Social Change and Society Final Exam
Course Introduction
This course examines the dynamic processes through which societies transform over time, focusing on the causes, patterns, and consequences of social change. Students will explore key sociological theories and concepts related to modernization, globalization, social movements, technological advancements, and cultural shifts. Through the analysis of historical and contemporary case studies, the course investigates how economic, political, and cultural factors drive change and how individuals and groups respond to these transformations. Emphasis is placed on understanding the role of social institutions in both facilitating and resisting change, as well as the implications for social justice, inequality, and the collective future of societies.
Recommended Textbook
Essentials of Sociology 4th Edition by Anthony Giddens
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Chapter 1: Sociology: Theory and Method
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Q1) How is ideology used to justify the actions of the powerful in U.S.society?
Answer: Students will answer this in a variety of ways,largely depending on their own ideological allegiances.Responses should show how dominant ideas are used by groups or individuals with social power to maintain that power.One possible response might be the way that faith in markets and the "free" market system allows wealthy people to continue to get wealthier without allowing for examinations into alternatives to the existing system.Another might point out that ideas that normalize the state's role in the economy and,by extension,our lives get in the way of market processes that could possibly lead to a more efficient allocation of resources.Similar ideological understandings undergird other power relations,such as those that arise around gender,race,sexuality,ability,age,and so on.The larger point is that students should demonstrate that there are ideas in place that keep those relations of domination and subordination intact.
Q2) __________ invented the word sociology.
A)Karl Marx
B)Emma Goldman
C)Émile Durkheim
D)Max Weber
E)Auguste Comte
Answer: E
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Chapter 2: Culture and Society
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Q1) Karl notes that in all human societies,people use symbols to communicate ideas to one another.Karl is taking note of:
A)language
B)morality
C)marriage
D)political economy
E)ethnographic methods
Answer: A
Q2) Alan notes that some groups who have many different words for snow tend to perceive snow differently than groups who use English.Alan is noting __________ at work.
A)natural selection
B)the material representation of culture
C)structural determination
D)resource mobilization
E)the linguistic relativity hypothesis
Answer: E
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Socialization, the Life Course, and Aging
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Sample Questions
Q1) Examining the process of socialization in societies reveals that one of the most distinctive features of human beings,compared with other animals,is:
A)our self-awareness or the sense that one has an identity distinct and separate from others
B)the long period of time that we raise our children
C)how much we socialize with other human beings
D)the importance of human contact
E)the importance of gender and racial identity
Answer: A
Q2) The socially defined expectations for a person in a given social position are referred to by sociologists as:
A)social outcomes
B)social roles
C)social identities
D)social norms
E)social pressures
Answer: B
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Chapter 4: Social Interaction and Everyday Life in the Age
of the Internet
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Sample Questions
Q1) The sociologist who developed the field of microsociology and emphasized the importance of understanding the "seemingly trivial" was:
A)Erving Goffman
B)Max Weber
C)Émile Durkheim
D)Karl Marx
E)Elijah Anderson
Q2) According to Harold Garfinkel,people use __________ to structure and organize everyday conversation.
A)formal grammar
B)background expectancies
C)deceptive tactics
D)facial expressions
E)political motives
Q3) People use impression management to:
A)trick others into believing they have more status than they do
B)compel others to react to them in ways they wish
C)be good actors
D)make sure their body language matches their intentions
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E)none of the above; people are not conscious of impression management
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Chapter 5: Groups, Networks, and Organizations
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Q1) What term do sociologists use to refer to a group with an identifiable membership that engages in concerted collective actions to achieve a common purpose?
A)primary group
B)secondary group
C)in-group
D)out-group
E)organization
Q2) Give an example of a dyad,a triad,and a larger group.In which groups are the relationships more intense? In which are they more stable? Use your examples to explain why.
Q3) People milling around in crowds,waiting for a bus,or strolling on a beach make up a:
A)social group
B)social triad
C)social aggregate
D)social category
E)social network
Q4) Compare transformational leadership and transactional leadership.Give an example of each from your own experience or from your knowledge of history.
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Chapter 6: Conformity, Deviance, and Crime
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Q1) Which of the following is NOT a latent consequence of target hardening?
A)Because the wealthy are protected from crime, there is a declining interest in understanding the causes of crime.
B)Criminals target less affluent areas that cannot afford the protective measures to combat crime.
C)A "fortress mentality" develops among the wealthy to shield them from criminals.
D)The crime rates against the poor and the wealthy widen, with the burden of crime falling disproportionately on the poor.
E)Target hardening fixes the underlying causes of crime.
Q2) A mode of reward or punishment that reinforces socially expected forms of behavior is called a:
A)conditioned response
B)symbolic response
C)sanction
D)norm
E)deviation
Q3) Why have efforts to significantly decrease the supply of illegal drugs in the United States failed?
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Chapter 7: Stratification, Class, and Inequality
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Q1) In the U.S.class system,the "poorest of the poor," who are structurally disadvantaged and are least likely to move out of their class position,are called the:
A)poor class
B)lower class
C)left-behind class
D)inner-city class
E)underclass
Q2) Which of the following occupations is LEAST likely to be held by a lower-middle-class individual?
A)police officer
B)nurse
C)school teacher
D)upper-level manager
E)sales person
Q3) What is social mobility,and what is the difference between intergenerational and intragenerational mobility? Do you think you will experience intragenerational mobility in your lifetime? Explain why or why not.
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Chapter 8: Global Inequality
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Q1) According to the text,all of the following are contributing factors to food shortages and hunger throughout the globe EXCEPT:
A)the unsustainable, largely vegetarian diets of most of the world
B)internal warfare
C)the AIDS epidemic
D)drought
E)the inability to pay for new technologies that would increase food production
Q2) Many countries are considered newly industrialized economies (NIEs),including a handful in Eastern Asia whose growth is considered extraordinary compared to other NIEs.What are some of the problems that have accompanied NIEs in this part of the world?
Q3) Fertility rates tend to be highest in what kind of countries?
A)Low-income countries
B)Highly industrialized countries
C)Middle-income countries
D)High-income countries
E)Western countries
Q4) How does world-systems theory explain global inequality?
Q5) What are some ways we might address exploitative child labor practices?
Q6) How do market-oriented theories explain global inequality?
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Chapter 9: Gender Inequality
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Q1) Which of the following issues is addressed in the Platform for Action agreed to at the 1995 United Nations Women's Conference in Beijing?
A)the burden of poverty on women
B)violence against women
C)the effects of armed or other kinds of conflict on women
D)inequality between men and women in power and decision making
E)all of the above
Q2) Comparable worth policies are relatively rare for all of the following reasons EXCEPT:
A)It is easy to assess the worth of jobs.
B)Comparable worth is inflationary.
C)Comparable worth will cause wage losses and unemployment.
D)Feminists argue that comparable worth reinforces gender stereotyping.
E)Comparable worth faces obstacles in the courts.
Q3) What does the research on monkeys castrated a birth and the story of identical twins raised as different genders suggest about the role of social interaction and social context in explaining gender differences?
Q4) Why are women so often the targets of sexual violence?
Q5) What criticisms do black feminists make about the feminist movement?
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Chapter 10: Ethnicity and Race
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Q1) Which group of Americans has the highest college graduation rate?
A)Non-Hispanic whites
B)African Americans
C)Asian Americans
D)Hispanics
E)There is almost no difference in college graduation rates among different races and ethnicities.
Q2) Which model best fits the experience of Switzerland?
A)assimilation
B)melting pot
C)segregation
D)pluralism
E)multiculturalism
Q3) What is meant by the term racialization? How does this term help us to understand race relations historically and in the present?
Q4) What are three factors your textbook authors mention in explaining the historical rise of racism? In your answer,discuss Joseph Arthur de Gobineau's classification of races.
Q5) What is institutional racism? Give examples.
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Chapter 11: Families and Intimate Relationships
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Q1) The term used to describe two people living together in a sexual relationship of some permanence,without being married to one another is:
A)hooking up
B)friends with benefits
C)dating
D)cohabitation
E)engagement
Q2) What is NOT a factor in explaining why divorce rates increased so steeply in the 1960s and 1970s?
A)Changes in the law made getting a divorce easier.
B)As women became more economically independent, marriage was less of a necessary economic partnership.
C)The stigma of divorce declined.
D)Adults began to place a great value on personal satisfaction in marriage; few were willing to remain in a relationship that provided few emotional rewards.
E)Adults became less concerned about the welfare of their children.
Q3) Does cohabitation lead to divorce? If so,explain how.
Q4) According to Andrew Cherlin,what are the effects of divorce on children?
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Chapter 12: Education and Religion
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Q1) Why have sociologists,at times,been critical of Jonathan Kozol's findings on public schools in his work Savage Inequalities?
A)because schools are not integral to the functioning of society and are, therefore, not worthy of empirical study
B)because young students cannot be trusted as respondents for sociological studies
C)because poor students are likely to lie about their educational experiences in order to fit into normative constructions of what it means to be educated
D)because he had no systematic way in which he chose the schools he studied, which allowed for selection bias
E)because Kozol's study focused too much on wealth disparity in education
Q2) "Hidden curriculum" refers to:
A)secret lessons picked up on by especially bright students
B)a learning game invented in Berkeley
C)the fact that much of what is learned in school has nothing directly to do with the formal content of lessons
D)how difficult it is for students to find proper training in philosophy
E)a computer module for teaching physics
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Chapter 13: Politics and Economic Life
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Q1) Frederick works in a university studying the extent to which individuals depend on others to produce many or most of the goods they need to sustain their lives.He is struck by the fact that many people could not survive in the modern world because they simply do not have the knowledge to carry out certain basic tasks such as growing food.The process that Frederick studies is known to sociologists as:
A)class conflict
B)scarcity society
C)economic interdependence
D)informal economy
E)alienation
Q2) United States military spending today:
A)is lower than before 1989 because of the almost complete collapse of communism
B)continues to lag behind countries such as Russia and China
C)is greater than that of the next fifteen countries combined
D)is about the same as China's
E)has spiked as a result of terrorist attacks on the United States after having decreased significantly after World War II
Q3) What are the three main characteristics of the modern nation-state?
Q4) What is a welfare state? Can the United States be classified as a welfare state?
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Chapter 14: The Sociology of the Body: Health, Illness, and Sexuality
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Q1) What are the some of the important contributions of Alfred Kinsey's research on sexuality?
Q2) What are some social consequences of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)epidemic in developing nations?
Q3) According to the text,why are some men less likely to seek annual checkups?
A)because they are socialized to believe that men should be "traditionally masculine," strong, and self-sufficient
B)because as a result of their work, men generally have more responsibilities than women and thus have less time for regular medical checkups
C)because men are more likely to feel physically threatened by healthcare personnel than women
D)because men become ill less often and therefore believe that they do not need checkups as often as women
E)because more men than women have health insurance and although restorative care is more expensive than preventative care, they are not economically burdened by putting off health issues
Q4) Compare complementary and alternative medicine.
Q5) Describe changes in sexual practices over the past two centuries.
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Chapter 15: Urbanization, Population, and the Environment
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Q1) According the ecological approach,the development of urban areas can be understood as similar to:
A)the natural world
B)the solar system
C)agricultural development
D)a machine
E)none of the above; urban development is unique
Q2) One of the key factors responsible for the global population explosion has been:
A)the decline in the infant mortality rate
B)an increase in the fertility rate
C)an increase in fecundity
D)decreased use of birth control
E)an increase in the use of fertility technology
Q3) Using China as an example,explain some of the issues that countries face today regarding population growth,economic growth,and environmental issues.How are these issues intertwined?
Q4) Compare and contrast the two following theories of population change: demographic transition and Malthusianism.Which do you think best explains the issues of population growth today?
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Chapter 16: Globalization in a Changing World
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Q1) A 2006 study conducted by the World Institute for Development Economics Research of the United Nations University found that the richest 1 percent of adults in the world owned __________ of global assets in the year 2000,yet the bottom half of the world adult population owned barely __________.
A)40 percent; 20 percent
B)70 percent; 1 percent
C)10 percent; 10 percent
D)50 percent; 50 percent
E)40 percent; 1 percent
Q2) The biggest contribution to accelerating and deepening the process of globalization has been made by the rapid development and diffusion of __________ technologies,which have enhanced the so-called compression of time and space.
A)communication
B)transportation
C)manufacturing
D)accounting
E)energy
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