessary
Q2) There has been recent investigation of an RCMP officer who invited members of his staff into his office after working hours for some alcoholic beverages. Once alone with a female staff member, the RCMP officer unzipped his pants and exposed himself. According to the text, which of the following best describes this scenario?
A) quid pro quo sexual harassment
B) workplace-induced aggression
C) hostile environment sexual harassment
D) workplace-induced humiliation
Q3) There is only one sex difference in the brain that the scientific community currently agrees about.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Explain the difference between transgendered persons and transsexuals.
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Chapter 5: Communication and Mass Media
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Sample Questions
Q1) The Mayan Calendar, which has survived hundreds of years, is best characterized as which of the following types of media?
A) print-based media
B) symbol-based media
C) space-biased media
D) time-biased media
Q2) After the September 11, 2001, attacks on the United States, movies made in the Western world showed a substantial rise in villains from Iraq and Afghanistan. According to the text, what would be one of the primary reasons behind the increase in the number of these movie characters?
A) The circumstances altered mediated social understandings, requiring updated antagonists.
B) The movies present stories that support the new dominant political ideology.
C) The movies educate the public about Iraq and Afghanistan.
D) The movies provide emotional violence, reducing violent tendencies in people affected by 9/11.
Q3) What is cultural imperialism? Explain how this relates to Canada.
Q4) What is the political economy of the media? What are some of the consequences of the political economy of the media?
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Chapter 6: Social Stratification
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is taken into consideration when calculating the low-income cutoff in Canada?
A) size of community
B) size of the federal budget
C) size of the provincial budget
D) the number of persons applying for assistance relative to the amount of funding available
Q2) About 10 percent of Canadians are classified as poor.
A)True
B)False
Q3) A young man from a humble inner-city background works part-time to get a good education, starts a high-tech company, earns millions of dollars, and buys the local NHL franchise, and later becomes a member of Canada's parliament. What term best explains why he was able to take this career path?
A) social ambition
B) social mobility
C) forward mobility
D) status gain
Q4) What are the key issues that are debated with the ghost of Marx?
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Chapter 7: Gender Inequality
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115 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to the text, overall, what is concluded about nonstandard work?
A) It generally provides less job security, lower pay, and fewer fringe benefits.
B) It employs more men because there are, overall, more men in the workforce.
C) It is largely composed of under-the-table activity and a bartering economy.
D) It is becoming less common as more conscientious employers hire full-time workers.
Q2) Prior to World War II, many school districts banned women from teaching if they were married. But in the years following the war, school districts eliminated their policies restricting the employment of married women teachers. What would explain this reversal of policy?
A) School boards came to believe that married women were better teachers than single women.
B) The government enacted antidiscrimination legislation.
C) The baby boom following the war necessitated a greater need for teachers due to the increased number of students.
D) School boards took the view that "spinster" school teachers were highly likely to be lesbians.
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Chapter 8: Race and Ethnic Relations
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Sample Questions
Q1) What are the two interrelated explanations for the lower earnings of visible minority male immigrants?
Q2) After the terrorist bombings in the United States in 2001, some airline passengers overheard a group of other passengers speaking Arabic and demanded that the foreigners be taken off the plane. The airline employees had the foreign-born passengers disembark. What term best describes this incident?
A) prejudice
B) racism
C) discrimination
D) bigotry
Q3) Which of the following are "charter groups," as identified by John Porter?
A) Aboriginal, Inuit, and Métis
B) Ukrainians, Italians, and Poles
C) Americans and Canadians
D) French and English
Q4) Because of political pressure and survey wording, "Canadians" are now the largest ethnic group in Canada.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 9: Development and Underdevelopment
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Sample Questions
Q1) What long-term effect did slavery have on the economies of the European countries and the United States?
A) Slavery formed the basis of the multiethnic modern world of the leading democracies.
B) Tensions existed in these countries between those who were for and against slavery.
C) Slavery enabled the accumulation of capital that later fuelled economic development.
D) Slavery slowed the growth of technology because manual labour was so inexpensive.
Q2) What precipitated the Occupy Wall Street movement of 2011?
A) a blog posted by a Canadian magazine
B) the incarceration of two Wall Street brokers
C) the publishing of salaries paid to financial managers working on Wall Street
D) the revocation of neoliberal policies
Q3) Some analysts argue that development has served to support world capitalism, while other analysts argue that genuine development cannot occur within the confines of capitalism.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 10: Families
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Sample Questions
Q1) A main feature of the modern family is a requirement for two incomes. What consequence has this produced for families?
A) It has left little time for family gatherings.
B) It has improved the standard of living.
C) It has resulted in a double shift for women.
D) It has created a generation of latch-key kids.
Q2) Joanne accepted a three-year position working for the company's head office in Switzerland, so she and her husband have moved to Europe, and their three university enrolled sons have remained in Canada to finish their schooling. What type of family form does Joanne have?
A) nuclear heterosexual
B) transnational
C) multi-household
D) intercontinental
Q3) How do many sociologists define "families"? Why is the societal definition of family important?
Q4) Explain how and why "intensive mothering" emerged during the era of industrialization. Does it have any relationship to the "helicopter parenting" phenomenon of our present day? Explain your answer.
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Chapter 11: Work and Occupations
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Sample Questions
Q1) Discuss the pros and cons of McDonaldization.
Q2) To meet consumer demand, a company began to mass produce chickens of a standard size and then slaughter them, process them, and package them. First, the industry had to adopt most features of assembly-line production. What term best identifies the structuring of these chicken factories?
A) Taylorism
B) Fordism
C) scientific management
D) rationalization
Q3) People with disabilities face barriers to good jobs.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Which of the following characteristics was defined by early studies of professions as being a hallmark of professionals?
A) clients who get to direct their work
B) work requiring limited knowledge
C) work requiring minimal supervision
D) an altruistic focus on helping clients
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Chapter 12: Education
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Sample Questions
Q1) Even though females are enrolled in postsecondary education in greater numbers than males, many still find themselves being guided toward education leading to nursing, social work, and education careers. What term best identifies the reinforcement of these roles for women?
A) job typing
B) gender traditionalism
C) nurturing primordialism
D) job coaxing
Q2) In a comparison of males and females in education, which of the following would be an accurate observation?
A) Males have surpassed females on most measures of educational attainment.
B) Women are now overrepresented in several dynamic and high-paying fields.
C) Women are still underrepresented in several dynamic and high-paying fields.
D) Females now drop out of high school in greater numbers than males.
Q3) Explain credential inflation and professionalization. Is there a relationship between them or are they discrete and exclusive concepts?
Q4) Discuss the three charges made by feminist critics pertaining to how education remains sexually biased in favour of men.
Q5) Explain how school choice is growing in Canada.
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Chapter 13: Religion
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Sample Questions
Q1) John digs ditches for a living. On the weekends he is very active in his prayer group, organizing home visits to the elderly and infirm. Which of the following situations is helping John be content with his life?
A) The elderly and infirm appreciate his prayer group.
B) Religious status is more important than social status.
C) Digging ditches enables John to do prayer work.
D) John's paid work does not detract from his social work.
Q2) One person at a community meeting was heard to say, "We don't mind if they practise their religion, but we don't want their religious centre in our town." Which of the following societal consequences of religious diversity in Canada is this statement an example of?
A) oppression
B) criminality
C) growth
D) hostility
Q3) What are the three dominant person-centred explanations of religious commitment? Give a short description of each.
Q4) Compare and contrast humanist perspectives and religious perspectives toward life.
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Chapter 14: Deviance and Crime
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Sample Questions
Q1) When Justin was asked to define deviance to his classmates, which of the following would he assert?
A) Deviance is behaviour that is defined and promoted by the media.
B) Deviance is behaviour that involves breaking a law and is punished.
C) Deviance is norm or rule breaking behaviour to which sanctions are generally imposed.
D) Deviance is behaviour for which punishment has been agreed upon.
Q2) Which of the following approaches is the importance of attachment central to?
A) labelling theory
B) opportunity theory
C) strain theory
D) control theory
Q3) What are the basic tenets of routine activities theory? Choose a criminal act and attempt to explain its occurrence by using routine activities theory.
Q4) How are social constructionism and moral panic related? Discuss and give an example.
Q5) Discuss strain theory and its variations. Give examples.
Q6) Define moral panic and discuss its significance in the social construction of crime and deviance.
Page 16
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Chapter 15: Population and Urbanization
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Sample
Questions
Q1) Maria, Katrina, and Susan all decided to have one child each and formed a "play group" so their children would have socializing opportunities with their peers. Which social problem does the fact that none of these women had more children contribute to?
A) Population replacement levels are not met.
B) Family socialization has less impact.
C) Single children have socialization challenges.
D) Women's desire for children removes them from the workplace.
Q2) Baquir took on a research project studying subway use by teenagers. In addition to interviews and surveys, he rode the subway every day for at least three hours in order to observe activities informally. Which term best describes what kind of researcher Baquir was?
A) transportation analyst
B) population sociologist
C) city psychologist
D) urban anthropologist
Q3) Apply the basic principles of Chicago School theories of urbanization to the development of a Canadian city.
Q4) Examine the causes of the rise of industrial cities and provide Canadian examples.
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Chapter 16: Sociology and the Environment
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Sample Questions
Q1) What precipitated the first wave of the modern environmental movement?
A) the emergence of the federal Green Party
B) the issue of global climate change
C) the publication of Silent Spring
D) the extensive impact of industrialization on forests
Q2) What is the current rate of oil consumption?
A) two barrels of oil for every new barrel discovered
B) three barrels of oil for every new barrel discovered
C) four barrels of oil for every new barrel discovered
D) five barrels of oil for every new barrel discovered
Q3) Extracting oil from the Alberta tar sands is a very difficult technical process. What is a consequence of this reality?
A) Tar sands oil extraction is being halted in favour of normal oil extraction.
B) Tar sand oil-extracting companies are working on new and easier extraction methods.
C) Tar sands oil generates twice the greenhouse gas emissions of normal oil extraction.
D) Tar sands oil generates three times the greenhouse gas emissions of normal oil extraction.
Q4) What is the polluter pays principle?
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Chapter 17: Health and Aging
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Sample Questions
Q1) What have sociologists said about attempts to explain social inequalities in health, when comparing them with individually chosen lifestyle behaviours, such as diet and exercise?
A) Sociologists hypothesize that advances in medicine are improving everyone's health.
B) Sociologists agree that lifestyle choices are major determinants of one's health.
C) Sociologists suggest that an individual's genetic makeup is more important to health outcomes.
D) Sociologists suggest that social inequalities are more important than lifestyle choices.
Q2) From a sociological perspective, how do social inequalities lead to poorer health in disadvantaged groups?
A) The disadvantaged have lower incomes and poorer material living conditions.
B) The disadvantaged have inadequate diets and they exercise less than others.
C) The disadvantaged tend to smoke and drink more than others.
D) The disadvantaged do not seek the medical advice they need when they are ill.
Q3) Why are physicians considered to be the gatekeepers to our health-care system?
Q4) Discuss how gender plays a role in aging and health.
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Page 19
Chapter 18: Politics and Social Movements
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Sample Questions
Q1) A young Canadian activist attends a summit meeting of the world's top economic powers in Quebec City. He is protesting peacefully when the police pepper spray the crowd and arrest him; he then complains that his rights are being violated. What rights is he invoking in his complaint?
A) his rights afforded in civil citizenship
B) his rights to self-determination
C) his rights to be informed of his crime
D) his rights to call on legal representation
Q2) Which of the following is part of civil society?
A) judiciary
B) police
C) legislature
D) mass media
Q3) Which of the following groups benefits when the working class is more powerful?
A) visible minorities
B) men
C) women
D) Aboriginal people
Q4) What is the difference between power and authority?
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Chapter 19: Globalization
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Sample Questions
Q1) Our sense that the world is shrinking, termed time-space compression, is affected in part by which of the following emerging global phenomena?
A) hybrid cars
B) the Internet
C) common currencies
D) space travel
Q2) What are the ethical issues surrounding globalization?
Q3) Which of the following types of activists would be involved in top-down globalization?
A) agricultural workers in the global south who are employed by Western companies
B) groups promoting globalized capitalism and free trade
C) social protesters who want to stop the spread of corporations around the world
D) angry consumers boycotting specific products that they think are too expensive
Q4) Explain how the "three sisters," the IMF, WTO, and World Bank, have a hand in globalization. Do you think that their power is applied equally to all countries in the world?
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Chapter 20: Research Methods
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Sample Questions
Q1) A hallmark of science is its creativity.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which of the following assertions would best explain the concept of falsification in science?
A) Scientists have to be able to prove their claims.
B) Unobservable ideas are useless for science.
C) Scientific claims must be testable and refutable.
D) Scientific theories are proven beyond falsification.
Q3) A researcher conducts a very carefully designed experiment on the relationship between time spent viewing violent video games and the incidence of violent behaviour. The researcher then generalizes these results to the broader gaming community. If the research accurately reflects behaviours in the broader gaming community, then what can be said about this experiment?
A) It has spurious results.
B) It has external validity.
C) It has sampling.
D) It has internal validity.
Q4) What is an experiment, and why are they so very rarely conducted by sociologists?
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Chapter 21: Networks, Groups, Bureaucracies, and Societies
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Sample Questions
Q1) Zi needs a favour from Miguel, but she does not know Miguel. However, she knows Elena, who knows Miguel. Therefore, Zi calls Elena and asks her to ask Miguel if he can offer assistance. What social relationship is Zi using to obtain assistance?
A) an informal social network
B) a formal social network
C) a bureaucracy
D) a social group
Q2) In his research of small group (5-6 people) communications, social psychologist Robert Bales discovered that three roles regularly emerged in discussion groups. One person would become the task leader, another the emotional leader, and a third would be the joker of the group. Do you think these particular roles would more likely emerge in primary groups or secondary groups, or equally in both? Explain your answer.
Q3) List the sociological factors, as outlined in the text, which contribute to the ability of humans to commit evil acts upon others.
Q4) Explain the notion of six degrees of separation.
Q5) What are the four main criticisms that sociologists have levelled against bureaucracies?
Q6) Discuss the three types of leadership outlined in the text.
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